instructional material

Instructional Materials

Prepared by-: Taghreed Hawsawi

Supervise By :- Dr. Nahead Sharkasi

After completing this chapter, the learner will be able to :

1. Identify the three major variables (learner, task, and media characteristics) to be considered when selecting, developing, and evaluating instructional materials.2. Cite the three components of instructional materials required to effectively communicate educational messages.3. Discuss general principles applicable to all types of media.

After completing this chapter, the learner will be able to:

4- To apply the steps of development process of learning resource materials.5- discuss the importance of learning resource materials in nursing education.6-Determine the barriers in developing learning resource materials

Instructional materials are tangible substances and real objects that provide the audio and/or visual component necessary for learning. Many of them can be manipulated.

They stimulate a learner’s senses and may have the power to arouse emotions.

They help the teacher make sense of abstractions and simplify complex messages .

(Babcock & Miller, 1994).

Definition

Instructional materials are the resources and tools used as vehicles to help communicate the information.

OREducational resources use to improve student knowledge and abilities and skills to monitor their behavior by information and contribute to their overall development .

The purpose of instructional media

To help the nurse educator deliver a message creatively and clearly.Assist learners in gaining & increasing awareness and skills as well

as retaining more effectively what they learnStimulate the learners’ bodily senses, help clarify abstract or

complex concepts, add variety to the teaching–learning experience .Reinforce learning, and potentially bring realism to the experience .saving time and energy on the part of both the teacher and the

learner . Research indicates that the use of audiovisual aids does, indeed,

facilitate learning

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

The teacher must be familiar with media content before a tool is used.Print and nonprint materials do change learner behavior by influencing a

gain in cognitive, affective, or psychomotor skills. No one tool is better than another in enhancing learning. The tools should complement the instructional methods.The choice of media should be consistent with subject content and match

the tasks to be learned to assist the learner in accomplishing predetermined behavioral objectives

Cont.……

The instructional materials should reinforce and supplement—not substitute for— the educator’s teaching efforts.

Media should match the available financial resources. Instructional aids should be appropriate for the physical considerations

and the learning environment, such as the size and seating of the audience, space, lighting, and display hardware (delivery mechanisms) available.

Media should complement the sensory abilities, developmental stages, and educational level of the intended audience.

Cont..…

The message imparted by instructional materials must be accurate, valid, authoritative, up-to-date, state-of-the-art, appropriate, unbiased, and free of any unintended messages.

The media should contribute meaningfully to the learning situation by adding diversity and additional information.

CHOOSING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

Learner L

And A

Material M

Task T

“LAMT” A useful mnemonic for remembering these variables is

As variables in the learner are known to influence learning, it is important to “know your audience” so as to choose media that best suit their needs. You must consider the learners’ perceptual abilities, physical abilities, reading abilities, motivational levels (locus of control), developmental stages, and learning styles.

learner:

The nurse educator has the opportunity to choose from a wide variety of media, print and nonprint, to enhance methods of instruction. Nonprint media include the full range of audio and visual possibilities. An enormous variety of educational materials is available. The tools selected are the form through which the information will be communicated. No single medium is most effective. Therefore, the educator must be flexible, sometimes combining a multimedia approach.

media:

Task characteristics are defined by the predeterminedbehavioral objectives. The task to be accomplisheddepends on identification of the learning domain and the complexity of behavior required by the task.

task:

THE THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF INSTRUCTIONALMATERIAL

delivery system

content

presentation

(Frantz, 1980) &(Weston & Cranston, 1986),

Delivery Systemboth the physical form of the materials and the hardware used to present the materials. For instance, a person is the delivery system for a lecture. This lecture might be embellished through other delivery systems, such as :- the use of overhead transparencies or slides.projectorVideotapes in conjunction with VCRsA computer programs in conjunction with the computer are other examples.

(physical form)

(hardware).

(physical form) (hardware)

(physical form)

(hardware)

Delivery System

Note for that.…

The delivery system is independent of the content of the message.

The choice of the delivery system is influenced by the size of the intended audience, the pacing or flexibility needed for delivery .

The sensory aspects most suitable to the audience.

Content

The content, or message, is the actual information that is communicated to the learner,which might be on of any topic fromWhen selecting the media, the nurse educator must consider several aspects:• Is the information presented accurately?• Is the medium chosen appropriate to convey particular content?• Is the readability of the materials appropriate for the audience to accomplish a given task?

STEPS OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF LEARNING RESOURCE MATERIALS

Review curriculum

Pin down notes

Enlist possible teaching material

Budgeting

Selection of appropriate idea

Supply needed material

•On review, make notes on ideas for teaching materials in order to teach the skills and knowledge listed in the

curriculum or syllabus .

•Create the teaching materials that are relevant to the curriculum or the syllabus to teach.

Review curriculum

Preliminary stepwho the learning resource is for ?what the learning resource is designed to do ?how the learning resource will be used ?where the learning resource will be used ?possible mediums to be used ?

Pin down notes

•Make notes on the basis of :• the class• the students• the level of students.

•Characteristics of the learners

• prior experience/knowledge of content area

• skill/ competency profile• range and response to previous

learning experiences• level of education• socio-economic background• age and gender• current work

• work culture• cultural and ethnic background• disability or learning support

needs• preferred learning styles• motivation for learning• language, literacy and

numeracy needs

Enlist possible teaching material

•Make notes on different kinds of activities relevant for

learning in or outside of the class.

Budgeting

Selection of appropriate idea

Choose best ideas from list of ideas for class materials.

Include materials for beginning, middle, and ending sections of the curriculum or syllabus.

Run careful price checks with the help of internet shopping search engines such as Google Shopping or Price grabber to make sure that the materials choose will fit within budget.

Supply of needed material

• For each class material item that have decided to make• create a list of supplies needed. • Buy the supplies if necessary• use appropriate tools such as your computer, printer, a copier, scissors, die-cut machine, laminating machine, and others, to create the materials.

TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONALMATERIALS

I. WRITTEN MATERIALS

1. HANDOUTS: A piece of printed information provided free of charge, especially to accompany a lecture or advertise something

2. LEAFLETS: A small flat or folded sheet of printed matter, as an advertisement or notice, usually intended for free distribution


3. BOOKS: A written or printed work consisting of

pages glued or sewn together along one side and bound in covers.


4. PAMPHLETS: A small booklet or leaflet containing information or arguments about a single subject


7 .INSTRUCTION SHEET: Instruction sheets are clear and detailed information on

how to do something


Advantage 1- written materials are available to the learner as a reference for information when the nurse educator is not immediately present to answer questions or clarify information.2- Are widely used at all levels of society, so this type ofmedia is acceptable and familiar to the public.3- Available through commercial sources and are easily obtainable, usually at relatively low cost, for distribution by educators. 4- They often come in convenient forms, such as pamphlets, which are portable and usually contain concise amounts of information.

Disadvantage 1- they are the most abstract form of reality, possibilities for immediate feedback are limited, and the proper reading level is essential to realize their full usefulness.2- Learners with low literacy skills or those persons who are visually or cognitively impaired may not be able to take full advantage .3- individuals with low literacy skills understand less healthcareadvice and are less likely to take timely actions to reduce their health risks.

COMMERCIALLY PREPARED MATERIALS

• A wealth of commercially prepared brochures, posters, pamphlets, and patient-focused texts is currently available.

• Attention must also be paid to the cognitive level at which materials are aimed.

COMMERCIALLY PREPARED MATERIALSFoster (1987) has given 3Ps to be considered while

reviewing commercial materials

• P= Producer• P= Preview of item

examine the accuracy appropriateness of content

• P= Price Consistent price of tool cost consideration is on the basis of how quickly the

information will become outdated.


Advantages:

• Ready availability. • Less time-consuming• Cheaper than designing own instructional

materials.


Disadvantages:

Issues of cost, accuracy and adequacy of content, and readability of the materialsSome educational booklets are expensive to purchase

and impractical to give in large quantities to learners .The actual usability of commercially prepared instructional materials for particular learners must be evaluated on an individual basis

SELD COMPOSED MATERIALS

Educators may choose to write their own instructional materials for several reasons, which might include cost saving or the need to tailor content to specific audiences.

DEMONSTRATION MATERIAL

illustrations

posters, diagrams, illustrations, charts, bulletin

boards, flannel boards, flip charts, chalkboards,

photographs, and drawings.

DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS• All represent unique ways of communicating messages to the learner. • They stimulate the visual senses but can combine the sense of sight with touch and sometimes even smell and taste. • The educator can choose one or more to complement teaching efforts in reaching predetermined objectives.

DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS

• Bring the learner closer to reality and actively engage him or her in a visual

•Demonstration tools are useful for cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skill development.

Advantage

•A quick way to attract attention and get an idea across •Flexible (especially if made for easy modification)

•Portable (Many posters can be folded for storage and unfolded for mounting. Some blackboards and bulletin boards are onrollers .

•Reusable •Stimulate interest or ideas in the observer

•Can change or influence attitudes •Purchasable, and depending on the educator’s budget, many can be

made. Figure12–7 shows an “Aspiration Precautions” sign made by an educator to be

displaye for use by nurses

Disadvantage • Take up a lot of space• Time-consuming to have prepared, and for that reason tend to be reused again and again, which increases the risk of their becoming outdated• May be overused—they need to be used as supplements to learning, not as an end in themselves• Unsuitable for large audiences if information is to be viewed simultaneously• Cannot present large amounts of information at one time• Not good for teaching psychomotor skills when movement needs to be demonstrated• Get too cluttered when too much information is placed on them

AUDIO VISUAL MATERIALS

Audiovisual materials support and enrich the educational process by stimulating the

learner’s visual and auditory senses ,They are exceptional aids because many can influence all three domains of learningThey increase retention of informationIt is extremely costly, in terms of time and money

AUDIO VISUAL MATERIALS

Three issues (Smith, 1987) must be addressed

Technical feasibility: technical expertise, professional and repair service support, equipment fit and replacementEconomic feasibility

budgetary allowance and justification of costSocial/political acceptability learner’s willingness to use, impersonality of machines, acceptance by institutional administrations

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

•Help the nurse educator to deliver a message creatively and clearly

•Multimedia approach assist learners in gaining increased awareness and skills as well as retaining more effectively what they learn (Rankin & Stallings, 2001)

• Stimulates the learner’s bodily senses.

•Help clarify abstract or complex concepts.

• Add variety to the teaching and learning experiences (Babcock & Miller, 1994)

• Reinforcing learning

• Potentially bring realism to the experience

• Saving time and energy on the part of both the teacher and the learner.

BARRIERS IN DEVELOPING LEARNING RESOURCE MATERIAL

• Lack of systematic programme planning in large scale• Low budget allocation• Inadequate training for teachers and facilitators• Selection system of teachers• Community mobilization plans for resource generation at the local level.

Thanks for you listing

Reference :- Susan B. Bastable (2003). Nurse as Educator : Principles of Teaching and Learning for Nursing Practice. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.. 343-351.