intech-pattern recognition methods for improvement of differential protection in power transformers

Upload: raidson-alencar

Post on 07-Apr-2018

215 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    1/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    :

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCN

    RTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    $ERX]DU5DKPDWL8QLYHUVLW\2I,ODP

    ,UDQ

    +PVTQFWEVKQP

    'LIIHUHQWLDOSURWHFWLRQZDVDOUHDG\DSSOLHGWRZDUGVWKHHQGRIWKHWKFHQWXU\DQGZDVRQHRIWKHILUVWSURWHFWLRQV\VWHPVHYHUXVHG)DXOWVDUHGHWHFWHGE\FRPSDULVRQRIWKHFXUUHQWVIORZLQJLQWRDQGRXWRIWKHSURWHFWHGSODQWLWHP$VDUHVXOWRIWKHIDVWWULSSLQJZLWKDEVROXWHVHOHFWLYLW\LWLVVXLWHGDVPDLQSURWHFWLRQRIDOOLPSRUWDQWLWHPVRISODQWLHJHQHUDWRUVWUDQVIRUPHUVEXVEDUVDVZHOODVFDEOHVDQGRYHUKHDGOLQHVDQGIHHGHUVDWDOOYROWDJHOHYHOV7KH SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHU SURWHFWLRQ LV RI FULWLFDO LPSRUWDQFH LQ SRZHU V\VWHPV 6LQFH

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

    GLIIHUHQWSURWHFWLRQVFKHPHVDUHFRYHUHGLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQV$WODVWDQDOJRULWKPEDVHGRQSDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ RI FXUUHQW VLJQDOV XVLQJ ZDYHOHW WUDQVIRUP ZKLFK LV D SRZHU VLJQDOSURFHVVLQJWRROLVSURSRVHG

    /QFGQHQRGTCVKQPQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQP

    7KHGLIIHUHQWLDOSURWHFWLRQLVVHOHFWLYHDQGWKHUHIRUHRQO\UHVSRQGVWRIDXOWVZLWKLQLWVSURWHFWHG]RQH7KHERXQGDU\RIWKHSURWHFWHGRQHLVXQLTXHO\GHILQHGE\WKHORFDWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQW WUDQVIRUPHUV 'XH WR VLPSOH FXUUHQW FRPSDULVRQ WKH SULQFLSOH RI GLIIHUHQWLDOSURWHFWLRQLVYHU\VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    2/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    *HQHUDWRUV PRWRUV DQGWUDQVIRUPHUV DUH RIWHQ SURWHFWHGE\ GLIIHUHQWLDO SURWHFWLRQ DV WKHKLJK VHQVLWLYLW\ DQG IDVW RSHUDWLRQ LV LGHDOO\ VXLWHG WR PLQLPL]H GDPDJH 2Q IHHGHUV WKHGLIIHUHQWLDOSURWHFWLRQLVPDLQO\XVHGWRSURWHFWFDEOHVSDUWLFXODUO\RQVKRUWGLVWDQFHVZKHUH

    GLVWDQFHSURWHFWLRQFDQQRWEHUHDGLO\DSSOLHG7KH SULPH REMHFWLYH RI EXVEDU GLIIHUHQWLDO SURWHFWLRQ LV IDVW ]RQH VHOHFWLYH FOHDUDQFH RIEXVEDUIDXOWVWRSUHYHQWODUJHV\VWHPRXWDJHVDQGWRHQVXUHV\VWHPVWDELOLW\0DORSHUDWLRQPXVWEHDYRLGHGDWDOOFRVWDVWKHVHFRXOGUHVXOWLQH[WHQVLYHVXSSO\LQWHUUXSWLRQ

    2TKPEKRNGUQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQP

    7KH EDVLF SULQFLSOHV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ NQRZQ IRU GHFDGHV DUH VWLOO DSSOLFDEOH DQGLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHVSHFLILFGHYLFHWHFKQRORJ\7KH GLIIHUHQWLDO SURWHFWLRQ FRPSDUHV WKH PHDVXUHG YDOXHV RI VLJQDOV ZLWK UHJDUG WRPDJQLWXGHDQGSKDVH7KLVLVSRVVLEOHE\GLUHFWFRPSDULVRQ RILQVWDQWDQHRXVYDOXHVRU E\

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

    )LJ'LIIHUHQWLDOUHOD\FRQQHFWLRQGLDJUDP

    :KHQWKHUHLVQRLQWHUQDOIDXOWWKHFXUUHQWHQWHULQJLQ;LVHTXDOLQSKDVHDQGPDJQLWXGHWRFXUUHQW OHDYLQJ ; 7KH &7V DUH RI VXFK D UDWLR WKDW GXULQJ WKH QRUPDO FRQGLWLRQV RU IRUH[WHUQDOIDXOWV7URXJKIDXOWVWKHVHFRQGDU\FXUUHQWVRI&7VDUHHTXDO7KHUHOD\JHQHUDWHVDWULSSLQJVLJQDOLIWKHRSHUDWLQJFXUUHQW LV JUHDWHUWKDQDSHUFHQWDJHRI WKHUHVWUDLQLQJFXUUHQW DFFRUGLQJWR

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    3/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    ZKHUH.LVWKHUHOD\RSHUDWLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFWKDWFRQVLVWVRIDVWUDLJKWOLQHKDYLQJDVORSH

    HTXDOWR.,QWHUVHFWLRQRIWKLVFKDUDFWHULVWLFZLWKYHUWLFDOD[LV GHILQHWKHUHOD\PLQLPXPSLFNXS FXUUHQW 7KH UHOD\ SHUFHQWDJH UHVWUDLQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF W\SLFDOO\ KDV DQ H[FHOOHQWEHKDYLRUEXWLWKDVSUREOHPVGLVFULPLQDWLQJIDXOWFXUUHQWVIURPIDOVHGLIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWVFDXVHGE\PDJQHWL]LQJLQUXVKDQGWUDQVIRUPHURYHUH[FLWDWLRQ

    /CKPFKHHKEWNVKPFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQP

    'LIIHUHQWLDOSURWHFWLRQLVHVWDEOLVKHGDVWKHPDLQSURWHFWLRQIRUWUDQVIRUPHUGXHWRLWVVLPSOHSULQFLSOHRIRSHUDWLRQDQGVHQVLWLYLW\+RZHYHUD NH\SUREOHPRIGLIIHUHQWLDOSURWHFWLRQLVDFFXUDWH DQG UDSLG GLVFULPLQDWLRQ RI PDJQHWL]LQJ LQUXVK FXUUHQW IURP DQ LQWHUQDO IDXOWFXUUHQW

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

    WKHUDWHGYDOXHGHFD\VVXEVWDQWLDOO\DIWHUDIHZWHQWKVRIDVHFRQGEXWLWVIXOOGHFD\RFFXUVRQO\DIWHUVHYHUDOVHFRQGVWRWKHQRUPDOH[FLWDWLRQOHYHORIRIWKHUDWHGFXUUHQW

    )LJ7\SLFDOLQUXVKFXUUHQW

    ,WLVHYLGHQWWKDWUHOD\LQJSURWHFWLRQVKRXOGEHLQLWLDWHGLQUHVSRQVHWRLQWHUQDOIDXOWEXWQRWWRLQUXVKFXUUHQW7RDYRLGWKHQHHGOHVVWULSE\PDJQHWL]LQJLQUXVKFXUUHQWPDQ\GLIIHUHQWUHVWUDLQPHWKRGVDUHSURSRVHGLQUHFHQW\HDUV6LQFH WKH PDJQHWL]LQJ EUDQFK UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH FRUH DSSHDUV DV D VKXQW HOHPHQW LQ WKHWUDQVIRUPHU HTXLYDOHQW FLUFXLW WKH PDJQHWL]LQJ FXUUHQW XSVHWV WKH EDODQFH EHWZHHQ WKHFXUUHQWVDWWKHWUDQVIRUPHUWHUPLQDOVDQGLVWKHUHIRUHH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHGLIIHUHQWLDOUHOD\

    6KOGUGE

    %WTTGPV#

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    4/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    DV D IDOVH GLIIHUHQWLDO FXUUHQW 7KH UHOD\ KRZHYHU PXVW UHPDLQ VWDEOH GXULQJ LQUXVKFRQGLWLRQV,QDGGLWLRQIURPWKHVWDQGSRLQWRIWKHWUDQVIRUPHUOLIHWLPHWULSSLQJRXWGXULQJLQUXVK FRQGLWLRQV LV D YHU\ XQGHVLUDEOH VLWXDWLRQ EUHDNLQJ D FXUUHQW RI D SXUH LQGXFWLYH

    QDWXUHJHQHUDWHVKLJKRYHUYROWDJHWKDWPD\MHRSDUGL]HWKHLQVXODWLRQ RID WUDQVIRUPHUDQGEHDQLQGLUHFWFDXVHRIDQLQWHUQDOIDXOW

    6JGRTQRQUGFUEJGOGUHQTFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQP

    4GEQIPKVKQPQHV[RGQHUKIPCNUWUKPI(QWTKGT6TCPUHQTO

    0DJQHWL]LQJ LQUXVK FXUUHQW JHQHUDOO\ FRQWDLQV D ODUJH VHFRQG KDUPRQLF FRPSRQHQW LQFRPSDULVRQWRDQLQWHUQDOIDXOW$VDUHVXOWFRQYHQWLRQDOWUDQVIRUPHUSURWHFWLRQV\VWHPVDUHGHVLJQHGWREORFNGXULQJLQUXVKWUDQVLHQWVE\WKLVODUJHVHFRQGKDUPRQLF7KHUDWLRRIWKHVHFRQG KDUPRQLF RIGLIIHUHQWLDO FXUUHQW LQ H[FHVV RID SUHVHW WKUHVKROG LV LQWHUSUHWHG DVDSUHVHQWRIPDJQHWL]LQJLQUXVK

    /HW XV FDOFXODWH WKH KDUPRQLF FRPSRQHQW RI D W\SLFDO LQUXVK FXUUHQW ZDYHIRUP :H ZLOODVVXPHDVLPSOLILHGZDYHIRUPIRUWKHLQUXVKFXUUHQW/HWWKHPDJQHWL]LQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFEHDYHUWLFDO OLQH LQ WKH SODQH DQGEHD VWUDLJKW OLQH ZLWK DILQLWHVORSH LQ WKHVDWXUDWHGUHJLRQ7KLVPDNHVWKHFXUUHQWZDYHIRUPRI)LJXUHDFTXLUHWKHVKDSHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

    )LJ0DJQHWL]LQJFXUUHQWGXULQJHQHUJL]LQJRIDWUDQVIRUPHU

    )LJ,GHDOL]HGLQUXVKFXUUHQWZDYHIRUP

    7KH IOX[ LQ WKH FRUH LV DERYH WKH VDWXUDWLRQ NQHH SRLQW IRU D WRWDO DQJXODU VSDQ RI UDGLDQVDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJFXUUHQWLVDSRUWLRQRIDVLQHZDYH)RUWKHUHPDLQGHURIWKH

    K

    I

    V

    KPTWUJ

    EWTTGPV

    IV

    IKEWTXG

    SD S

    +O

    EQUD

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    5/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    SHULRGWKHFXUUHQWLV]HUR$OWKRXJKWKLVLVDQDSSUR[LPDWLRQLWLVTXLWHFORVHWRDQDFWXDOPDJQHWL]LQJ FXUUHQW ZDYHIRUP :H PD\ XVH )RXULHU VHULHV DQDO\VLV WR FDOFXODWH WKHKDUPRQLFVRIWKLVFXUUHQW&RQVLGHUWKHRULJLQWREHDWWKHFHQWHURIDFXUUHQWSXOVHDVVKRZQ

    LQ)LJXUH7KHQWKHDSSUR[LPDWLRQIRUWKHFXUUHQWZDYHIRUPLV

    6LQFHWKLVFKRLFH RI WKHRULJLQ JLYHVDV\PPHWULF ZDYHIRUP DERXW ZH PD\ XVHWKHFRVLQH)RXULHUVHULHVIRUWKHFXUUHQW7KHQWKKDUPRQLFLVJLYHQE\

    7KHSHDNRIWKHFXUUHQWZDYHLV DQGWKHIXQGDPHQWDOIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQW LVJLYHQE\

    7KHUHODWLYHPDJQLWXGHRIYDULRXVKDUPRQLFFRPSRQHQWVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHIXQGDPHQWDOIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWDVFDOFXODWHGIURPHTXDWLRQDQGLVWDEXODWHGLQ7DEOHXSWR

    WKH WK KDUPRQLF DQG IRU VDWXUDWLRQ DQJOHV RI DQG , W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW

    ZKHQ WKH VDWXUDWLRQ DQJOH LV WKHUH DUH QR RGG KDUPRQLFV SUHVHQW $V WKH DQJOH RIVDWXUDWLRQLQFUHDVHVWKHKDUPRQLFFRQWHQWGHFUHDVHVLQGHHGLI EHFRPHV WKHUHZLOOEHQRKDUPRQLFVDWDOO+RZHYHULQPRVWFDVHV LVPXFKOHVVWKDQ DQGDVLJQLILFDQWDPRXQWRIKDUPRQLFVDUH SUHVHQWLQWKHPDJQHWL]LQJLQUXVKFXUUHQW2IDOOWKHKDUPRQLFFRPSRQHQWVWKHVHFRQGLVE\IDUWKHVWURQJHVW

    +DUPRQLF

    7DEOH+DUPRQLFVRIWKHPDJQHWL]LQJLQUXVKFXUUHQW0DJQHWL]LQJ LQUXVK FXUUHQW JHQHUDOO\ FRQWDLQV D ODUJH VHFRQG KDUPRQLF FRPSRQHQW LQFRPSDULVRQWRDQLQWHUQDOIDXOW$VDUHVXOWFRQYHQWLRQDOWUDQVIRUPHUSURWHFWLRQV\VWHPVDUH

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    6/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    GHVLJQHGWREORFNGXULQJLQUXVKWUDQVLHQWVE\WKLVODUJHVHFRQGKDUPRQLF7KHUDWLRRIWKHVHFRQG KDUPRQLF RIGLIIHUHQWLDO FXUUHQW LQ H[FHVV RID SUHVHW WKUHVKROG LV LQWHUSUHWHG DVDSUHVHQW RI PDJQHWL]LQJ LQUXVK +RZHYHU WKH VHFRQG KDUPRQLF GXH WR &7 VDWXUDWLRQ

    FRPSRQHQW PD\ DOVR EH JHQHUDWHG GXULQJ LQWHUQDO IDXOWV 0RUHRYHU LW ZDV IRXQGWKDWLQFHUWDLQ FDVHV WKH VHFRQG KDUPRQLF JHQHUDWHG GXULQJ LQWHUQDO IDXOWV LQ WUDQVIRUPHUV LVUHODWLYHO\ ODUJH ZKLFK LPSDLUV WKH DELOLW\ RI WKLV NLQG RI WKH FULWHULRQ &RQVHTXHQWO\WKHFRPPRQO\ XVHG FRQYHQWLRQDO GLIIHUHQWLDO SURWHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXH EDVHG RQ WKH VHFRQGKDUPRQLFUHVWUDLQWZLOOWKXVKDYHGLIILFXOW\LQGLVWLQJXLVKLQJEHWZHHQLQWHUQDOIDXOWFXUUHQWVDQGLQUXVKFXUUHQWV

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

    LQWKHLQUXVKFXUUHQWGZHOOWLPHFULWHULRQDQGWKHVHFRQGDOJRULWKPSD\VDWWHQWLRQWRWKHVLJQRIWKHSHDNYDOXHVDQGWKHGHFD\LQJUDWHRIWKHLQUXVKFXUUHQWFULWHULRQ$ &ULWHULRQ7KHK\SRWKHVLVRI PDJQHWL]LQJLQUXVKPD\EH UXOHGRXWLIWKHGLIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWGRHVQRWVKRZLQLWVHYHU\F\FOHDSHULRGODVWLQJQROHVVWKDQRIDF\FOHLQZKLFKWKHVKDSHRIWKHZDYHIRUPLVERWKIODWDQGFORVHWR]HURVHH)LJXUH

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    7/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

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

    )LJ,OOXVWUDWLRQRILQWHUQDOIDXOWDQGPDJQHWL]LQJLQUXVKFXUUHQWVFULWHULRQ

    6KOGUGE

    %WTTGPV#

    NQYX CNWG

    NCUVE[ENG

    6

    A A A A

    +PTWUJ

    EWTTGPV

    +PVGTPCN

    HCWNV

    6

    6KOG

    %WTTGPV

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    8/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    7KHRUHWLFDOO\ WKLV PHWKRG QHHGV WKUHH TXDUWHUV RI D F\FOHWRGLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ LQWHUQDOIDXOWVDQGLQUXVKFRQGLWLRQV7KHILUVWSHDNRIWKHIDXOWFXUUHQWDSSHDUVDIWHUD TXDUWHURIDF\FOHWKHQH[WRQHKDOIDF\FOHODWHU:LWKWKHVHFRQGSHDNDUULYLQJWKHFULWHULRQUHMHFWVWKH

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

    DQGVSHFLI\LQJRQHWKUHVKROGRQHQHHGVWRDGMXVWWKLVWKUHVKROGYHU\KLJKWRSUHYHQWIDOVHWULSSLQJV DERYH WKH KLJKHVW LQUXVK FXUUHQW 2QH PD\ KRZHYHU UHGHILQH WKH RSHUDWLQJSULQFLSOH)LJXUH

    DQGXVHWZRWKUHVKROGVWRGHWHFWWKHXQLSRODULW\ELSRODULW\RIWKHVLJQDO)LJXUH:KHQXVLQJWKHPRGLILHGRYHUFXUUHQWSULQFLSOHWKHVHWWLQJPD\EHDGMXVWHGDVORZDVRQHWKLUGRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDOWKUHVKROG7KLVDOORZVPXFKPRUHLQWHUQDOIDXOWVWREHTXLFNO\GHWHFWHGE\WKHXQUHVWUDLQHGRYHUFXUUHQWDOJRULWKP

    )LJ,OOXVWUDWLRQRIWKHGRXEOHWKUHVKROGRYHUFXUUHQWSULQFLSOH

    /CVJGOCVKECNOQTRJQNQI[HQTTGEQIPKVKQPQHUKIPCNU

    0DWKHPDWLFDOPRUSKRORJ\00LVDUHODWLYHO\QHZWRROIRULPDJHDQGVLJQDOSURFHVVLQJ,WLVEDVHGRQWKHRUHWLFVHWFRQFHSWH[WUDFWLQJREMHFWIHDWXUHVE\FKRRVLQJDVXLWDEOHVWUXFWXULQJVKDSH DV D SUREH 0RUSKRORJLFDO RSHUDWLRQV EDVHG RQ VHW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DUH XVHG WRFRQYHUWDQLPDJHRUVLJQDOLQWRDTXDQWLWDWLYHGHVFULSWLRQRILWVJHRPHWULFDOVWUXFWXUH7KHDSSOLFDWLRQVRI00DUHPDLQO\IRFXVHGRQLPDJHSURFHVVLQJQRQOLQHDUILOWHULQJPDFKLQHYLVLRQDQGSDWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQ

    HCWNVEWTTG

    PV

    6KOG

    KPTWUJEWTTGPV

    6TKRRKPI\QPG

    G

    G

    G

    G

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    9/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    6RPH VFKHPHV DUH SURSRVHG WR LGHQWLI\ LQUXVK FXUUHQW VLJQDOV IURP RWKHU FRQGLWLRQV E\XVLQJDPRUSKRORJLFDOGHFRPSRVLWLRQVFKHPH0'6EDVHGRQWKHPRUSKRORJLFDOZDYHOHW,Q WKHVH DSSURDFKHV GLIIHUHQWLDO FXUUHQWV GHFRPSRVH LQWR D VHULHV RI FRPSRQHQWV E\

    GHVLJQHG PRUSKRORJLFDO RSHUDWRUV WKHQ WKH H[WUDFWHG IHDWXUHV RI WKHVH FRPSRQHQWV ZLOOHPSOR\IRULQUXVKVLJQDOVLGHQWLILFDWLRQ00LVDQRQOLQHDUDSSURDFKDQGKDVEHHQZLGHO\XVHGLQPDQ\VLJQDOLPDJHSURFHVVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV GXH WR LWV VLPSOH DQG UREXVW SHUIRUPDQFH 'LODWLRQ DQG HURVLRQ DUH WKH WZREDVLFRSHUDWRUVRI00ZKLFKDUHGHILQHGDV

    :KHUH LVWKHVLJQDOXQGHUSURFHVVLQJ LVWKH DQG DQG UHSUHVHQWWKHILHOGRI

    GHILQLWLRQRI DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\

    7KHPRUSKRORJLFDOZDYHOHWLVDQRQOLQHDUPXOWLUHVROXWLRQVLJQDOGHFRPSRVLWLRQVFKHPH$IRUPDOGHILQLWLRQRIWKHPRUSKRORJLFDOZDYHOHWLVSUHVHQWHGDVIROORZV$VVXPHWKDWVHWV

    DQG H[LVW LVUHIHUUHGWRDVWKHVLJQDOVSDFHDWOHYHO DQG LVWKHGHWDLOVSDFHDWOHYHO

    7KHPRUSKRORJLFDOZDYHOHWKDV WZRDQDO\VLVRSHUDWRUVZKLFKWRJHWKHUGHFRPSRVHDVLJQDO

    LQWKHGLUHFWLRQRILQFUHDVLQJ 7KHVLJQDODQDO\VLVRSHUDWRU PDSVDVLJQDOIURP WR

    LH ZKLOH WKH GHWDLO DQDO\VLV RSHUDWRU PDSV LW IURP WR LH

    2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDV\QWKHVLVRSHUDWRUSURFHHGVLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIGHFUHDVLQJ

    GHQRWHGDV

    ,QRUGHUWR\LHOGDFRPSOHWHVLJQDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQWKHPDSSLQJV DQG VKRXOGEH

    LQYHUVHVRIHDFKRWKHULH

    +HUH LVFDOOHGWKHDSSUR[LPDWLRQVLJQDODQG LVWKHGHWDLOVLJQDO7KHUHIRUHGHFRPSRVLQJDQLQSXWVLJQDO ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJUHFXUVLYHDQDO\VLVVFKHPHLV

    :KHUH DQG FDQ EH H[DFWO\ UHFRQVWUXFWHG IURP DQG

    E\PHDQVRIWKHIROORZLQJUHFXUVLYHV\QWKHVLVVFKHPH

    /HW XV DQDO\VH WKH VFKHPH LQ GHWDLO ZKLFK ZDV SURSRVHG = /X HW DO EDVHG RQPRUSKRORJLFDOGHFRPSRVLWLRQVFKHPH7KLVZRUNSURSRVHV0'6EDVHGRQWKHFRQFHSWVRIPRUSKRORJLFDO ZDYHOHW 7KH RSHUDWRUV LQ WKH VFKHPH DUH VSHFLILFDOO\ GHVLJQHG E\ XVLQJIXQGDPHQWDO PRUSKRORJLFDO RSHUDWRUVGLODWLRQ DQG HURVLRQDQG DUH DEOH WR GHFRPSRVH

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    10/26

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    11/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    )LJ0RUSKRORJLFDOGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIDFXUUHQWZDYHIRUP

    0GWTCNPGVYQTMOGVJQFHQTRCVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQP

    $UWLILFLDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH $, EDVHG WHFKQLTXHV DUH ZHOO GHYHORSHG LQ WKH DUHDV RI SDWWHUQFODVVLILFDWLRQDQGUHFRJQLWLRQ1HXUDO QHWZRUNV 11V DUH FRPSRVHG RI VLPSOH HOHPHQWV RSHUDWLQJ LQ SDUDOOHO 7KHVHHOHPHQWVDUHLQVSLUHGE\ELRORJLFDOQHUYRXVV\VWHPV$VLQQDWXUHWKHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQHOHPHQWVODUJHO\GHWHUPLQHWKHQHWZRUNIXQFWLRQ

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    12/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    GLIIHUHQWLDO SURWHFWLRQ 7KLV LV H[SHFWHG GXH WR WKH LPSRUWDQFH FRPSOH[LW\ DQG ZLGHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHPHQWLRQHGSURWHFWLRQSULQFLSOHV+RZHYHULWLVLQFUHDVLQJWRQRWHWKDW11DSSOLFDWLRQVZHUHPRVWO\UHODWHGWRWKHIDXOWGHWHFWLRQDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQZKLFKFRQILUPVWKH

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

    7KHUH DUH QRZ ZLGHVSUHDG DSSOLFDWLRQV RI $11V LQ SRZHU V\VWHPV +RZHYHU WKLV SDUWGHDOV ZLWKRQO\RQH SUREOHP IDXOW FODVVLILFDWLRQ LQGRXEOHFLUFXLWWUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQHV XVLQJFRPELQHGXQVXSHUYLVHGVXSHUYLVHGLQVRPHGHWDLO$JJDUZDO

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    13/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    )LJ$11WUDLQLQJWHFKQLTXHV

    8QVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJPHDQVOHDUQLQJH[DPSOHVZLWKRXWWHDFKLQJLHWKHUHDUHQRGHVLUHG

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

    IHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQZLWKXQVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJLQWKHILUVWVWDJHDQGLLFODVVLILFDWLRQZLWKVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJVLWWLQJRQWKHWRSVXEVHTXHQWO\$QLPSRUWDQWEDVLFSULQFLSOHLVWKDWWKHIHDWXUHVPXVWEHLQGHSHQGHQWRIFODVVPHPEHUVKLSVLQFHWKHODWWHULVQRW\HWNQRZQDW WKHIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQVWDJHE\GHILQLWLRQ7KLVLPSOLHVWKDWLIDQ\OHDUQLQJPHWKRGVDUHXVHGIRUGHYHORSLQJWKHIHDWXUHH[WUDFWRUVWKH\VKRXOGEHXQVXSHUYLVHGLQDVHQVHEHFDXVHWKHWDUJHWFODVVIRUHDFKREMHFWLVXQNQRZQ)LJW\SLILHVD&86EDVHGQHWZRUN

    1HXUDOQHWZRUNWUDLQLQJWHFKQLTXHV

    6XSHUYLVHGWUDLQLQJ

    &RPELQHGXQVXSHUYLVHGVXSHUYLVHG

    WUDLQLQJ

    XQVXSHUYLVHGWUDLQLQJ

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    14/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    )LJ&86EDVHGDUFKLWHFWXUHQHWZRUN7KH LQSXW YHFWRU IRUWKH&86QHWZRUN FRPSULVHVQLQH YDULDEOHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH WKUHHYROWDJHDQGVL[FXUUHQWVLJQDOVLQDGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQH7KHIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQLVEDVHGRQWLPHGRPDLQ ZLQGRZV HDFK ZLQGRZ OHQJWK EHLQJ RI WKUHH VDPSOHV 7KH RXWSXWV DUHFRPSRVHG RI VHYHQ YDULDEOHV $O %O & 3/ % & DQG * RI WKHVH DQG VLJQLI\FLUFXLWVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\DQGYDULDEOH*LQGLFDWHVZKHWKHUJURXQGLVLQYROYHGLQDIDXOW$VDQH[DPSOHLIZHJHWDQRXWSXWWKLVZRXOGLQGLFDWHDQDSKDVHHDUWKIDXOWRQFLUFXLW

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

    FRQVLGHUHG WKH PLVFODVVLILFDWLRQ UDWH ZDV DQG IRU WKH 0/3 DQG &86 QHWZRUNVUHVSHFWLYHO\

    9CXGNGVUCPFUKIPCNRTQEGUUKPI

    9CXGNGVVJGQT[

    :DYHOHWWKHRU\SURYLGHVDXQLILHGIUDPHZRUNIRUDQXPEHURIWHFKQLTXHVZKLFKKDGEHHQGHYHORSHG LQGHSHQGHQWO\ IRU YDULRXV VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV )RU H[DPSOHPXOWLUHVROXWLRQVLJQDOSURFHVVLQJXVHGLQFRPSXWHUYLVLRQVXEEDQGFRGLQJGHYHORSHGIRUVSHHFK DQG LPDJH FRPSUHVVLRQ DQG ZDYHOHW VHULHV H[SDQVLRQ GHYHORSHG LQ DSSOLHG

    6DPSOHGYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWLQSXWV

    ,QSXWOD\HU

    8QVXSHUYLVHGWUDLQLQJ

    .RKRQHQOD\HU

    6XSHUYLVHGWUDLQLQJ

    2XWSXWOD\HU

    $%&$%&*

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    15/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    PDWKHPDWLFV KDYHEHHQUHFHQWO\ UHFRJQL]HG DV GLIIHUHQW YLHZV RI D VLJQDO WKHRU\,Q IDFWZDYHOHWWKHRU\FRYHUVTXLWHDODUJHDUHD,WWUHDWVERWKWKHFRQWLQXRXVDQGWKHGLVFUHWHWLPHFDVHV ,W SURYLGHV YHU\ JHQHUDO WHFKQLTXHV WKDW FDQ EH DSSOLHG WR PDQ\ WDVNV LQ VLJQDO

    SURFHVVLQJ DQG WKHUHIRUH KDVQXPHURXV SRWHQWLDODSSOLFDWLRQV ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH :DYHOHW7UDQVIRUP:7LVRILQWHUHVWIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRIQRQVWDWLRQDU\VLJQDOVEHFDXVHLWSURYLGHVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRWKHFODVVLFDO6KRUW7LPH)RXULHU7UDQVIRUP67)7,QFRQWUDVWWRWKH67)7ZKLFKXVHVDVLQJOHDQDO\VLVZLQGRZWKH:7XVHVVKRUWZLQGRZVDWORZIUHTXHQFLHV7KLVLVLQWKH VSLULW RIFRQVWDQW UHODWLYHEDQGZLGWK IUHTXHQF\DQDO\VLV7KH :7LV DOVR UHODWHG WRWLPHIUHTXHQF\DQDO\VLV

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

    FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 5HGXFHWKHQXPEHURIZDYHOHWFRPSRQHQWVWKDWGHVFULEHWKHVLJQDOV 5HYHDOWKHQDWXUDOSK\VLFDOWUDQVLHQWRVFLOODWRU\FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHVLJQDO&KHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPDCUGFQPYCXGNGVVTCPUHQTO

    7UDGLWLRQDOGLJLWDOSURWHFWLYHUHOD\VSUHVHQWVHYHUDOGUDZEDFNVIRULQVWDQFHWKH\DUHXVXDOO\EDVHGRQDOJRULWKPVWKDWHVWLPDWHWKHIXQGDPHQWDOFRPSRQHQWRIWKHFXUUHQWDQGYROWDJHVLJQDOV QHJOHFWLQJ KLJKHU IUHTXHQF\ WUDQVLHQW FRPSRQHQWV 0RUHRYHU SKDVRU HVWLPDWLRQUHTXLUHV D VOLGLQJZLQGRZ RI D F\FOH WKDW PD\ FDXVH D VLJQLILFDQW GHOD\ )XUWKHUPRUH

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    16/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    DFFXUDF\ LV QRW DVVXUHG 7KH )RXULHU WUDQVIRUP LV D YHU\ XVHIXO WRRO IRU DQDO\]LQJ WKHIUHTXHQF\ FRQWHQW RI VWDWLRQDU\ SURFHVVHV :KHQ GHDOLQJ ZLWK QRQVWDWLRQDU\ SURFHVVHVKRZHYHURWKHUPHWKRGVIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHIUHTXHQF\FRQWHQWPXVWEHDSSOLHG

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

    WLPHGHOD\IRUWKHSURWHFWLRQUHOD\,QWKLVFDVHDFFXUDF\LVQRWDVVXUHGFRPSOHWHO\'XHWRLQFUHDVHG VWDQGDUGV RI WKH GHOLYHUHG HQHUJ\ TXDOLW\ VXFK DV ,((( KLJK SHUIRUPDQFHDOJRULWKPVVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW7KH*URVVPDQQ0RUOHWGHILQLWLRQRIWKHFRQWLQXRXVZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUP&:7IRUD'VLJQDO LV

    :KHUH DQG DUH WKH VFDOH DQG WKH SRVLWLRQ SDUDPHWHUVUHVSHFWLYHO\ZLWK EHLQJWKHVHWRISRVLWLYHUHDOQXPEHUV GHQRWHVWKH+LOEHUWVSDFHRIVTXDUHLQWHJUDEOHIXQFWLRQVDQGWKHEDUGHQRWHVWKHFRQMXJDWHGFRPSOH[7KHFRQVWDQW

    FDQ EH WDNHQ WR EH LQ RUGHU WR LQVXUH QRUPDOL]DWLRQ LQ HQHUJ\ RI WKH VHW RI

    ZDYHOHWV REWDLQHGE\DWUDQVODWLRQDQGGLODWLRQRIWKHPRWKHUZDYHOHW 7KHILUVW

    IRUPXODSHUPLWVWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUPDVDFRQYROXWLRQSURGXFWWKH

    VHFRQGDVDFRUUHODWLRQIXQFWLRQ,IWKHZDYHOHWLVV\PPHWULFDQGUHDO DVLQWKHFDVHRIWKH3RLVVLRQZDYHOHWERWKQRWLRQVFRLQFLGH0RUHDXHWDO7KHPDLQDGYDQWDJHRIWKH&:7LVWKDWLWUHYHDOVWKHVLJQDOFRQWHQWLQIDUJUHDWHUGHWDLOWKDQHLWKHU)RXULHUDQDO\VLVRU WKH GLVFUHWHZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUP':77KH FRQWLQXRXVQDWXUHRIWKHZDYHOHWIXQFWLRQLVNHSWXSWRWKHSRLQWRIVDPSOLQJWKHVFDOHWUDQVODWLRQJULGXVHGWRUHSUHVHQWWKHZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUPLVLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHVDPSOLQJRIWKHVLJQDOXQGHUDQDO\VLV,QWKLVFDVHWKHGLVFUHWHZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUPLV

    DQGWKHLQYHUVHGLVFUHWHWUDQVIRUP,':7LV

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    17/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

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

    )LJ*DERUORFDOL]HVWKHVKRUWWLPHIDVW)RXULHU7UDQVIRUP67))7LQ

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    18/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    )LJ0RUOHWSURSRVHVWKHFRQWLQXRXVZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUPLQ

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

    (DFKRIWKHVHOHYHOVDUHWLPHGRPDLQVLJQDOVFRYHUVSHFLILFIUHTXHQF\EDQG7KHQDGLDJQRVLVFULWHULRQE\XVLQJWKHVSHFLILFZDYHOHWFRHIILFLHQWVLVGHILQHG7KLVFULWHULRQGLVFULPLQDWH LQWHUQDO IDXOWV IURP LQUXVK FXUUHQWV DFFXUDWHO\ DQG LQ VKRUW WLPH OHVV WKDQ

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    19/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    DIWHUWKHGLVWXUEDQFH7KHSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPLVHYDOXDWHGXVLQJYDULRXVVLPXODWHGGLIIHUHQW LQUXVK DQG LQWHUQDO IDXOW FXUUHQW VLJQDOV RQ D SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHU 0DJQHWL]LQJLQUXVKFXUUHQWVDQGIDXOWFXUUHQWVKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGXVLQJWKH$73(037VRIWZDUH7KHQ

    XVLQJ ZDYHOHW DQG GHILQHG FULWHULD WKH WUDQVLHQW IDXOW FXUUHQW DQG PDJQHWL]LQJ LQUXVKFXUUHQWDUHGLIIHUHQWLDWHG7KHUHVXOWVSURYHGWKDWWKHSURSRVHGWHFKQLTXHLVDEOHWRRIIHUWKHGHVLUHGUHVSRQVHVDQGFRXOGEHXVHGDVDYHU\IDVWDQGDFFXUDWHPHWKRG

    RTQRQUGFCNIQTKVJO

    7KHQHZSURSRVHGDOJRULWKPLVEDVHGRQZDYHIRUPDQDO\VLVRIWKHIDXOWDQGLQUXVKFXUUHQWV )LJ VKRZV WKH IHDWXUHV RI WKHVH ZDYHIRUPV $V LV VKRZQ WKH LQUXVKFXUUHQW KDV D QRQVLQXVRLGDO VKDSH DQG WKHUH LV D GHDG SHULRG SHU F\FOH LQPDJQHWL]LQJ LQUXVK GXULQJ ZKLFK WKH FXUUHQW ZLOO EH QHDU ]HUR EHFDXVH RI WKHVDWXUDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH WUDQVIRUPHU 0DJQHWL]LQJ LQUXVK DOVR H[KLELW D

    FKDUDFWHULVWLF SHDNHG ZDYH ZKLFK LV FDXVHG E\ DV\PPHWULF VDWXUDWLRQ RI WKHWUDQVIRUPHUFRUH 7KH LQUXVK FXUUHQW DWWKH VZLWFKLQJWLPHLQFUHDVHV YHU\ VORZO\DQGLVQHDU]HURZKLOHWKHSURJUHVVRIVORSHYDULDWLRQLVLQFUHDVLQJDQGDIWHUDIHZVDPSOHV LW DPSOLILHV LQ UDSLGO\ +RZHYHU ZKHQ D IDXOW RFFXUV VORSH RI WKHGLIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWDWWKHIDXOWWLPHLVKLJKDQGVORSHYDULDWLRQGHFUHDVHDVWLPHSDVVHV7KHVHGLIIHUHQWEHKDYLRUVFRXOGEHXVHGIRUGLVFULPLQDWLRQRIYDULRXVFDVHV

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

    %WT

    TGPV

    6KOG

    (CWNV

    +PTWUJ

    &KUVWTDCPEG6KOG

    &GETGCUGKP

    5NQRG

    +PETGCUGKP

    5NQRG

    VKOGKPVGTXCN

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    20/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    7KURXJKYDULRXVVLPXODWLRQVLWLVIRXQGWKDWWKHPHQWLRQHGIHDWXUHVDSSHDULQ'ZDYHOHW7DEOH7KHWLPHGXUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWLPHRIGLVWXUEDQFHDQGWKHPD[LPXPSHDNRIWKH

    GLIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWLQ'LVFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHGLDJQRVLVFULWHULRQDQGFDOOHG

    :DYHOHW&RHIILFLHQWV )UHTXHQF\EDQG+]

    $ ' ' ' ' ' ' '

    7DEOH:DYHOHWIUHTXHQF\OHYHOVIRUVDPSOHUDWHNK]

    )LJ'LIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWDQGUHODWHGIUHTXHQF\OHYHOVLQUXVK

    )LJ'LIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWDQGUHODWHGIUHTXHQF\ OHYHOV$%*IDXOW

    +#

    #

    &

    &

    &

    &

    &

    &

    &

    6KOGUGE

    VROU

    2GCM

    +#

    #

    &

    &

    &

    &

    &

    &

    &

    6KOGUGE

    2GCM

    VROU

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    21/26

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    22/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    WKDWWKHUHLVQRIDXOWDQGWKHPDOWULSLVQRWLVVXHG2EWDLQHGUHVXOWVIRUGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQV

    RILQUXVKFXUUHQWVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KLVWDEOHVKRZVWKHYDOXHRI IRUGLIIHUHQWSKDVHV

    GXHWRGLIIHUHQWLQUXVKFXUUHQW7KHILUVWFROXPQVKRZVSKDVH YROWDJHDQJOH DWWKHLQVWDQW

    RIVZLWFKLQJ,QWKHVHFRQGFROXPQGLIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWRIYDULRXVSKDVHDUHVKRZQ,QERWKQRORDGDQGIXOOORDGFDVHVVKRZQLQQH[WFROXPQVLQIOXHQFHRIUHPQDQWIOX[HVLQWKHSRZHUWUDQVIRUPHUFRUHDWLQVWDQWRIVZLWFKLQJDVSHUFHQWRIWKHUDWHGIOX[KDYHEHHQVWXGLHG

    $VVKRZQLQWKLVWDEOHIRUDOORIWKHVWXGLHGFDVHVWKHREWDLQHGYDOXHRI LV

    JUHDWHUWKDQ $VDUHVXOWDOORIWKHVHFDVHVDUHFRUUHFWO\FODVVLILHGDVLQUXVKFDVHV

    )LJ)UHTXHQF\UDQJH_'_IRU DQG IRUXQORDGHGPDJQHWL]LQJLQUXVK

    )XOOORDG1RORDG3KDVH$

    T

    U&%

    U%%

    U$%

    U&%

    U%%

    U$%

    U&%

    U%%

    U$%

    U&%

    U%%

    U$%

    $

    %

    &

    $

    %

    &

    $

    %

    &

    7DEOH9DOXHVRI IRULQUXVKFXUUHQWV

    +FKHHRW

    6KOGUGE

    ^&^

    +FKHHE

    ^&^

    +FKHHD

    ^&^

    +FKHHC

    +FKHHE

    +FKHHC

    VREOU

    VRDOU

    VRCOU

    5Y KVEJKPI6KOG

    +FKHHC

    +FKHHD

    +FKHHE

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    23/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    $(CWNV%WTTGPV

    7RREWDLQWKHVLPXODWLRQGDWDIRULQWHUQDOIDXOWGLIIHUHQWIDXOWVVXFKDVVLQJOHOLQHWRJURXQGIDXOWOLQHWROLQHIDXOWOLQHWROLQHWRJURXQGIDXOWDQGWKUHHSKDVHIDXOWVLPXODWHGRQWKH

    LQVLGHRIWKHWUDQVIRUPHU]RQHZLWKDEDODQFHG

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    24/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    %5KOWNVCPGQWU+PVGTPCN(CWNVCPF+PTWUJ%WTTGPV

    $IWHUVWXG\LQJIDXOWDQGLQUXVKFXUUHQWVFDVHVVHSDUDWHO\VRPHPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGFDVHVLHVLPXOWDQHRXV LQWHUQDO IDXOW DQG LQUXVK FXUUHQW DUH FRQVLGHUHG ,Q 7DEOH IRXU GLIIHUHQW

    FDVHV KDYH EHHQ VWXGLHG DQG LQ DOO FDVHV WKH IDXOW KDV EHHQ SURSHUO\ GLDJQRVHG IDVW DQGUHOLDEO\)LJVKRZVWKHGLIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWSKDVH%IRUVLPXOWDQHRXVLQUXVKDQGIDXOW

    $%*RQWKHSULPDU\VLGHDW DVZHOODV:7FRHIILFLHQWVLQ''DQG$)LJ

    VKRZVWKHWKUHHSKDVHGLIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWVDQG'IRU DQG $VLWLVVHHQ

    IURP WKH )LJ WKH DPRXQW IRU GLIIHUHQWLDO FXUUHQW LQ ' IRU WKUHH SKDVHV LV

    DQG $VVHHQ)LJ IRUSKDVH DQGSKDVH

    DUH OHVV WKDQ DQG 7KXV WKH

    RFFXUUHQFH RIWKHIDXOWLVGHWHFWHGDFFXUDWHO\VKRUWHUWKDQDTXDUWHURID F\FOH

    PV

    )LJ'LIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWVDQG_'_IRUWKUHHSKDVHVIRUVLPXOWDQHRXVLQWHUQDOIDXOW$%*DQGLQUXVKFXUUHQW

    +FKHHRW

    ^&^+FKHHC

    ^&^+FKHH

    D

    6KOGU

    ^&^+FKHHE

    &KUVWTDCPEG6KOG

    +FKHHC

    +FKHHD

    +FKHHE

    +FKHHC

    +FKHHD

    +FKHHE

    VROU

    VROU

    VROU

    SKDVH1RORDG )XOOORDG

    DJ DE DEJ DEF DJ DE DEJ DEF

    D

    E

    F

    D

    E

    F

    D

    E

    F

    7DEOH9DOXHVRI IRULQWHUQDOIDXOWV

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    25/26

    2CVVGTPTGEQIPKVKQPOGVJQFUHQTKORTQXGOGPVQHFKHHGTGPVKCNRTQVGEVKQPKPRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGTU

    '(*

    3+$6(

    12/2$' )8///2$'

    $* $% $%* $%& $* $% $%* $%&

    $

    % &

    $

    %

    &

    7DEOH9DOXHVRI IRUVLPXOWDQHRXVLQUXVKFXUUHQWVDQGLQWHUQDOIDXOWV%QPENWUKQP

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

    GLIIHUHQWLDOFXUUHQWWRLQUXVKDQGIDXOWJURXSV

    4GHGTGPEGU

    $%%&RPSDQ\7HFKQLFDO5HIHUHQFH0DQXDO2I5(77UDQVIRUPHU3URWHFWLRQ7HUPLQDO$%%&RPSDQ\05.8(1'HFHPEHU

    $JJDUZDODQG

  • 8/6/2019 InTech-Pattern Recognition Methods for Improvement of Differential Protection in Power Transformers

    26/26

    2CVVGTP4GEQIPKVKQP

    05=DPDQDQG0$5DKPDQ([SHULPHQWDOWHVWLQJRIWKHDUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUNEDVHGSURWHFWLRQRISRZHUWUDQVIRUPHUV,(((7UDQV3RZHU'HOYROQRSS$SU

    2PDU$6