integrated global atmospheric chemistry observations (igaco) - 1 - strategy for integrated global...

INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)

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Strategy for Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry

Observations(IGACO)

Joerg Langen (ESA-ESTEC)

on behalf of the IGACO Theme Team


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Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) Partnership (1/3)

Partners • the Global Observing Systems (GOS/GAW, GOOS, GTOS,

GCOS)• the international agencies which sponsor the Global Observing Systems (FAO, ICSU, IOC of UNESCO, UNEP, UNESCO, WMO)• the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS)• the International Group of Funding Agencies for Global

Change Research (IGFA)• the international global change research programmes (WCRP, IGBP)


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addresses the need to

• join forces in Earth Observation globally

• fill gaps in existing observation systems

• integrate diverse data sets and strengthen institutional capacity to implement integrated global observations

• ensure long-term continuity in observation, supporting data policies, enhanced product processing chains, better archiving and improved accessibility to the information products.

• improve communication between space agencies, agencies supporting in-situ observing systems, scientific research programmes, and governmental agencies


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Themes

• Ocean

• Global Carbon Cycle

• Global Water Cycle

• Geo-Hazards

• Atmospheric Chemistry (IGACO)

• Coastal (incl. Coral-Reef)

• Land


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The IGACO Team - Authors

• L. Barrie (WMO) (co-chair)

• J. Langen (ESA) (co-chair)

• P. Borrell (P&PMB Consultants) (secretary)

• O. Boucher (Univ. Lille)

• J. Burrows (Univ. Bremen)

• C. Camy-Peyret (CNRS/LPMA)

• J. Fishman (NASA-L)

• E. Hilsenrath (NASA-G)

• D. Hinsman (WMO)

• C. Granier (CNRS/SA)

• H. Kelder / A. Goede (KNMI)

• V. Mohnen (SUNYA)

• T. Ogawa (JAXA)

• T. Peter (Univ. Zürich)

• M. Proffitt (WMO)

• A. Volz-Thomas (FZ Jülich)

• P.-Y. Whung (NOAA)

• P. Simon (Inst.d’Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique)


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The IGACO Team - Reviewers

• U. Platt (Univ. Heidelberg)

• H. Akimoto (Adv. Sci & Tech Research Centre, Tokyo)

• G. Brasseur (MPI Meteorology, Hamburg)

• M.-L. Chanin (SPARC / CNRS, Paris)

• P. J. Crutzen (MPI Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz)

• N. Harris (European Ozone Research Coordination Unit, Cambridge / UK)

• D. Jacob (Harvard Univ.)

• M. J. Molina (MIT, Cambridge / USA)

• S. Oltmans (NOAA-CMDL)

• A. M. Thompson (NASA – G)


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The Objectives of IGACO

• defining a feasible strategy for deploying a global atmospheric chemistry observation system with comprehensive coverage of key atmospheric gases and aerosols

• establishing a system for integration of ground-based, airborne and satellite air chemistry observations using atmospheric models

• making the integrated observations accessible to science, responsibles for environmental policy development and weather / environmental prediction centres

To initiate a process leading to the implementation of globally coordinated observation and integration programmes within 10 years, by:


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IGACO Strategy

Identify the major societal and scientific issues associated with atmospheric chemistry and composition change;

Recommend a list of target observables using a well defined set of criteria;

Establish the requirements for observations of atmospheric composition and their analysis, integration and utilisation;

Review existing observational systems for the target variables as well as data processing and modelling;

Make recommendations and propose a structure for implementation.


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The Issues

1. Air pollution / air quality

2. Climate

3. Stratospheric ozone depletion

4. Atmospheric self-cleansing capability (“oxidising power”)


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Issue 1 : Air Pollution• Enhanced levels of aerosols, ozone, NOx , CO etc. in the lower

atmosphere• Sources: industrial activities, power plants, traffic, heating,

anthropogenic biomass burning• Deposition effects: acid rain, eutrophication of lakes, damage to the

biosphere.• Respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases (air pollution kills 60000/y

in USA: source EPA)• Globalisation through industrialisation and intercontinental

transport of pollution

IGACO Products: Localisation and quantification of pollution sources, identification of

chemical processing, transport pathways and sinks Air quality forecast Monitoring of conventions (e.g. UN-ECE LRTAP) and national

legislation support of impact assessment (e.g. air pollution human health)


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Issue 2 : Climate Complex coupling between radiation, transport and chemistry

(“climate-chemistry interaction”)

• Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, O3, N2O, Halocarbons) and aerosols emitted by human activities are primary forcing agents of climate change.

• Atmospheric lifetime of CH4, O3 and aerosols are chemically controlled• High climate sensitivity to GHG conc. in the tropopause region • Stratosphere-troposphere-exchange is a major factor for stratospheric

H2O and upper tropospheric O3

• Climate change impacts on sources, transport, removal of chemicals and hence, distribution of atmospheric constituents

IGACO Products: Scientific assessment of climate change (IPCC, UNFCCC) Climate prediction and weather forecasting Contribution to convention monitoring (e.g.CH4 for Kyoto protocol)


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Issue 3 : Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

• Dramatic ozone losses in polar spring (“stratospheric O3 hole”, last year: diminished early due to circulation anomaly, 2003: full extent)

4% O3 depletion at mid-latitudes 10% increase in surface UV irradiance• Potential for increase in skin cancer and crop damage• Source of problem : anthropogenic halocarbon emissions• Montreal protocol effective for chlorine but not bromine• Recovery time uncertain due to stratospheric cooling and H2O

increase.

IGACO Products: Monitoring of Vienna Convention / Montreal Protocol and

amendments UV irradiance forecast Scientific assessment of stratospheric ozone evolution and recovery


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Issue 4 : Oxidising Power

• Atmospheric self-cleansing depends on the “detergent” OH• OH is very short lived and maintained by a balance between

complex “source and sink” chemistry• Impact of atmospheric change on OH difficult to predict, due to

non-linear chemistry, small-scale processes and uncertainties in sources

• Effects long-term evolution of chemical balances in the atmosphere major feedback to all other issues as well as cycles of toxic substances (POPs and mercury)

IGACO Products: Scientific assessment of chemical and physical processes, in

particular distinction between anthropogenic trends and natural variabilities, as relevant to the other issues

Targeted Variables IGACO

Group 1&

Group 2

Chemical species Air Quality

Oxidation Capacity

Climate Stratospheric Ozone

Depletion

O3

CO

UV-A j(NO2)

UV-B j(O3)

H2O (water vapour)

HCHO

C2H6

active nitrogen: NOx = NO+NO2

reservoir species: HNO3

SO2

active halogens: BrO, ClO, OClOreservoir species: HCl, ClONO2

sources: CH3Br, CFC-12, CFC-11, HCFC-22

aerosol optical properties

CO2

CH4


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CriticalAncillaryVariables

IGACO

Ancillary

Variables

Air Quality

Oxidation Capacity

Climate Stratospheric Ozone

DepletionT P

Wind Speed (u,v,w) Cloud Top Height Cloud Coverage

Albedo Lightning Flash

Frequency

Fire Occurrence

Solar Radiation


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Atmospheric species in Group 1 to be measured by an integrated global observing system

Atmospheric region Requirement Unit H2O O3 CH4 CO2 CO NO2 BrO ClO HCl CFC-12 1 x km 5/25 <5/50 10/50 10/500 10/250 10/250 50

Lower z km 0.1/1 0.5/2 2/3 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/3 2 troposphere t 1 hr 1 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr 10 d

precision % 1/10 3/20 1/5 0.2/1 1/20 10/30 10 2* trueness % 2/15 5/20 2/10 1/2 2/25 15/40 15 4* delay (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1) (2)

2 x km 20/100 10/100 50/250 50/500 10/250 30/250 z km 0.5/2 0.5/2 2/4 1/2 1/4 0.5/3 Upper

troposphere t 1 hr 1 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr precision % 2/20 3/20 1/10 0.5/2 1/20 10/30 N/R trueness % 2/20 5/30 2/20 1/2 2/25 15/40 N/R delay (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)

3 x km 50/200 50/100 50/250 250/500 50/250 30/250 100 100 50/250 1000 z km 1/3 0.5/3 2/4 1/4 2/5 1/4 1 1 1/4 Lower

stratosphere t 1 d 1 d 6-12 hr 1 d 1 d 6-12 hr 6 hr 6 hr 6-12 hr 10 d precision % 5/20 3/15 2/20 1/2 5/15 10/30 10 10 5/10 6 trueness % 5/20 5/20 5/30 1/2 10/25 15/40 15 15 15 15 delay (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (2)/(3) (2)/(3) (1) (2) (2)

4 x km 50/200 50/100 50/250 250/500 100/500 30/250 100 100 50/250 z km 2/5 0.5/3 2/4 2/4 3/10 1/4 1 1 1/4 Upper

stratosphere, t 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d mesosphere precision % 5/20 3/15 2/4 1/2 10/20 10/30 10 10 5/10

trueness % 5/20 5/20 5/30 1/2 10/25 15/40 20 20 15 delay (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (2)/(3) (2)/(3) (1)/(2) (2) (2)

5 x km 50/200 10/50 10/250 50/500 10/250 30/250 100 100 30/250 1000 t 1 d 1 d 12 hr 1 d 1 d 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 6-12 10 d Total

column precision % 0.5/2 1/5 1/5 0.5/1 1/10 1/10 10 10 4 4 trueness % 1/3 2/5 2/10 1/2 2/20 2/20 15 15 6 10 delay (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (2)/(3) (1)/(2) (1) (2)

x km 10/200 10/50 10/50 10/500 10/250 10/250 25 1000 6 Tropospheric t 1 hr 1 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr 10 d

column precision % 0.5/2 5/15 1/5 0.5/1 2/20 1/10 4 trueness % 1/3 5/15 2/10 1/2 5/25 2/10 10 delay (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)


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Atmospheric species in Group 2 to be measured by an integrated global observing system

Atmospheric region Requirement Unit NO HNO3 C2H6 CH3Br Halons HCFC-22 ClONO2 HCHO SO2 UVA JNO2 UVB JO3

1 x km 10/250 10/250 50 500* 1 1 z km 0.5/3 1/3 ? 2-5 2-5 2-5 t 1 hr 1 d 1 hr 10 d 10 d 10 d 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr

Lower troposphere

precision % 10/30 10/30 10 4* 15* 2* 10 5 7/10* trueness % 15/40 15/40 15 8* 20* 4* 15 10 15* delay (1) (1)/(2) (1) (1)

2 x km 30/250 10/250 50 N/R N/R N/R 10 10 50/500 z km 0.5/3 1/3 2 0.5 0.5 3** Upper

troposphere t 1 hr 1 d 1 hr 10 d 10 d 10 d 1 hr 1 hr precision % 10/30 10/30 10 N/R N/R N/R 10 5 10 trueness % 15/40 15/40 15 N/R N/R N/R 15 10 15 delay (1) (1)/(2) (1) (1)

3 x km 30/250 50/250 500 500 1000 50/250 N/A z km 1/4 1/4 5 5 5 1/4 Lower

stratosphere t 12 hr 12 hr 3 d 3 d 3 d 6-12 hr precision % 10/30 10/30 4 4 8 20 trueness % 15/40 15/40 8 8 15 30 delay (1) (1)/(2)

4 x km 30/250 50/250 50/250 z km 1/40.5 1/4 2/6 Upper

stratosphere, t 1 d 1 d 1 d mesosphere precision % 10/30 10/30 20

trueness % 15/40 15/40 30 delay (1)/(2) (2)/(3)

x km 30/250 30/250 50 1000 30/250 50 5 Total t 1 d 1 d 1 hr 10 d 6-12 hr 1 hr

column precision % 1/10 1/10 1 5 20 1 trueness % 2/20 2/20 2 15 30 2 delay (1) (2)/(3) (2)

x km 10/250 10/250 1000 1000 1000 6 Tropospheric t 1 hr 1 d 10 d 10 d 10 d

column precision % 1/101 1/10 4 4 6 trueness % 2/20 2/20 8 8 15 delay (1) (1)/(2)


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Theme

Unit

Aerosol Optical Depth

(VIS+IR)

Aerosol Extinction Coefficient

(VIS)

Aerosol Absorption

Optical Depth (VIS)

PM1, PM2.5, PM10

a, d x km 1 / 10 10 / 100 1 / 10 N/A

Climate z km N/A 0.5 / 1 N/A N/A

studies t global daily global weekly global daily N/A and precision 0.005 / 0.01 0.005 / 0.01 km-1 0.002 / 0.01 N/A

oxidizing trueness 0.01 / 0.02 0.01 / 0.02 km-1 0.004 / 0.02 N/A capacity delay weeks weeks weeks N/A

b x km 0.25 / 1 0.5 / 2 N/A 0.25 / 1

Air z km N/A 0.1 in PBL N/A 0.1 in PBL quality t regional hourly regional daily N/A regional sub-daily

(PBL and precision 0.005 / 0.01 0.005 / 0.01 km-1 N/A 1 / 10 µ g m-3 free trop) trueness 0.01 / 0.02 0.01 / 0.02 km-1 N/A 1 / 10 µ g m-3

delay near real-time near real-time N/A near real-time c x km 10 / 100 10 / 100 N/A N/A

Ozone z km N/A 1 / 2 N/A N/A depletion t 10 d 10 d N/A N/A (UT/LS) precision 10-5 / 10-4 10-6 / 10-5 km-1 N/A N/A

trueness 10-5 / 10-4 10-6 / 10-5 km-1 N/A N/A delay days days N/A N/A

Target and threshold requirements for aerosol

The Existing Observational System

A. Routine ground-based measurements (in-situ and remote sensing) incl. balloon

Accuracy, long-term history, validation source, local/regional relevance

B. Systematic aircraft measurementsHigh-resolution tropospheric profiles, tropopause measurements

C. Satellite observationsGlobal coverage, uniform data quality

D. Chemical models and data assimilation toolsIntegration, data analysis and exploitation

Observed Variable: LS=Lower stratosphere An Overview of satellite, ground-based and aircraft measurements for stratospheric O

Statospheric Ozone C=columnP=profile

COMPONENTSatelliteADEOS TOMS CADEOS ILAS PADEOS ILAS P cAQUA AIRS CAURA HRLDS PAURA MLS PAURA OMI C/PAURA TES C/PENVISAT MIPAS PENVISAT GOMOS PENVISAT SCIAMACHY C/PEP TOMS CERBS SAGEII PERS GOME- C/PMETEOR TOMS CMETEOR M SAGE III PMETOP , , GOME C/PMETOP IASI CNOAA HIRS C B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BNIMBUS /TOMS CNPOESS OMPS C/P B B B B B B B B B B BNPP OMPS C/PSCISAT ACE PSCISAT MAESTRO PUARS MLS PUARS HALOE PUARS CLAES P

Non-Satellite GlobalSurface total columnSurfacebased vertical profile MicrowaveSuface based Lidar profileBalloon vertical profileAircraft Mosaic LSAssimilation Model

Measurement

DEMONSTRATIONPRE-OPERATIONAL Data available in near real timeOPERATIONAL B Data available in near real time and replacement guaranteed by agencyPROPOSED

Stratospheric O3


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A. Routine Ground-Based Measurements

• Ozone sonde network for vertical profiles(WMO, NASA)

• Dobson/Brewer network total column ozone (WMO, space agencies)

• Networks for CO2, CH4, N2O (WMO with NOAA/CMDL major player)

• Aerosol optical depth (WMO, NASA)

Calibration issuesDiverse organisational structures

Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) coordinates WMO network with contributing-partner networks to complete global coverage.


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B. Systematic Aircraft Measurements

• MOZAIC – O3, H2O, CO, NOy, since 1994 and grab sampling package – CO2, CH4, CO, since 1993

• CARIBIC – one aircraft, new, many species, now twice per month

• Vertical profiles CO2, CH4, initiated, frequent flights GAW led by NOAA-CMDL

• Several demonstration programmes for aerosols (ARM and NOAA/CMDL)

Unique measurements but still limited species / space / time coverage

Sampling biases

C. Satellite Observations

• Near-continuous record of total column ozone since 1978, commitments for continuation well into next decade; demonstration of tropospheric ozone retrieval

• CO, NO2, HCHO, BrO, SO2 are under development

• Aerosol optical depth, considerable coverage over oceans and, now, over continents as well.

• Good coverage of stratospheric species in research mode, much less in troposphere

Spatial and temporal resolution inadequate for troposphere

Vertical resolution inadequate for UTLS Very limited commitments after 2008 Need more systematic calibration/validation and archiving

D. Chemical Models and Data Assimilation Tools

• Chemical transport models (chemistry driven by external met data)

• Interactive chemistry-climate models (chemical processes part of the climate simulation)

• Weather forecast models with ozone and aerosols dynamically incorporated.

Spatial resolution needs improvement (variability within model grid box, sampling consistency between model and measurements)

Quality of emission inventories insufficient

• Chemical data assimilation (incl. forecast) Demonstrated and developing fast

• Major application inverse modelling (retrieval of surface sources and sinks)

starting but inhibited by lack of observational data


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RECOMMENDATIONS

A Phased Approach:

(I) Short Term: 2004 to 2014• Integrate data of group 1 species

• Build up observation system for group 2 species

(II) Long Term: beyond 2014• Operate complete integrated observation system


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Observations

Adding missing ground-based measurements for Group 1 variables, and, where feasible, some of those from Group 2 (in situ, total column, active and passive profiling, and balloon sonde)

Developing robust routine aircraft measurements for all the feasible species. An instrument development programme aimed at the operating environment of aircraft is most desirable

Initiating immediately the planning of a network of satellite measurements for the long term with priority to adding GEO instruments to a complementary set of LEOs

Establish long-term continuous observation system satisfying IGACO data requirements by:

The Long Term Satellite System Should Include:

A tropospheric mission to address air quality, climate and oxidizing power:Geostationary satellites (or larger number of polar orbiting satellites) with nadir-viewing instruments.

An upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric mission to address climate-chemistry interaction and stratospheric ozone depletion : Polar orbiting sun-synchronous satellites with limb-viewing instruments

Quality Assurance

Ground-based and routine aircraft data :

Use internationally traceable standard reference materials or reference methods

Conduct routine comparison activities to link diverse measurements together

harmonize data quality between stations and networks

Quality Assurance

Satellite Operations Should Include:

Pre-launch instrument calibration & characterisation and in-flight calibration

Long term ground validation

Systematic validation of vertical profile observations


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Data Processing and Distribution Should Include

Development of automated retrieval of total column and profile data from existing and planned satellites for all targeted variables

Systematic reprocessing of data following algorithm improvements

Establishment of universally recognised data distribution protocols

Establishment of multi-stakeholder World Integrated Data Archive Centres (WIDACs) for targeted variables


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Models : the tool for integration

develop comprehensive chemical modules in weather and climate models with appropriate data assimilation

develop inverse modelling using data assimilation to improve chemical source and sink characterization


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IGACO status and further schedule

Draft report available

Comments received from IGOS-P and IGACO review team

Refinements and implementation of comments ongoing

Presentation to CEOS-SIT, February 2004

Presentation to IGOS-P and aim for approval, May 2004


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Decide what needs to be changed

Deploy improved observational assets & improve use of existing ones

Enhance the product processing chain

Collect Observa-tions and Generate Products

Redesign systems

Change the Observational systemsImplementation

Monitor progress

The IGOS Process

Assess implementation of systems

Evaluate usefulness of products

Internationaland national

ScientificSocial

Economicand Political

drivers

Use

Resul-tant

Products

Evaluate capabilities of Observational systems

Assess

Requirements

for Observations

Obtain commit-ments for change

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