Yuze Mao， Jianguang Fang 毛玉泽，方建光

Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute (YSFRI),Chinese Academy of Fishery Science(CAFS)中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所

INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA) IN SANGGOU BAY, CHINA桑沟湾多营养层次综合养殖模式

23/4/24 1

8th U.S.-China Living Marine Resources Panel Joint Coordination Meeting

Contents

Status of Mariculture in China

What is IMTA?

IMTA model In Sanggou Bay

Potential cooperation fields

23/4/24 2

Change of Aquaculture Structure水产养殖结构的变化

23/4/24 3

Mariculture Output in China海水养殖产量

23/4/24 4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Tota

l yie

ld (M

t)

Time

海洋捕捞marine capture 海水养殖mariculture

Data from FAO 2008Seaweed yield is wet weight.

Characteristics of China Mariculture中国海水养殖的特点

23/4/24 5

The yield of seaweed and shellfish is greater than 90 %.

Problems and Challenges in Mariculture问题与挑战ChallengesFood supply： How to produce more products? Food safety： How to make sure sustainable efficient clear aquatic products produce? Ecological safety： How to make cultivation and environment develop in harmony come true?TargetThe balance among 3E（ Economy, Environment, and Ecology）SolutionIMTA may be one of the best solutions.

23/4/24 6

What is IMTA?什么是多营养层次综合养殖Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture is a healthy sustainable

development concept of mariculture， is an international focus field recently. 健康的可持续的海水养殖模式，国际研究的热点

Principle: take full advantage of nutrients and energy 充分利用系统内的物质和能量

Advantage: is an EAA (Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture ) management model. has a higher carrying capacity and sustainable food production.基于生态系统的养殖模式，具有较高的容纳量和食物产出

23/4/24 7

Key Processes and Ecosystem Structure of IMTA多营养层次综合养殖的结构和关键过程

Bivalve

Biogenic Sediment

Suspended

Particulate Matter

Deposit Feeders

Physic

al Proc

ess

Harvest Output

Cage Culture Fish

Nutrition in SedimentsBioturbation

Microbiological Degradation

Open Sea Exchange

Competition

Deposition

Mineralization

Metabolism

Respiration

Absorption

Photosynthesis

Remnant F

eed, E

xcrements

Food Intake

RespiratoryMetabolism

Microalgae

Death Fall Off

1.Shellfish Filter Feeding； 2. Shellfish Biodeposition； 3. Excretions of Shellfish/Fish/ Sedimentary Organisms； 4. Nutrient Absorption； 5. Photosynthesis； 6. Nutrient Competition ； 7. Resuspension； 8. Microbiological Degradation； 9. Mineralization； 10. Bioturbation； 11. Death Fall Off； 12. Remnant Feed and Excrements Deposition ； 13. Plant Respiration ； 14. Exchange Output

Macroalgae

Excrements

Nutrient （ N、P 、 O2 ， CO2）

Nutrient Input

Water Filter

Food Intake  

Biodeposition

23/4/24 8

What Shellfish done?

Bivalve

Biodeposition

Suspended Particulate Matter

Nutrition in Sediments

Metabolism

Respiration

1. Filtrating &

Feeding；2. Respiration &

Excretion ；3. Biodeposition； 4. Growth；5. Carbon

Fixation.

Excrements（ N、 P)O2， CO2

GrowthHarvest

FiltrationIngestion

Carbon Fixation

23/4/24 9

?

What Macroalgae done?

Macroalgae

Death Fall Off

Biodeposition

Nutriment(N,P ）

Nutrition in Sediments

Photosynthesis

1. Growth Characteristics

2. Photosynthesis 3. Nutriment Uptake4. Harvest5. Carbon Fixation O2 ， CO2

Growth

Harvest

Nitrogen and phosphorus intake

Carbon Fixation

23/4/24 10

Contents

Status of Mariculture in China

What is IMTA?

IMTA model In Sanggou Bay

Potential cooperation fields

23/4/24 11

Brief introduction about Sanggou Bay桑沟湾简介• Sanggou Bay, a 140-km2 coastal embayment in north

China (3701′-3710′N, 12224′-122 35′E), where large-scale longline culture of C. farreri and C. gigas and kelp L. japonica have been carried out since early 1980s.

• 主要养殖牡蛎、扇贝和海带、龙须菜• Water renewal between the bay and the Yellow Sea is

driven by one semi-diurnal tide (tidal range 2 m) and the average depth is about 7.5 m.

• 半日潮、平均水深 7.5m、温度 -2-25C

• Sanggou Bay is one of the most important mariculture sites in north China.

• 中国北方重要养殖基地。

23/4/24 12

Sanggou bay

Publications and Program were carrying out in Sanggou bay

桑沟湾完成的项目和发表文章• Scientific publications: more than 150 scientific publications were

published in Chinese or English journals from 1980’s.

150多篇期刊文章• National science and technology planning projects: tens of national

research projects were carried out in Sanggou bay recently.

几十个国家项目资助• Thesis: more than 20 thesises, including marine bioorganism, marine

ecology, marine chemistry, and marine physical, and biogeochemistry

cylce, and so on.

20篇以上研究生学位论文

23/4/24 13

Thesis which finished in Sanggou Bay桑沟湾完成的学位论文

No. Title Author Time

1 莱州湾和桑沟湾限制性营养盐的研究 Studies on the limitation nutrient of Laizhou Bay and Sanggou Bay

刘 慧 Liu Hui

2002

2 桑沟湾养殖水域颗粒态有机物迁移转化过程的研究 Studies on the transport and transformation of particulate organic matter in aquaculture water area of Sungo Bay

王晓丽 Xiaoli Wang

2004

3 桑沟湾滤食性贝类养殖对环境的影响及其生态调控 Effects of Bivalve Raft culture on Environment and their Ecological regu1ation in Sanggou Bay, CHINA

毛玉 泽 Yuze Mao

2004

4 桑沟湾微生物种群消长变化的调查及盐度突变对栉孔扇贝 (Chlamys farreri ）抗病力影响的研究 Investigation on Variation of Microorganism Populations in Sanggou Bay and Study on Effects of Abrupt Changes in Salinity on the Anti-disease Related Index of Scallop Chlamys farreri

刘晓伟 Xiaowei Liu

2004

5 环 境 胁 迫 对 滤 食 性 贝 类 生 理 生 态 学 特 征 的 影 响 Effects of Environmental Stress on Ecophysiological characteristics of suspension-feeding Bivalves

高 菲 Fei Gao 2005

6 桑沟湾养殖海域氮、磷收支及环境容量模型 Development and applications of dynamic model for dissolved nitrogen and Phosphate budgets in Sungo Bay

武 晋 宣Jinxuan Wu

2005

7 扇贝养殖对浮游植物群落影响的初步研究 A Preliminary Study of the Impacts of Scallop Culture on Phytoplankton Community

张莉红 Lihong Zhang

2005

8 秋季桑沟湾贝类养殖对海域水质影响的数值研究 A Numerical Study of Scallop Cultivation Impacts on Water Quality in the Sanggou Bay in Autumn

王 波 Bo Wang

2007

9 桑沟湾海洋生态系统服务价值评估 The valuation of marine ecosystem services in SanggouBay 张朝晖 Zhaohui Zhang

2007

10 浅海贝藻养殖水域沉积物再悬浮的发生机制及生态效应 Dynamic mechanism of sediment resuspension and its ecological effects on polyculture of shellfish&macroalgae in shallow sea

蒋增杰 Zengjie Jiang

2008

11 桑沟湾养殖区和长江口海域砷的分布、季节变化及影响因素研究 Distributions and seasonal variations of arsenic in the Sanggou Bay and coastal area of the Changjiang estuary

闫 哲 Zhe Yan 2008

23/4/24 14

23/4/24 15

No.

Title Author Time

12 滤食性贝类养殖活动对海域生态系统的影响及生态容量评估 Effect of filter feeding shellfish mariculture on the ecosystem and the evaluation of ecology carrying capacity

张继红 Jihong Zhang

2008

13 海洋生态系统服务及其价值评估应用研究 Valuation of Marine Ecosystem Services and Its Application

郑伟 Wei Zheng 2008

14 典型养殖海区潮动力结构特征的初步研究——观测与数值模拟 Preli minary Studies on the Features of Tidal—dynamic Structure in a Typically High Density Mariculture Coastal Bay—Observation and Simulations

樊星 Xing Fan 2008

15 东、黄海营养盐的分布和沉积物 - 水界面交换通量 Distribution features of nutrient and flux between the sediment and water interface of East China and Yellow Sea

孙珊 Shan Sun 2008

16 桑沟湾养殖海域生源要素在柱状沉积物中的分布及其生态学意义 Distributions and ecological significance of biological elements in core sediments from aquaculture areas of Sanggou Bay

江 双 林 Shuanglin Jiang

2009

17 夏季桑沟湾三维水质数值模拟 The Three-Dimensional Water Quality Numerical Simulation In Sanggou Bay In Summer

杜 鹏 Peng Du

2009

18 桑沟湾贝藻养殖区附着生物生态效应研究 Ecological Effects of Fouling Organisms on Shellfish and Coastal Environment

齐 占 会 Zhanhui Qi

2009

19 桑沟湾、浙闽沿岸铝的分布、季节变化及影响因素研究 The distributions and seasonal variations of aluminum in the Sanggou Bay and coastal area of Zhejiang and Fujian

张国玲 Guoling Zhang

2009

20 桑沟湾大叶藻有性繁殖生物学及附着生物研究 A Study on Sexual Reproductive Characteristics and Epiphytes of Eelgrass, Zostera marina L. in Sango Bay

高 亚 平 Yaping Gao

2009

21 不同海水养殖模式对桑沟湾生态系统服务的影响 Effects of the different maricultural models on Sanggou Bay ecosystem services

王 丽 Li Wang 2010

22 长牡蛎夏季死亡与生态环境及自身机体免疫响应关系的初步研究 The preliminary study of the correlation between Pacific oyster(Crassotrea gigas)summer mortality with ecological environment and organism immune response

廉 伟 Wei Lian 2010

05

1015202530

83.7

84.1

89.7

90.193.

11 94.4

99.7200

0. 1200

4. 1200

4.7200

6.4

2006.1

1200

9. 2200

9. 8

非养殖区 海带区 贝藻区 贝类区

硅酸盐

(umo

l/l)

020406080

100120140

mole

rat

io o

f N

and

P

05

1015202530

DIN

(umo

l/l)

0

1

2

3

4

磷酸盐

(umo

l/l)

桑沟湾营养盐浓度的长期变化趋势

Silicium is stable, DIN is increased, while DIP is decreased in the past 30 years.

硅酸盐趋于稳定；溶解性无机氮略有增加，季节性波动较大；活性磷酸盐呈下降趋势

Variance of nutrients for long time in Sanggou Bay桑沟湾营养盐的长期变化规律

Carrying capacity of Bivalves贝类养殖容量

CC(Carrying capacity for cultured bivalves)

Primary productionor

Particulate Organic matter

Fed by zooplankton

Fed by filtering organisms

Carrying capacity models of semi-closed areas半封闭海区的养殖容量

v

vvCLChlak

BCLChlakPCC

S

m

jjFj

1

or

Filter Feeding滤水摄食

Species： Scallop, oyster, mussel, clam etc.扇贝，牡蛎，贻贝，蛤蜊等

Established a water filtration rate determination method (Jianguang Fang, et al.)建立了现场测定滤水摄食方法

Filtration rate is 1.27-3.99L/ (ind·h), feeding rate is 1.22- 6.99mg/ (ind·h).

滤水率范围，摄食率范围23/4/24 19

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

J J A S O N D J F M A M J J

2002 2003

Oxy

gen

cons

umpt

ion

rate

.(m

g h-1

g-1

)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

J J A S O N D J F M A M J JA

mm

oniu

m e

xcre

tion

rate

.(µ

mol

h-1

g-1

)

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

J J A S O N D J F M A M J J

2002 2003

Phos

phor

us e

xcre

tion

rate

.(µ

mol

h-1 g

-1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

J J A S O N D J F M A M J J

2002 2003

O: N

ato

mic

ratio

.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

J J A S O N D J F M A M J J

2002 2003

N: P

ato

mic

ratio

.

Ammonium excretion rate （ Ren） seasonal changesOxygen consumption rate （ Ro） seasonal changes

Phosphorus excretion rate （ Rep） seasonal changes

O: N atomic ratio seasonal changes N: P atomic ratio seasonal changes

Respiratory and Excretion (Crassostrea gigas) 呼吸排泄

23/4/24 20

In site studies

- 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

02年4月. 6月 8月 10月 12月 03年2月. 4月 7月

g/in

d.h

时间

小栉孔中栉孔大栉孔小海湾中海湾大海湾小虾夷大虾夷小牡蛎大牡蛎贻贝魁蚶

Biodeposition

生物沉积

Bivalve Biodeposition Rate （ g ind-1 d-1 ）23/4/24 21

g in

d-1 d-

1

Growth characteristic生长特性

23/4/24 22

cm壳长（ ）

987654321

g湿重（）

80

60

40

20

0

-20

观察值

直线方程

指数方程

WW= 0.1326 ×L 2.908 ， r2=0.988WW=-23.317+8.645×L， r2=0.887

Chlamys farreri

n ＝ 1170

cm壳高（ ）

7654321

g湿重（）

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

观察值

直线方程

指数方程

WW = 0.2379×L2.748, r2=0.944WW = -17.113+7.410×L， r2=0.891

Argopecten irradians

n ＝ 693

(cm)壳长

161412108642

(g)湿重

300

200

100

0

-100

观测值

直线方程

指数方程

WW = 0.886 ×L 2.652， r2=0.909WW =-60.647+15.969L， r2=0.846

n ＝ 527

Crassostrea gigas

cm壳高（ ）

987654321

g湿重（）

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

观测值

直线方程

指数方程

Pecten yessoensis

n ＝ 625

WW= 0.104 × L 2.997， r2=0.980WW=-21.148+7.638×L， r2=0.888

Macroalgae Growth Characteristics大型藻类的生长特性

0. 00. 51. 01. 52. 02. 53. 03. 54. 04. 55. 0

10 15 17 20 25 30℃ Temperature温度（ ）

SGR

/d)

（％

0- 7d0- 14d7- 14d

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

12-1

12-1

6

12-3

1

1-15

1-30

2-14 3-

1

3-16

3-31

4-15

Time (Month-Day)

Wet

wei

ght (

g)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

12-1

12-1

6

12-3

1

1-15

1-30

2-14 3-

1

3-16

3-31

4-15

Time (Month-Day)

Len

gth

(cm

)

02468

10121416

12-1

12-1

6

12-3

1

1-15

1-30

2-14 3-

1

3-16

3-31

4-15

Time (Month-Day)

TempSGRwSGRl

SGR

(% d

-1)

Tem

pera

ture

0123456789

10

4-13 5-

3

5-23

6-12 7-

2

7-22

8-11

8-31

9-20

10-1

0

Time (Month- Day)

Wet

wei

ght (

kg/m

rop

e)

200220042008

Folder sprout time Norm Initial weight 5-26 6-29 7-18 7-26 8-22 9-30

02-4-26

Culture days 30 34/64 19/85 33/106 WW 0.1 1.6 4.3 6.1 8.9SGR 9.2 2.9 1.8 1.1

08-5-20

Culture days 39 18 8/26 27/53 39/92

WW 0.5 5.25/0.65 1.35 1.73 5.25 6.66

SGR 　 11.8 6.0 4.6 2.7 4.1 0.7

Gracilaria lemaneiformis Growth Characteristics and Culture Method Improvment

Gracilaria lemaneiformis growth characteristics (laboratory and field investigation)kelp Laminaria japonica growth characteristics (in

situ measurement)

23/4/24 23

Photosynthesis Rate光合作用速率

0.02.04.06.08.0

10.012.014.016.018.0

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug Se

p

Oct

Nov

Dec

Time (Month)

O2 （

mg

g-1D

Wh-1）

0246810121416

O2 (

mg

ml-1

)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

龙须菜 海带片 鼠尾藻 马尾藻 石莼 绿丝藻

种类

光合作用速率（

mgO

2 gdw

-1 h

-1）

538

326

181

34

02468

101214161820

龙须菜 海带片 鼠尾藻 石莼 浒苔种类

mg g

dw光合作用速率（

-1 h

-1）

5101822

Macroalgae photosynthesis rate seasonal changes (left, Gracilaria lemaneiformis; right, Laminaria japonica)

Macroalgae photosynthesis laboratory study

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

Time(Month)

光合作用速率

(O2 m

g g

-1h-

1 )0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

DO（

mg

l-1)

Little Middle Large Control

23/4/24 24

Kelp Laminaria japonica Nutrient Uptake营养盐的吸收

Nitrigen Reduction Efficiency of Algae Different Parts（% ）

part10℃ 4℃

NO3-N NH4-N NO2-N NO3-N NH4-N NO2-N

base 98.4 92.5 52.3 96.4 78.4 27.1 middle upper part 98.8 96.8 15.6 97.5 72.8 10.3 middle under part 91.0 94.2 -6.3 81.5 63.6 -37.1

edge 82.8 100.0 -305.0 68.8 79.2 -274.4

Comparison Algae Different Parts on the N Uptake Rate (left, medium concentration; the right, absorption rate)

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

根部 中部 下部 边缘部 位

吸收速率（

µmol

g-1

h-1）

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

吸收速率（

µmol

g-1

h-1）

NO3- N NO2- N NH4- N 10℃

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

根部 中部 下部 边缘

部位

吸收速率（

µmol

g-1

h-1）

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

吸收速率（

µmol

g-1

h-1）

NO3- N NO2- N NH4- N 4 ℃

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

根部 中部 下部 边缘

部位

营养盐浓度（

µmol

l-1）

4℃

NO3-NNO2-NNH4-N

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

根部 中部 下部 边缘

部位

营养盐浓度（

µmol

l-1）

NO3-NNO2-NNH4-N

10℃

初始浓度NO3-N：22.3NO2-N：0.37NH4-N：1.53

23/4/24 25

Research on Environmental Impact of Cage Culture网箱养殖对环境的影响

23/4/24 26

Rongcheng Sanggou Bay

1.Growth; 2. Food Intake;3. Respiration; 4. Excretion; 5. Defecation; 6. Nutrients Diffusion .

Culture Area Organic Deposition Flux (Trap Method)有机质沉降通量研究

23/4/24 27

Microorganism Structure Composition of Different Aquaculture Zone Waters

Kelp culture area

No culture area

Scallop culture area

Integrated area of Scallop and kelp

Integrated area

Oyster culture areaScallop culture areaCage area

Cluster Analysis of Microbial Diversity in Different Aquaculture Zone23/4/24 28

Total N and P taken away by harvest of kelp and bivalves in Sungo Bay from 1985 to 1999 (MT）In average, there is about 120million ton of CARBON is removed from the coastal waters of China by shellfish and seaweeds culture each year, this is the one of biggest contribution of mariculture of China for the world

Species N P

kelp 9100 480

scallop 2008 150

Oyster 160 23

Mussel 766 72

Total 12034 725

Positive effect of mariculture on marine ecosystem

近三年来，东楮岛的大叶藻海草床面积增加了3倍多

桑沟湾综合养殖模式实例IMTA Models in Sanggou Bay

31

Seaweed species in all reason

桑沟湾大型藻类的季节交替

Jun-OctGracilaria龙须菜养殖

Jun-OctSargassum sp马尾藻

Dec to Next Jun

Kelp aquaculture

海带养殖

Polyculture of shellfish (oyster, scallops, Polyculture of shellfish (oyster, scallops, mussels) and kelpmussels) and kelp Laminaria

-based on carrying capacity of culture site

mussel

kelpkelp

Polyculture of Oyster and Laminaria

Integrated culture of abalone and Kelp

Fish-Shellfish-seaweed IMTA Model 鱼贝藻综合养殖模式

23/4/24 36

Flounder-Scallop-Seaweed IMTA Model牙鲆 -扇贝 -海带 /龙须菜综合养殖

23/4/24 37

Time Flounder Scallop Gracilariar KelpBL(cm) BW(g) SL(mm) Bw(g) Kg/rope Kg/Kelp

Dec. 15,2007 25 0.05

May 26，2008 28.5 247.3 2.5

July 1,2008 32.8 500.0 2.0

Sep. 30，2008 35.1 657.1 57.3 23.3 13.3

Culture Area

600ind/cage5000 m2 16.7ha 33.3ha

Yield 394.3kg/cage 141.7kg/ha 355.6kg/ha 1000kg/ha

IMTA system for culture of abalone, Seaweeds and sea cucumber in China

N, P

N, P

Kelp-Abalone-Sea cumber IMTA Model海带 - 鲍 - 刺参养殖模式

1. Kelp longline culture

2. Abalone net cages hanging vertically from longlines

3. Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus added directly to the abalone cages

1 2 360

cm

50 cm

1

4 m

Size distribution of sea cucumbers刺参个体大小分布Large variance

Individual growth rates highly variable

Food availability issue?

Need for selective breeding?

Mean= 65,5 gSD = 18,1 g

Mean= 128,8 gSD = 39,0 g

不同养殖模式系统功能评价

Assessment of service value in difference aquaculture mode

23/4/24 42

Value of food provision service in difference aquaculture mode

不同养殖模式食物供给服务功能价值Aquaculture

modeAquaculture

speciesYield

kg/ha/aMarket price

y/kgIncomeY/ha/a

CostY/ha/a

ValueY/ha/a

Monoculturekelp 27000 6.0 162000 67500 94500

scallop 18000 4.6 82800 22500 60300

IMTAKelp+

Abalone

kelp 30000 6.0 0 72900 0Abalone 17308 200 1730769 1032808 697962

Add up 1730769 1105707 625062

IMTAKelp+

Abalone+Sea

cucumber

kelp 30000 6.0 0 7.2900 0abalone 16615 200 1661538 926815 734723

Sea cucumber 3600 120 216000 21600 204000

Add up 1877538 948415 929123

Value of climate regulating service in difference aquaculture mode

不同养殖系统气候相关服务功能价值Aquaculture

mode

Fixed & removed C（ kg/ha/a）

Released CO2

（ kg/ha/a）

Value （ Y/ha/a）Benefit Lost Total value

Reforested cost

Carbon tax

Reforested cost

Carbon tax

Average value

Monoculture kelp 8424 ． 00 0 2197.822 9232.704 0 0 5715.26

Monoculture scallop 1741.169 22.3460 454.2711 1908.322 5.8301 24.4913 1166.14

IMTA kelp+abalone 23638.85 32.0394 6167.375 25908.18 12.3668 51.9512 16005.62

IMTA kelp+abalone

+sea cucumber

24054.75 31.0211 6275.884 26364.01 8.0934 33.9991 16298.54

Total value in difference aquaculture mode不同养殖模式的总服务价值

Aquaculture mode Total benefit（ Y/ha/a ）

Total lost（ Y/ha/

a ）Economic

value（ Y/ha/a ）

Environmental value

（ Y/ha/a ）Total value（ Y/ha/

a ）Monoculture kelp 185006 67500 94500 23006 117506

Monoculture scallop 86327 23145 60300 2882 63182

IMTA kelp+abalone 1765531 1105769 625062 34700 659762

IMTA kelp+abalone+sea cucumber 1912619 948459 929123 35036 964160

Potential cooperation fields合作领域

To study the impact of mariculture on ecosystem and environment,

the interaction between mariculture and environment；

海水养殖与养殖环境之间的相互作用关系。 To study the relationship between intensive mariculture in the

coastal zone and the variability of marine fisheries resources, etc

海水养殖与海洋生物资源的关系。 GIS

地理信息系统

Sustainable mariculture management

可持续的海水养殖管理

Ecology based mariculture models and technologiesEcology based mariculture models and technologies

生态系统水平的海水养殖模式和技术生态系统水平的海水养殖模式和技术 Based on the ecological and environmental conditions, optimizing the

composition of dominant mariculture species for different sea regions to

produce high quality sea food.

优化不同养殖区域海水养殖种类，提供优质食物。 Based on research results of carrying capacity, design the polyculture models

which are not only no harmful to ecosystem and environment, but can provide

the maximal production with higher quality in the limited space and time.

基于养殖容量，建立环境友好的养殖模式，提供更充足的食物。

Thanks for Your Attention!

23/4/24 49