integrated science for our changing world icp vegetation: contributions on ozone for the revision...

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ICP Vegetation: Contributions on Ozone for the Revision of the

Gothenburg Protocol

Monitoring of ambient ozone effects

Policy-relevant indicators

Critical levels workshop

Flux modelling methods and applications

Review of effects in the Mediterranean

Quantifying and mapping impacts

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POD6, mmol m-2

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POD6, mmol m-2

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POD6, mmol m-2

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ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE


Ozone biomonitoring with bean

Participation in 2009: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, (15 sites -10 countries) Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, UK

Aim: develop ozone flux-effect relationship for bean

Ozone-sensitive and –resistant bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)



Impacts in Mediterranean areas

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Non-filtered air + 40 ppb

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Nitrogen supply (kg ha-1)


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Negative impacts on yield/quality of over 20 crops (e.g. potato, tomato, bean, watermelon, artichoke, lettuce, spinach, chicory).

Decrease marketable value

Visible leaf damage, physiological effects, growth reduction trees (Holm oak, Carob tree, Aleppo pine, laurel)

Scarce info on sensitivity herbaceous plant communities

Sugar - tomato

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Non-filtered air + 40 ppbaaFlowers - clover

Bermejo (2002)

Sanz et al. (2007)



New/revised flux-based CLe (doc 14)

Expert Panel Meeting: ‘Flux-based assessment of ozone effects for air pollution policy’, Nov 2009

Follow on at 23rd Task Force meeting, Feb 2010

10 new/revised flux-based critical levels adopted, included in revision of Mapping Manual chapter 3

New terminology: Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above threshold Y (PODY), previously called AFstY

Policy relevant indicators identified

Retain concentration-based CLs in Mapping Manual



Revised flux-based critical levelsReceptor Effect

(% reduction)Parameter* Critical level

(mmol m-2)Wheat Grain yield (5%) POD6 1

Wheat 1000 grain weight (5%) POD6 2

Wheat Protein yield (5%) POD6 2

Potato Tuber yield (5%) POD6 5

Tomato Fruit yield (5%) POD6 2

Norway spruce Biomass (2%) POD1 8

Birch and beech Biomass (4%) POD1 4

Productive grasslands (clover)

Biomass (10%) POD1 2

Conservation grasslands (clover)


Conservation grasslands (Viola spp), provisional


* PODY = Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold YUsed to define policy-relevant indicators



Crops

Full flux model

Critical level (and response function) for security of food supplies: Protein yield of wheat Tomato fruit yield

For both a POD6 of 2 mmol m-2

Generic crop flux model (for IAM)Generic crop flux-response function to show areas at highest risk of ozone damage (POD3) in EMEP domain

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POD6, mmol m-2

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y = 1.01 - 0.025 * POD6r2 = 0.63p < 0.001

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Protein yield wheat

y = 1.00 - 0.024 * POD6r2 = 0.49p < 0.001

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TomatoTomato



Forests

Critical level (full flux model) for protection against:

(1) Loss of carbon storage in the living biomass of trees

(2) Loss of environmental protection (e.g. soil erosion, floods, avalanches)

Beech/birch: POD1 = 4 mmol m-2

Generic forest tree model for generic deciduous and evergreen Mediterranean tree species: POD1

(for IAM)

y = 1.00 - 0.0024 * POD1

r² = 0.55p < 0.001

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POD1, mmol m -2

Norway spruce

y = 1.00 - 0.011 * POD1r² = 0.64p < 0.001

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(Semi-)natural vegetation

Critical level (full flux model) for protection against:

(1) Loss of vitality and fodder quality of pasture: Clover, POD1 of 2 mmol m-2

(2) Loss of vitality of natural species*: Clover, POD1 of 2 mmol m-2

* May also protect against loss of biodiversity

Note: No generic flux-model available for IAM

y = 0.97 -0.035 * POD1

r² = 0.87p < 0.001

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Clover

y = 0.98 - 0.020 * POD1r² = 0.45p = 0.034

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Application of ozone critical levels (1)

Flux-based critical levels:

Full flux models/response functions: modelling impacts at

local/regional scale (e.g. effects on food security and ecosystem

services); suitable for economic impact assessments

Modelling risk of damage without quantification:

Generic flux model/response functions (crops, trees) (no CLe):

for large scale modelling, including IAM, to provide an

indication of risk; not suitable for economic impact assessment

Additional species-specific flux models (without suitable effects

data): for application at local scale to indicate risk to specific species



Application of ozone critical levels (2)

Concentration-based critical levels/response functions:

Estimating damage in areas where

no stomatal conductance and/or

climatic data available; should not be

used for economic impact assessment

VPD-modified AOT30: Assessing risk of visible leaf injury,

useful for leafy crops, where quality

and market value is affected

Fully revised this summer



Flux to generic deciduous tree(POD1)

Health –based(SOMO35)Year 2000

Ex-post examples



Flux to generic deciduous tree(POD1)

Health –based(SOMO35)Year 2020 - MFR

Ex-post examples



Robustness CL ozoneMain uncertainties: Impacts soil moisture on ozone flux Extrapolation from ozone exposure systems to field conditions Trees: extrapolation effects on young (< 10 years) to mature trees

Crops: - CLs substantiated in Ozone Evidence Report (Hayes et al., 2007; Mills et al., in press) - Meta-analysis: 43 ppb O3 - 18% decline in wheat grain yield and 16% decline biomasss (Feng et al., 2008)

Forest trees: - Epidemiological study in Switzerland confirmed flux- based CL for beech/birch (Braun et al., 2010) - 40 ppb O3: reduction biomass 7% (Wittig et al., 2009)

(Semi-)natural vegetation most uncertain due to its complexity (productive grasslands < low input grasslands < natural ecosystems)



Biological diversity

Different sensitivities to O3 identified for plant species (Hayes et al., 2007) and communities (Mills et al., 2007) ECE/EB.AIR/WG.1/2007/9

Legumes (N-fixers) identified as a particular O3-sensitive plant group

Hardly any field-based evidence: - little field-based research done - difficult to separate O3 impacts from impacts other drivers of change

Volk et al., 2006

Hayes et al., 2008



Trends

Ozone flux and CLex.:

- No clear temporal trends- More damage in higher ozone years and in areas with highest flux and critical level exceedance (Hayes et al., 2007; Mills et al., 2010)



Revision Gothenburg Protocol (GP)

26th session Executive Body (ECE/EB.AIR/96): Para 23c: ‘…. policies aiming only at health effects would not protect vegetation in large areas of Europe’.

Para. 23d: ‘Decided that …… O3 effects on vegetation be

incorporated in IAM, especially in work for the revision of the GP, and recommended that flux-based methods be used.’

Annex 1: CLs based on stomatal fluxes are considered more biologically relevant than those based on concentrations since they take into account the modifying effect of climate, soil and plant factors on the uptake of ozone by vegetation.

integrated science for our changing world icp vegetation: contributions on ozone for the revision...

Documents

ukrevised flux

ozone fluxeffect relationship

generic crop flux model

iamintegrated science

pod16integrated science

bean ozonesensitive

phytotoxic ozone dose

wheatgrain yield