integrating twitter into an undergraduate medical curriculum: lessons for the future
DESCRIPTION
This is the presentation of a conference paper I delivered with @e_hothersall at ECEL2014, the 13th European conference on e-Learning, in Copenhagen, the 31st October 2014. We describe the development, pedagogical underpinning and evaluation (via SNA and narrative analysis) of a Twitter-based educational intervention we ran in 2012 and 2013 for Public Health teaching. Contact me if you would like to read the paper.TRANSCRIPT
INTO AN UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL CURRICULUM
lessons for the future
INTEGRATING
Photo from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jreed/322057841 - CC BY-SA 2.0
Annalisa Manca - @annalisamancaEducational TechnologistSchool of Medicine
Ellie Hothersall - @e_hothersallPublic health doctor and theme lead for public health teaching School of Medicine
WELCOME
On behalf of:
Natalie Lafferty - @nlafferty
SETTING THE SCENE
Photo from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kwl/3573458354 - CC BY 2.0
TECHNOLOGY IS DRIVING
Photo from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/slowdownism/257931683 - CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Photo from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/iainb/212961317/ - CC BY-ND 2.0
Communicate, share and learnAny time, Any place, Any pace
No longer restricted to libraries & formal learning
@nlafferty
Role of technology in learninghttp://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/effectivepracticedigitalage.pdf
What is the role of the teacher?Harden & Crosby, 2000
“Guide on the side”
Photo from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/colinsd40/9394696887 - CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
@nlafferty
http://cdn.nmc.org/media/2014-nmc-horizon-report-he-EN-SC.pdf
NMC Horizon Report: 2014 Higher Education Edition
OUR CASE
“For good pedagogical design, there is simply no escaping the need to adopt a theory of learning.” We need “guidance on how
to judge whether the learning and teaching processes adopted will really achieve the intended learning outcomes”
Mayes & de Freitas, 2008
CONSTRUCTING… AND DECONSTRUCTING
building communities around hashtagsPhoto from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mbiddulph/7614636374 - CC BY-SA 2.0
#FOAMed
Photo from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/31065898@N08/8220970905/ CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
NETWORKED – CONNECTED – INTERACTIVE – HYBRID
LEARNING IS SOCIAL
Human behaviour(learning)
environment
behavioural patterns
affective and cognitive
factors
• self-efficacy• practice
• expectations• knowledge• attitudes
• community• norms• social system
BANDURA’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (1971)
Bandura, A. (1971). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Corporation.
SELF-EFFICACY (Bandura, 1977)
1977 2004 2008phobias PTSD education/technology
An individual’s belief in their ability to succeed in producing a particular outcome (Bandura 1977)
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psych Rev
self-efficacy
motivation
skills
teacherdirection
supp
ort
ince
ntive
s
mat
erial
tools
tasks
Educational activity as a scaffolding structure
https://w
ww
.flickr.com/photos/gavatron/10037318335/
careful not to overload
Self-efficacy
Cognitive load
(Iterative) Educational design to:
Self-efficacy expectations
Performance accomplishment
Vicarious experience
Verbal persuasion
Physiological states
Behaviour/Learning
BUILDING SELF-EFFICACY EXPECTATIONS
PERFORMANCE-ACCOMPLISHMENT
Building self-efficacy expectations - in practice
Definition Educ Design 2012 2013
• Personal mastery / success
• Based on authentic experience
• It can influence self-motivation
• Model around learning needs
• Pre-existing knowledge
• Context• Boost sense of
achievement
• Questions to guide discussion
• Choice of media
• Feedback
• Storify• “Summary of
learning” tweets
VICARIOUS EXPERIENCE
Building self-efficacy expectations - in practice
Definition Educ Design 2012 2013
• Inferences from social comparison
• Observation and interaction with others
• Experience
• Encourage communication and interaction
• Set appropriate level of difficulty
• Share experience
• Signpost to facilitators’ online spaces
• No change
VERBAL PERSUASION
Building self-efficacy expectations - in practice
Definition Educ Design 2012 2013
• Encouragement from tutors and peers
• Not based on experience
• Teacher accountability
• Moderation• Leadership +
engagement• Peer support
• Moderation and replies
• No change
PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES
Building self-efficacy expectations - in practice
Definition Educ Design 2012 2013
• Emotional arousal can debilitate performance
• Help students overcome fear and anxiety related to performance
• Early acquaintance with tools
• Intro to Titter• Tutors’
presence
• No intro to Twitter
IN PRACTICE… AND RESULTS
“The relationship between pedagogy and technology is not as simple
as it first appears”
JISC: Effective Practice in a Digital Age
Based on previous work by nhssm.orgOriginal scenarios written by Mr Alex Talbott and Dr Chloe Sellwood Twitter chat with Social Media emphasisEasy to tweak to student focus
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/sites/www.open.edu.openlearn/files/sneezeInLine_0.jpg Creative Commons
Origins of #fluscenario
4. (To understand there is more to public health than drinking water and inequalities)
Data collectionhttp://dundeepublichealth.wordpress.com/fluscenario/
https://tags.hawksey.info/
https://tags.hawksey.info/
2012
2013
http://hawksey.info/tagsexplorer/
http://hawksey.info/tagsexplorer/?key=0Ar1MOlq1UirpdGQyS0tHamNNQzN5LTFZaFJZcVQ3VVE&sheet=ob5
2012
2013
http://hawksey.info/tagsexplorer/
Image: Leximancer.com
“Whooping cough: Three more babies die in outbreak http://t.co/VXAIC5Bu #fluscenario”
“Reading about the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB and automatically relating this to the spread of #fluscenario. Hello Library Weekends.”
Application
What happened?
Interaction
“I found #fluscenario irrelevant as it didn't have much relevance to the respiratory block.”“…waste of time”
“I enjoyed using twitter as a new way of teaching and I feel like I learnt a lot from the opportunity to discuss the flu scenario with my peers.”“The fluscenario was a personal highlight for me, I really found it beneficial.” B+
Evaluation
Twitter is too public
I did not feel confident using Twitter
I did not feel like I had the time to do it
It wasn't interesting
140 characters are not enough to express yourself properly
Other
0%
25%
0%
13%
63%
0%
15%
11%
11%
6%
35%
22%
2012 2013
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
“Fauxial learning = forcing people to use social media in a course, and then
confusing compliance with engagement and (even worse) learning”
Jane Hart (@C4LPT)
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/effectivepracticedigitalage.pdf
John Schaar, American writer and scholar and Professor Emeritus, University of California
Photo from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/4759535950 - CC BY 2.0
@annalisamanca
@e_hothersall
Photo from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/eleaf/2536358399/ - CC BY 2.0
Any question
• Bandura, A. (1971). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Corporation.
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, Vol 84, No. 2, pp 191-215.
• Caprara. (2008). Longitudinal analysis of the role of perceived self-efficacy for self-regulatory learning in academic continuance an achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3) 525–534
• Mayes, T. & de Freitas, S. (2008). Learning and e-learning: The role of theory. In Beetham & Sharpe. Rethinking Pedagogy for a Digital Age: Designing and Delivering e-Learning. New York: Routledge
References