integration of satellite and lte for disaster recovery

Integration of Satellite and LTE for Disaster Recovery

Maurizio Casoni, Carlo Augusto Grazia, Martin Klapez, NatalePatriciello

Department of Engineering Enzo FerrariUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia

Cavalese - Italy, January 15, 201512th Italian Networking Workshop

M. Klapez (UNIMORE) 12th INW January 15, 2015 1 / 24

Context

PPDR

Public Protection and Disaster Relief

Needs

To provide data-intensive communication in disaster scenarios

State of reality in the EU

Different nations: different networks employed

Old technologies

Field operators often rely on commercial terrestrial networks


State of reality in the EU

Weaknesses of current solutions

[Availability] - Terrestrial Infrastructure

Non-negligible probability of disruption from disasters.Coverage subjected to profit logics.

[Data Rate] - Dedicated PPDR networks are slow

TETRA and Analogue PMR are the standard technologies; very good foradvanced voice services, very bad for data-intensive applications.

[Resilience] - Commercial networks are not reliable

Infrastructure-based systems are not redundant.They are vulnerable to disasters and subsequent incidents.

[Spectrum] - Interoperability

No EU spectrum harmonization to date.Poses additional issues in cross-border operations.


LTE - satellite Integration

Key design requirements:

Accessibility

The deployed network(s) must be easily accessed by general UE.

Coverage

In absence of adverse external conditions, it must be possible todeploy IAN(s) where terrestrial coverage is disrupted or absent.

Performance

It must provide broadband access, at least to PPDR operators.

Interoperability

It should permit concurrent exploitation of existing terrestrialnetworks, if operative in the disaster area.


LTE - satellite Integration [System Architecture]

Access: LTE.Backhaul: Ka-band MEO satellites.

IAN provided by a MEOC is an atomic element with which to compose anad-hoc infrastructure-less network topology.


LTE - satellite Integration [System Architecture]

Network architecture on a MEOC


LTE - satellite Integration [Networks Range]

Estimated LTE cell coverage in disaster scenarios

Urban: 0.5 km ←→ 1.5 km

Suburban: 1 km ←→ 2 km

Rural: 1 km ←→ 10 km

Satellite coverage depends on

Constellation type (GEO, MEO or LEO)

Number of satellites

Design choices


LTE - satellite Integration [Data Rate]

LTE

Theoretical: 326 Mbit/s in downlink, 75 Mbit/s in uplink

Real Average: 17 Mbit/s ←→ 33 Mbit/s

MEO Ka-band Satellites (O3b)

12 spot beams

1.2 Gbit/s each

Satellite LEO

Increasing interest in Ka-band frequencies from LEO community

Estimations of 3.75 Gbit/s

Previous attempts FAILED, mainly for cost reasons


LTE - satellite Integration [LTE Service Provisioning]

Specific voice capabilities

From LTE Release 12 → Direct Mode Operation and Group Calls

External platforms such as IP Multimedia Subsystem or Open MobileAlliance service enablers

Broadband data support

High priority channels for FRs

Low priority channels for people in distress (to at least provide themwith basic communication capabilites)

⇓LTE BEARERS


LTE - sat Integration [Infrastructure-less/based topologies]

Infrastructure-less vs Infrastructure-based Topologies


LTE - satellite Integration [Handover]

Transparent handover provision

Through both S1 and X2 handover procedures

The handling of the handover by the target eNodeB as seen from UEis exactly the same

When to use what

X2 handover → UE is moving between terrestrial eNodeBs

S1 handover → UE is moving between MEOCs cells or between aMEOC and a terrestrial eNodeB


LTE - satellite Integration [Spectrum and Interoperability]

Commercial European LTE networks are mostly deployed in

Band 3 (1800 MHz)

Band 7 (2600 MHz)

Band 20 (800 MHz)

NO EU HARMONIZED FREQUENCY BAND FOR PPDR PURPOSES

⇑Architecture may help

MEOCs can be configured on place, in order to align the spectrum ofdeployed IANs with the frequency bands used by terrestrial networksin the specific geographical area of the disaster.

Multimode UE may be adopted. LTE supports interworking andmobility with GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 and WiMAX.


LTE - satellite Integration [Indoor and Tunnel scenarios]

In general, FRs UE should be able to act as repeaters

We want to be able to provide coverage indoor, routing communication soas to make it reach a MEOC

2 Options

Deploy Picocells or Femtocells inside buildings and tunnels,respectively

Create a network chain by deploying the necessary number of FRs


LTE - satellite Integration [QoS: Propagation Delay]

End-to-end latency comparison between GEO and MEO satellite backhauls


LTE - satellite Integration [QoS: Queuing Delay]

TCP can create delay issues

Bufferbloat

Too large buffers may cause issues instead of preventing them

TCP acknowledges congestion only after the buffer fills

TCP reaction times

In wireless systems channel conditions can change very rapidly

TCP reacts slowly and always interprets losses as congestion signals


C 2ML [Congestion Control Middleware Layer]

C 2ML scheme

Gateway

Node(i)

i : [1,n]

Remote

Node

App

CCL

TCP

IP

H2N

CCL

IP

H2N

IP

H2N

App

TCP

IP

H2N

Local Network

CCLP

We want to give guarantees!


C 2ML+ [Dynamic Bandwidth Management]

Using Channel State Information, a node is able to assess if the assignedbandwidth can be fully exploited

⇓DyBRA: Dynamic Bandwidth Reservation Algorithm

CLIENT HELLO

ACK HELLO

ACK USED

USED BW

ACK HELLO

ACK USED



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Thro

ughput (M

bit/s

)

Time (s)

Standard C2ML+

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Queue O

ccupancy (

KB

)Time (s)

Standard C2ML+



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Data

Tra

nsm

itte

d (

MB

)

Queue O

ccupancy (

KB

)Queue Size (MB)

Tx DataMax Queue Occupancy

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Data

Tra

nsm

itte

d (

MB

)

Queue O

ccupancy (

KB

)

Queue Size (MB)

Tx DataMax Queue Occupancy


C 2ML+ [Resource Exhaustion Attacks]

Disasters may be natural or man-provokedIn the latter case, there may be interest to cut out legitimate users from

communication services

⇓QRM: Per-flow Queue Rate Management

Basic idea:

1 Detect a threat, i.e. if a node is sending packets at a rate greaterthan the allowed

2 Counteract the threat by dropping attackers’ packets ONLY



Disasters may be natural or man-provokedIn the latter case, there may be interest to cut out legitimate users from

communication services⇓

QRM: Per-flow Queue Rate Management

Basic idea:

1 Detect a threat, i.e. if a node is sending packets at a rate greaterthan the allowed

2 Counteract the threat by dropping attackers’ packets ONLY



Drop Tail throughput CoDel throughput

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Thro

ughput (M

b/s

)

Time (s)

Flow 1Flow 2

Flow 3Flow 4

Attacker

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Thro

ughput (M

b/s

)

Time (s)

Flow 1Flow 2

Flow 3Flow 4

Attacker

QRM throughput

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Th

rou

gh

pu

t (M

b/s

)

Time (s)

Flow 1Flow 2

Flow 3Flow 4

Attacker



Drop Tail throughput CoDel throughput

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Thro

ughput (M

b/s

)

Time (s)

Flow 1Flow 2

Flow 3Flow 4

Attacker

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Thro

ughput (M

b/s

)

Time (s)

Flow 1Flow 2

Flow 3Flow 4

Attacker

QRM throughput

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Thro

ughput (M

b/s

)

Time (s)

Flow 1Flow 2

Flow 3Flow 4

Attacker



Drop Tail queue QRM queue

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

RT

T (

ms)

Queue O

ccupancy (

KB

)

Time (s)

Good Flow RTTMax Queue Occupancy

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

RT

T (

ms)

Queue O

ccupancy (

KB

)

Time (s)

Good Flow RTTMax Queue Occupancy


Final Conclusions

Hybrid LTE-satellite architecture

Easy connectivity

Both infrastructure-less and infrastructure-based

Almost ubiquitous coverage

Resilient

Fast

Resource Management: C 2ML+

Middleware for Centralized and Cooperative resourcemanagement

DyBRA for Dynamic Bandwidth management

QRM for protection against Resource Exhaustion Attacks


Thank you for the attention

Any question?


integration of satellite and lte for disaster recovery

Documents