intellectual property in the digital single market€¦ · •wipo definition of intellectual...
TRANSCRIPT
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IntellectualPropertyintheDigitalSingleMarketLecture1– IntroductionDr.AnaRamalho,LL.M.@copytwilight
4.9.2018
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Introduction tothecourse
1.Structure2.Readings3.Assessment4.Roundtable5.TheIndieArtLegalClinic
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This class
1.IPoverview2.Internationalprinciples ofIP3.IPrationales4.InternationalIPframework5.EuropeanIPframework
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1.IPOVERVIEW
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IPoverview
• WIPOdefinitionofIntellectualProperty:– “...productsofthemind,inventions,literaryandartisticworks,anysymbols,names,imagesanddesignsusedincommerce.”
• WTOdefinitionofIntellectualProperty:– “Intellectualpropertyrightsarerightsgiventopeopleoverthecreationoftheirmindsandcreatorscanbegiventherighttopreventothersfromusingtheirinventions,designsorothercreations”
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Aboutintangibles
AdamPatterson,https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/
V.
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Aboutintangibles
AdamPatterson,https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/
V.
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Legal right What for? How?
Copyright Original creative or artistic forms
Trade marksDistinctive
identification of products or services
Use and/orregistration
Patents New inventions Registration
Exists automatically
Registered designs Registration
Trade secrets
External appearance
Valuable information not known to the public
Reasonable efforts to keep
secret
IPoverview
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Butalso...
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HowmuchIPisthereinabottleofcoke?
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HowmuchIPisthereinabottleofcoke?
patents
Tradesecrets
trademarks
copyright
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Patents Making,offeringforsale,selling,importingorexportingofapatentedproduct,oruseofapatentedprocess.
Trademarks Affixingaconfusinglysimilarsignforthesameorsimilargoodsand/orservices bearingaprotectedTM;offeringthegoods,puttingthemonthemarket;importingorexportingthegoodsunderthesign;usingTMwithareputationfordifferentgoodsand/orservices.
Designs Making,imitating,importing,exporting,selling,etc.goodshavingthesameappearanceor“overallimpression”ofaprotecteddesign/s.
Copyright Copying,publishing,distributingbysale,rental,lending,exportingandimporting;publiclydisplayingorperforming,broadcasting,“bootlegging”,puttingontheInternet,etc.aprotectedworkofliterature,art,music,etc.
Therightsinanutshell
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2.InternationalPrinciplesofIP
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Maininternationalprinciples
• Territoriality• Marketexclusivity• Nationaltreatment• Mostfavourednationtreatment• Priority• Exhaustion
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ExhaustionØ Definition:onceaproductprotectedbyIPhasbeen
soldeitherbytherightownerorhisconsent,allorsomeoftheexclusiveIPrightsare“exhausted”:rightsendwiththefirstsaleoftheproduct
Ø Exhaustionofrightsoverthatparticularcopy/productØ Regionalexhaustion:EU:thefirstsaleoftheIP
protectedproductbytheIPowner,orwithhisconsent,exhaustsrightsovertheproductsnotonlydomestically,butwithintheEU,andparallelimportswithintheregioncannolongerbeopposedbasedontheIPright MassachusettsOfficeofTravel&Tourism,
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/legalcode
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200€ 100€
150€
Source:StudioModerna
CantheowneroftheIPrightsopposeimportation?
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200€ 100€
150€
Source:StudioModerna
Whataboutnow?
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3.IPrationales
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WhydowehaveIP?
• Naturalrights theories- Labourtheory- Personality righttheory
• Utilitarian theory• (…)
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Labour theory• Main proponent:JohnLocke(1632-1704)• Physical propertyrights – did not haveIPinmind• Aperson’s labour belongs to her• Where she exercises labour onunowned orcommonproperty,the result should be hers =natural right
• Propertyrightasajust reward for the labour
• Limitations:sufficiency proviso;spoilage proviso
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Howdoweapply this to IP?
- Commonproperty- Labour- Good
Labour theoryandIP
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Personalityrighttheory• Main representative:Hegel(1770-1831)• Anintellectual work embodies its creator’s personalityorwill,and therefore deserves protection
• Propertyrights should be protected where they fosterfundamental humanneeds orinterests
• Justification:they shield from appropriation ormodification ofworks through which authors andartists haveexpressed their personhood
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Utilitariantheory• Britishphilosophers JeremyBentham (1748– 1832)and StuartMill(1806– 1873)
• “greatest good for the greatest number”- Lawmakers should strive towards maximization ofhappiness
• Rights granted to creatorsareinstrumental tosociety’s interests,ex.accessto creative works- Scopeorduration ofthe right- Leaving idea freeto all to use it
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Inanutshell
Economic orinstrumentaltheories
Ethical,justice-based theories
Incentive Reward
Economic efficiencyandsocialwelfare:considerationofthewhole
Justiceandnatural rights:considerationoftheindividual
Practical,efficiency approach Philosophical
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4.InternationalIPframework
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• InternationallawinIP:treaties&conventions• Global(worldwide)andregional(e.g.EPC)• Differentcoverage:substantiverules;classificationtreaties;
etc• Treatiesadministeredbyinternationalorregional
organisations(WIPO,WTO,EPO,etc)• Redressincaseofviolationoftreatyobligations:
Ø ICJ(theHague)Ø Disputesettlementproceedings(e.g.WTO)
Overview
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• 1883,175parties• Substantiveprovisions:
Ø Nationaltreatment&rightofpriorityØ IndividualIPareas
q Patents:independence;rightoftheinventorsq Trademarks:independence;protectionagainstreproductions/imitationsofwell-knownmark
q Industrialdesigns:obligationofprotectionq Indicationsofsource:protectionagainstdirectorindirectuseoffalseindicationsofthesource
q Unfaircompetition:obligationtoprovideforeffectiveprotectionagainstunfaircompetition
ParisConvention
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• 1970,151parties• Possibilityofseekingpatentprotectionforan
inventionineachofthecontractingstatesbyfilinganinternationalpatentapplication
• Detailedregulationoftheformalrequirementswithwhichinternationalapplicationsmustcomply
• Theeffect oftheinternationalapplicationisthesame ineachdesignatedStateasifanationalpatentapplicationhadbeenfiled
PatentCooperationTreaty
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• 1886,172parties• Aim:“toprotect,inaseffectiveanduniformmanneraspossible,
therightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks”• Substantiveprovisions:
Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Automaticprotection:noformalitiesØ Worksprotected:“everyproductionintheliterary,scientific andartisticdomain,whatevermaybethemodeorformofitsexpression”(art.2.1.)
Ø Minimumstandardsofprotection:rights(economic+moral)anddurationØ Limitations
Ø Specific.E.g.:quotationsØ General:3steptest
BerneConvention
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• 1961,92parties• Aim:protectionofperformers,producersofphonogramsandbroadcastingorganisations(“relatedrights”or“neighbouringrights”)
• Substantiveprovisions:Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Independence fromcopyrightØ Minimumstandardsofprotection:rightsanddurationØ Limitations totherights:exceptionstoprotectionincertaincases(privateuse,teachingandscientificresearch)+possibilityofextendingcopyrightexceptionstorelatedrights
RomeConvention
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• 1996,94parties• Aim:toadaptcopyrighttonewtechnologiesandthedigitalenvironment
• Substantiveprovisions:Ø Arts.2-6BC(inc.worksprotected,rights,nationaltreatment,noformalities)applicabletotheWCT
Ø Idea/expressiondichotomyØ 2newsubjects:computer anddatabasesØ Rights protected:distribution;communicationtothepublic;rentalØ Limitations:3steptest+agreedstatementonart.10Ø Technologicalprotectionmeasures(TPMs)andrightsmanagementinformation(RMIs)
WIPOCopyrightTreaty
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• 1996,90parties• Aim:toadaptrightsofperformersandproducersofphonogramstothedigitalenvironment
• Substantiveprovisions:Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Rightsforperformers (reproduction,distribution,rental,makingavailable…+moral
rights)Ø Rightsforproducers (reproduction,distribution,rental,makingavailable,nomoral
rights)Ø Limitations:3steptest+extendingcopyrightexceptionsØ TPMs,RMIsØ Duration:50years
WIPOPerformers/ProducersTreaty
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TRIPSAgreement• 1994,164WTOMembers• ProminentpillaroftheWTOframework- AnnextotheAgreementestablishingtheWTO- Signedin1994
• Threeparts- PartI– Generalprovisions,objectivesandbasicprinciples
- PartII– MinimumstandardsforprotectionofIP- PartIII– Enforcement;proceduresandremedies
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• Minimumstandards• Withoutprejudicetopreviousconventions(Paris,
Berne,Rome)• Nationaltreatment – “treatmentnolessfavourable”–
equalityoftreatmentandofeffectiveopportunities• Mostfavourednationclause
TRIPS:PartI– Generalprovisionsandbasicprinciples
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TRIPS:PartI– Objectives
Preamble Art. 7&8- Reductionofbarrierstotrade- PromotionofadequateandeffectiveprotectionofIP- EnsuringthatenforcementofIPdoesnotitselfbecomeabarrierto(legitimate)trade- Fightingtradeincounterfeitgoods- Special &DifferentiatedtreatmentDCs
- BalancebetweeninterestsofIPrightholdersandsocietyatlarge- “mutualadvantageofusersandproducersoftechnologicalknowledge”- “Membersmay(…)adoptmeasuresnecessarytoprotectpublichealth”
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• ParisandBerne“plus”approachv copyrightv trademarksv geographicalindicationsv industrialdesignsv patentsv layoutdesignsofintegratedcircuitsv tradesecretsandknowhowv anti-competitivepracticesincontractuallicences
TRIPS:PartII– IndividualIPRs
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Ø Example:Patents:Art27Ø Patentablesubjectmatter
Ø InventionsinallfieldsoftechnologyØ NewØ InvolveaninventivestepØ Capableofindustrialapplication
Ø Exclusionsfrompatentability,e.g.Ø Ordre publicormoralityØ Plantsandanimalsotherthan
micro-organismsBut:plantvarietiesshall beprotected
TRIPS:PartII– IndividualIPRs
“shall”
“may”
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Effectiveness Fairness and equity Autonomy
- Actionagainstinfringement
- Expeditiousremediestoprevent anddeterinfringements
- Bordermeasures
- Parties entitled tothesame treatment
- Enforcementprocedures shouldnot be complicated,costly orunreasonably long
- Proportionatecompensation
- Countries freetodecide onmanyaspectsofenforcementprocedures/enforcement system
TRIPSPartIII- Enforcement
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5.EuropeanIPframework
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• Mainconcern:territorialityofIPvsinternalmarket• Legalbases:- Internalmarket-basedcompetence:harmonizationv.unification(114&118TFEU)
- Residualcompetence(art.352TFEU,previousart.308ECTreaty)– notanymorethough(?)
- Rightofestablishment(art.53.1.TFEU)andfreedomtoprovideservices(art.62TFEU)- ancillary
EuropeanIPframework
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PatentsØ EuropeanPatentConvention(1973)– internationaltreaty,butallEUMemberStatesareparties(“indirectharmonisation”)
Ø Streamliningofsubstantiveprovisionsandestablishmentofacentralisedprocedure(butno“Europeanpatent”)
Ø Forthcomingunitarypatent(Regulation(EU)No1257/2012,toenterintoforcewiththeAgreementontheUPC)
European IP framework
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PatentsandrightssimilartopatentsØ Protection of biotechnological
inventions (1998)Ø Supplementary Certificate Regulations
for medicinal products and plant protection products (1998 and 2009)
Ø Regulation on compulsory licensing for pharmaceutical patents (2006)
European IP framework
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n TrademarksØ TrademarkDirective(1989,codified2008,modifiedbyDirective2015/2436)
Ø CommunityTrademarkRegulation(1994,codified2009,modifiedbyRegulation 2015/2424)
nDesignsØ DesignDirective(1998)Ø CommunityDesignRegulation(2002)
European IP framework
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n CopyrightØ SoftwareDirective(1991,codifiedin2009)Ø RentalandLendingDirective(1992,codifiedin2006)Ø TermofProtectionDirective(1993,codifiedin2006,amendedin2011)Ø SatelliteandCableDirective(1993)Ø DatabaseDirective(1996)Ø InformationSocietyDirective(2001)Ø ResaleRightDirective(2001)Ø OrphanWorksDirective(2012)Ø CollectivemanagementDirective(2014)Ø Regulationoncross-borderportabilityofonlinecontentservices(2017)
European IP framework
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Inclosing – anatomy ofIPR1. Subject- matter:whatdoestheIPRprotect?
Example:copyright=artisticandliterarycreations;patent=inventions2. Conditionsforprotection
Example:copyright=originality;patents=novelty,inventivestep,industrialapplication
3. Ownership/authorship/inventorship:whoenjoystherights?4. Term:isitstillprotected?5. Exclusiverights6. Exceptionsandlimitations
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https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ana.ramalhohttps://www.anaramalho.net
Copytwilight
Institute for Globalisation andInternational Regulation/IGIRIntellectual Property Law and Knowledge Management/IPKM
InterestedinIP?AdvancedmasterIP Law and Knowledge Management (LLM/MSc): www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ipkm