Intelligence

AgendaIntelligence

Theories/types/explanations

Assessment of Intelligence

Variations in intellectual ability

Have you ever consciously considered these

questions?

• • Am I an intelligent person?

• • How intelligent am I?

• • How do we judge if someone is intelligent or

not?

• • How can we measure the intelligence of a

person?

There are some other questions too:

• What is intelligence?

• Is intelligence how one deals with others? or

• Is intelligence how precisely we learn a new task? or

• Is it how good we are in our studies? Or

• Is intelligence how well we can solve problems? or

There are some other questions too:

• Is it how we accurately judge people? or

• Is intelligence all of this, or even more than all this?

• Different people may understand intelligence differently.

If you think intelligence is all of this or even more than all this, then you are right.

Intelligence“The capacity to acquire and

apply knowledge”

(intelligence, 1993, the

American Heritage College

dictionary)

IntelligenceAccording to Feldman “intelligence is the

capacity to understand the world, think

rationally, and use resources effectively

when faced with challenges”

Intelligence = f ( Person, environment)

Theories / types / explanations of intelligence:1. Sir Francis Galton’s theory2. James McKeen Cattell3. Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence 4. Thorndike’s Theory: Social Intelligence5. Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence: Seven

Primary Mental Abilities6. R.B Cattell and J.L Horn’s Theory; Crystalline

and Fluid Intelligence7. Gardner’s multiple intelligence8. Information processing approaches9. Practical intelligence10.Emotional intelligence

Theories / types / explanations of intelligence:

1. Sir Francis Galton’s theory “hereditary genius”

2. James McKeen Cattell American psychologist who gave more importance to

the mental processes. First ever to use the term “mental test” for devices

used to measure intelligence. Developed tasks that were aimed to measure reaction

time, word association test, keenness of vision and weight discrimination.

These tests were proved to be a failure as they were not comprehensive and complex enough to measure intelligence

Theories / types / explanations of intelligence:

3. Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence Factor analysis ‘g’ factor and ‘S’ factor are responsible for

individual differences ‘g’ factor can account for the general ability

that is common in all people: as observed from the mental tests.

Theories / types / explanations of intelligence:

4. R.B Cattell and J.L Horn’s Theory; Crystalline and Fluid Intelligence.

Fluid intelligence: Intelligence that reflects informaon processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. E.g. solve puzzle, analogy, or remember a set of numbers etc

Crystallized intelligence: The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem solving situations. E.g. solution to poverty, unemployment etc

Theories / types / explanations of intelligence:

5. Gardner’s multiple intelligence

A theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence.

1. Musical intelligence

2. Bodily kinesthetics intelligence

3. Logical mathematical

4. Linguistic intelligence

5. Spatial intelligence

6. Interpersonal

7. Intrapersonal

8. Naturalistic

Theories / types / explanations of intelligence:

6. Information processing approaches.

- Cognitive psychologist

- Examine the processes underlying intelligent behaviors rather than focusing on the structure intelligence.

- More time on initial encoding

•Practical intelligence–According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living.

– Analytical intelligence– Creative intelligence– Most traditional measures of intelligence do not relate especially well to career success. (McClelland, 1993). – Career success requires PI as apposed to academic success.

– Developed through observations of others’ behaviors.

•Emotional Intelligence (EQ)–The set of skills that trigger the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.• The ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions.• To discriminate among emotions etc

•Assessing intelligene–Intelligence tests: Tests devised to quantify a person’s level of intelligence.

– Sir Francis Galton’s approach (1822-1911) size and shape – The first formal measure of intelligence was developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, in 1905 in

France.– His test items include: names of parts of body, compare lenghts and weights, counting coins, naming objects in a picture,

filling in the missing words in a sentence etc

•Assessing intelligene– Three years– Shows nose, eyes and mouth. Repeats two digits. Describes objects in a

picture. Gives family name. Repeats a sentence of six syllables. – Fifteen years Repeats seven digits. Gives three rhymes. Repeats a sentence of

26 syllables. Interprets a picture. Solves a problem from several facts

•Assessing intelligene– Later Revisions– • The original Binet- Simon scale was revised a number of times.– • The American psychologist, Lewis Terman gave the first Stanford revision of the scale in 1916.– • These revision comparison American standards from age 3 to adulthood.– • Further revisions were made in 1937 and 1960.– • Stanford- Binet is one of the most widely used tests even today.

•Assessing intelligene– Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised– WAIS-R and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-III: WISC-III– WAIS-R and WISC-III– • Psychologist David Wechsler developed both.– • The two tests consist of two major parts:– i. Verbal part/scale– ii. Performance or non verbal part/scale– .

•Assessing intelligene– Verbal scale

Consists of more conventional types of problems involving vocabulary definition, and comprehension of various concepts.

• The subscales include:

• Information

• Comprehension

• Arithmetic

• Similarities

•Assessing intelligence– Performance Scale

It involves assembling small objects and arranging pictures in a logical order.

• The subscales include:

• Digit symbol

• Picture completion

• Object assembly

•Assessing intelligenceAchievement test

A test designed to determine a person’s level of knowledge in a given subject area.

Aptitude test

A test designed to predict a person’s ability in a particular area or line of work.

•Assessing intelligene– Validity: The property by which tests actually measure what they are proposed to measure.

– Reliability: The property by which test measures consistently what they are trying to measure.

– Norms: Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person’s score on a test with scores of other individuals who have taken the same test.

•Variation in intellectual ability– Mental retardation

• Fetal alcohol syndrome• Down syndrom• Familial retardation

Mainstreaming

Full inclusion