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Chapter 6

Intelo

l i g e n c e A s p e c t sf CA Operations

The nature of CA operations and the need for CA personnel todevelop and maintain a close relationship with the civilianpopulace puts them in a favorable position to collect information.CA personnel in their daily operations deal with people, equipment,and documents that are prime sources of Information. ThisInformation can supplement the intelligence effort. U.S. forces needtimely and accurate intelligence and information to plan missions,secure the element of surprise, identify and develop targets, andprotect U.S. interests across the operational continuum.

CA operations are closely tied to the intelligence functions andoperations associated with the overall tactical mission. CA person-nel have an intricate and important intelligence role during boththe Intelligence cycle and the operational planning sequence.

INTELLIGENCE CYCLEAll intelligence operations follow a four-step process does intelligence planning. Requirements forknown as the intelligence cycle (Figure 6-l). (Forfurther details, see FMs 34-3 and 34-36). The mission ofthe unit, whether CA or other SOF, drives theintelligence cycle. As operational planning begins, so

INFORMATION COLLECTIONInformation is unevaluated material of everydescription including that derived from observation,communications, reports, rumors, imagery, and othersources from which intelligence is produced.

operational planning are normally for finishedintelligence studies, estimates, or briefings. CA plannersprepare their CMO estimates from basic intelligencedocuments that are not primarily written for CA use.

Information itself may be true or false, accurate orinaccurate, positive or negative. Intelligence is theproduct resulting from the collection, evaluation, andprocessing of information.

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CA Collection ActivitiesPersonnel engaged in CA operations are (by their dailyactivity) in a position to obtain first-hand informationfrom many local sources. CA personnel are able tocollect information that is often important to otherunits’ staff sections or agencies and supports the CCIR.

Overall, CA elements collect information that the S2and/or G2 turns into intelligence. Although valuable tothe overall intelligence process, the role of soldiersengaged in CA operations must be passive. CA unitscollect and report information; however, CA personnelare not and must avoid appearing to be intelligenceagents. Title 10 of the U.S. Code prohibits intelligencecollection by military personnel unless authorized bycompetent legal authority. CA information collectionactivities encompass the complete spectrum of cultural,social, political, and economic issues within the presentor potential AO. A coordinated effort of CA and MIallows CA operations with their wide range of

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activities and contacts to provide the commanderinformation for mission accomplishment.

Sources of InformationCA units should be included in the informationcollection plan of the supported unit. While they shouldnot go looking for information at the risk of missionaccomplishment, they should report information thatmeets the criteria of the supported unit’s collectionplan. Prime sources of information available to CAunits include—

Civilians who were housed with, catered to, orassociated with enemy personnel.DCs and other personnel participating inmovement control, relief, or other assistance(normally referred to appropriate intelligencepersonnel).Government documents, libraries, or archives.Files of newspapers or periodicals.

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Industrial and commercial records.Technical equipment, blueprints, plans, orinformation of interest related to transportation,signal, engineer, and medical fields.

Collection MethodsDuring an operation, CA elements can provide directsupport to intelligence collection agencies in theprocurement of essential facilities and equipment,referral of HUMINT sources, and informationgathering.Procurement.Aside from such normal procurement as civilian realproperty, CA personnel support the intelligence effortby procuring—

Maps.Civilian clothing and items of normal personalpossessions.Biographical data or other informationalbackground material.Civilian equipment such as binoculars, cameras,radios, and other items.Documents including passports, visas, vehicleoperator licenses, birth or marriage records, orother similar documents.Foodstuffs, tobacco products, or alcoholicbeverages peculiar to the area.Barter items.Civilian motor vehicles, bicycles, or domesticanimals.

Referral.Through contact with civilian organizations, leaders,and political enemies of hostile governments, CApersonnel can assist in developing personnel databases. These data bases identify potential recruits forscreening by intelligence, SF, or PSYOP personnel.Individuals who pass the screening process may thenbe recruited by appropriate agencies—

For various operations.As interpreters.As specialized craftsmen, technicians, orlaborers.

Information Gathering.CA forces, if used correctly, can complement theintelligence collection process, especially HUMINT.HUMINT is the category of intelligence derived frominformation collected and provided by human sources.In some cases, CA elements can also enhance thecapabilities of TECHINT or intelligence concerningforeign technological developments that may haveeventual application for military use. All soldiers mustbe sensitive to the types of information that would beof potential interest to the intelligence community.They should be cognizant of what they observe and ofits military significance.Automated Data Processing Systems.Today, most information is processed manually.Emerging ADP systems help the intelligence analystprocess greater volumes of information faster and moreaccurately. Developing, maintaining, and accessing theintelligence data base are essential to processing.Baseline data base information and intelligence tosupport CA operations is established by researchingdata bases maintained by various agencies and sources,including the following:

CIA.DIA.

NSA.

USAIA.AFMIC.

Unified and specified commands.Theater commands.

SOCRATES is a USSOCOM-sponsored systemdesigned to provide access to intelligence databasesmost commonly used by SOF and intelligencepersonnel. It is SOF-unique and dedicated to fulfillingSOF intelligence requirements. USSOCOM updatesdata bases quarterly. This system—

Provides up to and including TS/SCI and currentintelligence data for SOF mission planning andexecution.Provides on-line access to time-sensitiveintelligence.

Develops and integrates SOF-unique databases.

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Provides stand-alone basic intelligence capabilityfor RC SOF elements.

The USASOC program has three components to itssystem. The SOCRATES components include thefollowing:

SOCRATES LAN consists of on-line computers,work stations, printers, and phones. A combina-tion of wire and fiber optic cable is the com-munications carrier for information transfer insupport of this system.

SOCRATES EXT extends on-line capabilities toall AC major subordinate commands.SOCRATES can access national intelligence data

CA INTELLIGENCE PLANNINGBefore moving into any AO, whether by friendlyagreement, as part of a liberating force, or in anoccupational role, CA staff sections and units draft andimplement an intelligence collection plan. This plan isnecessary to develop maximum information on the areaand its people and on source material and agenciesessential for the collection of the data. The CAfunctional specialties and their tasks provide broadguidelines as to the general nature of CA intelligencerequirements for planning and operational purposes.The intelligence collection plan will include but not belimited to the following:

Topography, hydrography, climate, weather, andterrain including land forms, drainage,vegetation, and soils.

Census, location, ethnic composition, and healthfactors of the population.

Attitude of the population including ideological,religious, and cultural aspects.

Government structure including forms,personalities, laws in being, and politicalheritage.

Educational standards and facilities andimportant cultural activities and repositories.

Communication, transportation, utility, power,and natural resources.

bases, PSYOP, and other SOF-peculiar databases.SOCRATES SAC is a collateral stand-alonecomputer application using existing SOCRATESsoftware and allowing access to regionalintelligence data. This stand-alone system hasbeen fielded to RC and NG units.

POADS is a data base used to store BPSs, SPSs, andspecial assessments. POADS is a collateral data baseaccessible to all AC SOF. USAR PSYOP units areon-line and are currently training CA RC elements. TheCIA, DOS, and Foreign Broadcast Information Serviceprocess information into POADS. Some data bases inPOADS are being accessed by SOCRATES.

Labor potential including availability by type andskill, practices, and organizations.Economic development including principalindustries, scientific and technical capabilities,commercial processes, banking structure,monetary system, price, and commodity controls.Extent and nature of agricultural production andaccustomed population dietary habits.Cores of resistance movements.Organization and operation of guerrilla forces inrear areas and the extent and degree of volitioninvolved in local support.Hostile activities including espionage, sabotage,and other factors of subversion and disaffection.

CA Collection PlanThe CA collection plan is predicated on PIR designatedby the commander in support of operations, normallythrough his staff. It provides a systematic analysis ofinformation required and determines the assignment ofassets or resources (assets are organic to the unitresources are not) with the ability to procure therequired information. Once the staff analyzes thecommander’s PIR, the G2 or his collection managerprepares the collection plan for integration into theoverall plan for the command.The CA intelligence officer will normally direct andsupervise the collection effort as the collection

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manager. He prepares collection plan(s), usually inconjunction with the intelligence officer (S2 or G2) orcollection manager of the tactical command or higherheadquarters. In addition, he prepares an intelligencecollection plan for his own headquarters.A sound collection plan that effectively uses collectionassets results in a heavy volume of information. Theextent to which the intelligence officer of a CAheadquarters processes the information depends on—

The size of his staff.His other duties.Proximity and availability of other intelligenceprocessing agencies.The desires of his commander.

The intelligence officer maintains files, a journal,worksheets, and a situation map with overlays asrequired by the mission.CA Intelligence Collection RequirementsCA intelligence planning identifies which collectionassets or resources will collect intelligence to satisfyCA requirements. The CA intelligence officer forwardsthose requirements that organic CA assets cannotanswer to the supported command’s G2 and/or S2.Channeling intelligence requirements through the G2and/or S2 ensures-

They are tasked to proper agencies.All sources are considered.The requirements receive proper commandemphasis.

During intelligence planning, the CA staff analyzesPIR and the CCIR to determine what information isneeded and the priority of need for each intelligenceitem. PIR are those critical items of information the

commander needs at a particular time to reach a logicaldecision on what COA to adopt to best accomplish hismission. IR are those items of information regardingthe enemy and his environment that may affect missionaccomplishment. The CA staff also determines—

What indicators answer the intelligencerequirement.What sources and agencies can best answer eachintelligence item.The proper dissemination of information.

Figure 6-2, page 6-6, gives the format and instructionsfor completing a CA collection plan. Figure 6-3, pages6-7 through 6-14, is a sample CA collection plan. Formore information, refer to FM 34-36.Protected Target ListWhether CMO support SOF or GP forces, the OPLANwill usually annotate command guidance duringpre-mission planning and preparation. Supporting plansfocus on minimizing civilian interference and reducingcollateral damage to the civilian populace and economy.CA planners and units play an invaluable support role inthe development of the command’s “protected targets”list. The difference between the tactical and the CA listis that CA planners consider the cultural, economic,political, and informational aspects of the operation, toinclude restoration. For an example, with someexplanation of protected target list development by CAplanners, see Figure 6-4, page 6-15. Submission of theirlist dces not constitute approval but begins a staffingprocess. CA elements must understand that tacticaloperational missions have priority, but a well-presentedlist is a first step in assisting the commander in meetingmoral considerations and legal obligations to the public.For a more detailed discussion of planning andpreparation, see Chapter 8.

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INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AREAThe CA commander is the ultimate director of the and COAs. This analysis must be considered from theIPOA effort through his CCIR. The CCIR are critical CA point of view; for example, terrain considerationsin developing the collection plan. The collection plan that contribute to the control of DCs. (See Figure 6-5.)supports the DST process of IPOA. It is not sufficientto simply identify PIR and IR. The commander must IPOA Productdevelop his own CCIR pertinent and critical to the The IPOA product must be predictive. The CAaccomplishment of his specific mission. See AppendixC for the CCIR relationship to CA functional intelligence officer uses the IPOA to provide answers

specialties. to the CCIR. The IPOA product gives the commandand staff a continuous picture and other operationalIPOA Process factors as they apply. It is continually updated andIPOA is a cyclical process of intelligence analysis and briefed to the commander, who uses the informationevaluation. It results in a graphic and written estimate when making decisions. For more information on howthat portrays probable hostile, friendly, and the TTP of IPOA support CMO and other SOF,nonbelligerent third party capabilities, vulnerabilities, see FM 34-36, Chapter 10.

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