INTELLIGENCE

THE BEGINNINGS

Sir Francis Galton

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•Inventor of fingerprint identification •Eugenicist: advocates for the improvement of human hereditary traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of more desired people and traits, and the reduction of reproduction of less desired people and traits

Sir Francis Galton Tried to measure intelligence, temperament, and even the beauty of womenBelieved that certain races &

classes were intellectually inferiorStudied phrenologyConsidered by some today as a

racist and sexist

Phrenology

Phrenology came from the theories of the physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828).

That the form of the head or cranium represents the form of the brain, and thus reflects the relative development of the brain organs.

Franz Joseph Gall

Phrenology It was believed that by examining the shape and unevenness of a head or skull, one could discover the development of the particular cerebral "organs" responsible for different intellectual abilities. For example, a prominent protuberance in the forehead at the position attributed to the organ of Benevolence was meant to indicate that the individual had a "well developed" organ of Benevolence and would therefore be expected to exhibit benevolent behavior.Benevolence=doing good

THE FIRST IQ TEST DESIGNS & PURPOSES

Alfred Binet & Intelligence Quotient

Created 1st IQ test in 1905 (France)Did not intend for it to be used to separate children (discrimination)Mental Age / Chronological Age x

100= IQTim is 9 years old and has a mental

age of 7. Tim’s IQ is _________.

Consequences Much as Binet had feared, IQ test scores were used by the French school system to TRACK students into certain classes and programsSome argue that we still rely too much on these scores and standardized test scores to do the same thing here in the United States as well

The Bell Curve

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3Fu1x1Uubg

Child Prodigies (#6&8)http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/27/child-prodigies-20-astoun_n_1631348.html#slide=1153964

ABC Nightline Child Prodigies

IQ130 AND ABOVE VERY SUPERIOR120-129 SUPERIOR110-119 HIGH AVG.90-109 AVERAGE80-89 LOW AVERAGE70-79 BORDERLINE69 AND BELOW MENTALLY

CHALLENGED

Mental Retardation

Borderline (79-70): very slow learners, most of whom fail to complete high school.Mild (69-52): legally “challenged”, most of whom attend special schools. At lower end, may require some social work supervision through adulthood.Moderate (51-36): Brought on by physical, disease related problems. Trained to care for themselves with supervision.

Mental Retardation (cont.)

Severe (35-20): Constant supervision. 75% have had a major disease. Can’t benefit from school.Profound (19-0): Only about 1% fall into this range. Do not mature beyond a mental age of 2. Unable to care for self.

Lewis Terman & The Stanford-Binet IQ Test

• Professor @ Stanford University in California who modified Binet’s IQ test into English

• Promoted its use for a variety of reasons he believed were useful

                     

Stanford-Binet IQ Test

Used during WWI to help distinguish potential officers from regular enlisted men.

ALTERNATIVE IQ TEST DESIGN

ORIGINS

David Wechsler

Alternative IQ Test

David WechslerNew York psychologist who became skeptical of IQ Test scores after working with and testing immigrants who scored low on the test, but seemed intelligent otherwiseDr. Wechsler attributed this to low verbal skills based on the test being in English. Many of Wechsler’s patients were immigrants & spoke only broken EnglishSo, he came up with an idea……..

David WechslerDevised the alternate Wechsler IQ test that measured verbal comprehension and performance skills (nonverbal)Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) & Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)Average score is still 100, but

you get three scores: Verbal Score, Performance Score, & Total Score

IQ Controversy

(Nature) 1. IQ is

genetic/inherited2. IQ is narrowly defined by specific tests & skills3. IQ is constant through one’s lifetime

(Nurture) 1. IQ is also dependent

on nurturing / environment

2. IQ is multi-dimensional

3. IQ is capable of changing thru life

Contributing IQ Theorists

Conservative Theorists1. Galton2. Terman3. Spearman

Liberal Theorists

1. Thurstone2. Sternberg3. Gardner