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IFIP - The International Federation for Information Processing

IFIP was founded in 1960 under the auspices of UNESCO, following the First World Computer Congress held in Paris the previous year. An umbrella organization for societies working in infor­mation processing, IFIP's aim is two-fold: to support information processing within its member countries and to encourage technology transfer to developing nations. As its mission statement clearly states,

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• the IFIP World Computer Congress, held every second year; • open conferences; • working conferences.

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Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT'97 IFIP TC13 International Conference

on Human-Computer Interaction,

14th-18th July 1997, Sydney, Australia

Edited by

Steve Howard Swinburne University o/Technology Australia

Judy Hammond University o/Technology, Sydney, Australia

and

Gitte Lindgaard Gitte Lindgaard & Associates Australia

1«111 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v.

First edition 1997

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1997

ISBN 978-1-4757-5437-7 ISBN 978-0-387-35175-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-35175-9

Apart from any fair dea1ing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the Iicences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of Iicences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concern ing reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page.

The publishcr makes no reprcsentation, express or implied, with regard to thc accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or Iiability for any eriors or omissions that may be made.

A catalogue record for this book is availablc from the British Library

~ Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 and ANSIINISO Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper).

Preface

Editors' Note

IFIPTC13

IFIP TC13 Members

Co-operating Societies

International Programme Committee

Additional Reviewers Panel

INTERACT '97 Committees

CONTENTS

PART ONE Keynote and Invited Speakers

From interactions to integrations L.A. Suchman

2 The mind as a reliable switch: chaIlenges of rapidly controIling devices without prior learning A. Craig, L. Kirkup, P. McIsaac and A. Searle

3 Worker expertise and new worlds of HCI: implications of socio­technical systems design B. Wilson

PART TWO Technical Sessions

Usability Case Studies

4 Usability engineering in industrial practice S. Lauesen

5 User-centered GUI standards design: a case study B. Teasley and J. Scholtz

6 Designing for usability: a case study J. Wesson, C. de Kock and P. Warren

Navigation

7 Navigation in information spaces: supporting the individual D. Benyon and K. Hook

8 Constructing memorable asymmetric information diagrams in three dimensions B.Regan

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9 View Net - conceptual design and modelling of navigation J. Ziegler

Graphical User Interface Design

10 Graphical means of directing users' attention in the visual interface S. Zhai, J. Wright, T. Selker and S-A. Kelin

11 An adaptive window management system S. Stille, S. Minocha and R. Ernst

12 Elements of a three-dimensional graphical user interface G. Leach, G. Al-Qaimari, M. Grieve, N. Jinks and C. McKay

Usability Studies

13 Automated usability testing E. Chang and T.S. Dillon

14 The best among six strategies for selecting a minute target and the determination of the minute maximum size of the targets on a pen-based computer X. Ren and S. Moriya

15 Evaluating user performance to experienced level and beyond J. Moyes

Visual Interfaces

16 Zoom Star: a solution to complex statistical object representation M. Noirhomme-Fraiture and M. Rouard

17 Three dimensional animation for performance debugging utilizing human cognitive ability

N. Osawa and T. Yuba

18 Insearch for an ideal computer-assisted drawing system T. Igarashi, S. Kawachiya, S. Matsvoka and H. Tanaka

New Technologies

19 The FRANK video navigation interface B. Simpson-Young, K. Yap, J. Robert-Ribes and N. Ozkan

20 Orbit - supporting social worlds T. Mansfield, S. Kaplan, T. Phelps, M. Fitzpatrick, W. Qiu, R. Taylor, G. Fitzpatrick and A. Berry

21 Virtual environments for industrial applications D. Stevenson, K. Smith, P. Veldkamp, J. McLaughlin, R. O'Hagan, D. Smith and C. Gunn

Panel Session

22 Whose actions are interactions: from interface to in-your-face Panel chair: L Snelling

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Panel Session

23 Who needs usability metrics? Panel Co-chairs: N. Bevan and I. Curson

Task and Interaction Modelling I

24 Interacting with Haggis: implementing agent based specifications in a functional style M. Sage and C. Johnson

25 Abstract modelling of interactive systems D. Goldson

Organisation and Laboratory Overview

26 NPL usability services N. Bevan

27 Usability at Microsoft G. Williams and M. McClintock

28 Usability and the multimedia industry: the Australian multimedia testing centre C. Quinn and M. Raymond

Issues in Design I

29 Assessing the usability and efficiency of design rationale A. Sutcliffe and M. Ryan

30 Breaking the rules of direct manipulation D. Golightly and D. Gilmore

31 Objectives, strategies and resources as design drivers B. Fields, P. Wright and M. Harrison

Hel: Education and discipline

32 Teaching user interface design and programming to computer science majors J. Kay and B. Kummerfeld

33 Balloons, boats and ponies: interface manipUlation style and learning in a constraint-based planning task S. Holst, E.F. Churchill and D. Gilmore

34 Specifying relations between research and the design of human-computer interactions J.Long

Panel Session

35 Seeking the heart, brain and nerve in Oz: moving internationalism beyond a cloak for commercial dominance or intellectual snobbery Panel chair: B. Shackel

Designing Multimedia Interfaces

36 Effective illustrations in interactive media: what works? B. Teasley, K. lnstone, L.M. Leventhal and E. Brown

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37 A multimedia interaction space F. Vetere, S. Howard and Y. Leung

38 A framework to support creativity multimedia information design K Nakakoji, K Suzuki, N. Ohkura and A. Aoki

Special Needs

39 User-centred design in the development of a navigational aid for blind travellers H. Petrie, V. Johnson, T. Strothotte, R. Michel, A. Raab and L. Reichert

40 The use of music in a graphical interface for the visually impaired D.I. Rigas and J.L. Alty

41 Designing auditory cues for Mercator E. Mynatt

Action Sequences and Undo

42 Automating tasks for groups of users: a system-wide "Epiphyte" approach R. Zeiliger and D. Kosbie

At the editors' request a further chapter, 'Dealing with undo', has been inserted as chapter 140

43 Object-based linear undo model C. Zhou and A lmamiya

Evaluation

44 The role of culture in interface acceptance V. Evers and D. Day

45 Free usability data R. Bias

46 Automated theory-based procurement evaluation A Howes, S.J. Payne and D. Moffat

Supporting Navigation

47 Adaptive navigation support in educational hypermedia on the world wide web P. Brusilovsky, 1. Eklund and E. Schwarz

48 Improving browsing performance: a study of four input devices for scrolling and pointing tasks S. Zhai, B. Smith and T. Selker

Issues in Design II

49 From command to control: interface design for customer handling systems N. Millard, L. Hole and S. Crowle

50 Command/shortcut keys in WIMP user interfaces: a lost cause? KY. Lim

51 Developing the optimum help system using the LUCID method AM. Smith, L. Dunckley, D. Burkhardt, A. Mllrkett, K. Eason and J. Church

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Safety Critical and Formal Methods

52 Beyond belief: representing knowledge requirements for the operation of safety-critical interfaces

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53 Formal specification as a tool for objective assessment of safety-critical interactive systems P. Palanque, R. Bastide and F. Paterno 323

54 Reasoning about human error and system failure for accident analysis C.Johnson 331

Cognitive Models

55 Mental representations constructed by experts and novices in object-oriented program comprehension l-M. Burkhardt, F. Detienne and S. Wiedenbeck

56 An empirical investigation of memory for routes through menu structures 1. Richardson, A. Howes and S.J. Payne

Task and Interaction Modelling II

57 Adaption of a task analysis methodology to the design of a decision support system S. Balbo and C. Lindley

58 ConcurTaskTrees: a diagrammatic notation for specifying task models F. Paterno, C. Mancini and S. Meniconi

Forum Session

59 Positioning usability in an organisation: can usability really help organisations achieve their business objectives Leaders: l.A. Rohn and S. Bloomer

Sound

60 Defining a family of feedback signals for multimedia communication devices C. Sikora and L. Roberts

61 ConcertTalk: a weekend with a portable audio space H. Strub

62 Making menus musical S. Brewster and M. Crease

Supporting Group Work

63 Collaboration awareness and its use to consolidate a disperse group T. Narine, A. Leganchuk, M. Mantei and W. Buxton

64 Representing activity in collaborative systems W. K. Edwards

65 What happened to our document in the shared workspace? The need for groupware conventions G. Mark and W. Prinz

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User Interface Requirements

66 Enhancing the usability of usability design tools: the case of information requirements specification J. Richardson and T. C Ormerod

67 Experiences using situated and non-situated techniques for studying work in context A. Dearden and P. Wright

68 User requirements capture for a multi-media CSCW system J. Nielsen, G. Lindgaard, L. Dirckinck-Holmfeld, M. Vendel¢, 0. Danielsell and M. Georgsen

Speech

69 Constrained vs spontaneous speech and gestures for interacting with computers: a comparative empirical study S. Robbe, N. Carbonell and P. Dauchy

70 Speech timing prediction in multimodal human-computer interaction M. -L. Bourguet and A. Ando

71 Talking to the conversation machine: an empirical study C Wolf, M. Kassler, W Zadrozny and L. Opyrchal

Groupware

72 Storing and retrieving documents in a shared workspace: experiences from the political administration V. Wulf

73 Models and metaphors in groupware: towards a group-centred design G. Mark and P. Mambrey

74 Handling conflicts in groupware: concepts and experiences made in the POLITeam-project V. Wulf

Innovative Technologies

75 Wearable computers: field-test results and system design guidelines C Esposito

76 Human interface and applications on IdeaBoard M. Nakagawa, T. Oguni and T. Yoshino

77 Towards gaze-mediated interaction: collecting solutions of the "Midas touch problem" B. Velichkovsky, A. Sprenger and P. Vnema

Accessing Video

78 Tree structure operation for video editing utilizing image recognition technology H. Veda and T. Miyatake

79 Improving access to a digital video library M.G. Christel, D.B. Winkler and CR. Taylor

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80 Eigen-space coding as a means to support privacy in computer mediated communication J. Coutaz, JL Crowley and F. Berard

Browsing the Web

81 The populated web: browsing, searching and inhabiting the WWW using collaborative virtual environments S. Benford, D. Snowdon, C. Brown, G. Reynard and R. Illgram

82 GroupScape: integrating synchronous groupware and the world wide web T.C.N. Graham

83 Where to locate user profiles of personalised applications? A user profile management agent T. Kamba and L. Frelichoux

Organisation and Laboratory Overview

84 HCI at CSIRO: practical research N. Ozkan, D. Stevenson and S. Balbo

85 Interdisciplinary research in practice at CMD, Uppsala University BL Sandblad

PART THREE Posters

86 Use of internet facilities in education J. Sklenar

87 Usability evaluation techniques for large-scale web sites K. Burger and E. Jackson

88 Pop-up windows and information retrieval S. Caro

89 A concept model for maintaining awareness of document configuration S. Tao

90 Assessment of modal beliefs about using an electronic supermarket P. Roberts, R. Henderson and D. Rickwood

91 Acceptance of computers in human roles K. O'Hara and R. Henderson

92 Robust computer vision for computer mediated communication F. Berard, J. Coutaz and JL Crowley

93 Colour coding of information layers in computer displays D. Van Laar, T. Williams, I. Umbers and S. Smeaton

94 Searching for the biggest and the brightest: selection of documents in VR-VIBE E.F. Churchill, D. Snowdon, S. Benford and P. Dhanda

95 BUILD-IT: a computer vision-based interaction technique of a planning tool for construction and design M. Rauterberg, M. Bichsel, U. Leonhardt and M. Meier

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96 Modelling interaction for virtual reality systems K. Kaur and A. Sutcliffe

97 Modelling the mock-up: towards the automatic specification of the behaviour of early prototypes C. Phillips and C. Scogings

98 Task analysis for collaborative work A. Monk and L. Watts

99 The effect of goal setting on ability-performance relations during practice on a computerised pursuit tracking task J. Waycott and J. Langan-Fox

100 Intemationalising media production: early users of remote creative collaboration tools E. Baker, J. Geirland, A. Chandler, T. Fisher and R. Moss

101 A group decision support system by externalizing, sharing and reflecting individual viewpoints N. Kato, M. Chujo and S. Kunifuji

102 Using 'accident fault trees' in conjunction with traditional accident reports L. Love and C. Johllsoll

103 Functional evolution of software: the FOCUs model of design rationale l. Au and P. Sanderson

104 GraphApp: a high level toolkit for building prototype user interfaces L.J. Patrick

PART FOUR Videos

105 Image browsing: a space-time trade-off K. Lam and R. Spence

106 Demonstration of the IdeaBoard interface and applications T. Oguni, T. Yoshino and M. Nakagawa

107 MANIC ORAL (multimedia and network in cooperative research and learning) W Furst, R. Haagmans, M. Naeije and J. Nielsen

PART FIVE Doctoral Consortium

108 Towards a method for user interface specification P. Chesson

109 Layout complexity: does it measure usability? T. Comber and J.R. Maltby

110 From experience feedback towards an evolutive memory for participatory design M. Durstewitz

111 Object-oriented specification and design of user-interfaces A. Hussey

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112 Designing virtual environments for usability K. Kaur

113 Specification-based testing of interactive systems I. MacColl

114 Enhancing WWW navigation C. Pilgrim

115 Cross-national decision making in a group support systems environment N. Rahmati

116 Redundancy in multimedia systems F. Vetere

PART SIX Tutorials

117 Selling usability into organisations S. Bloomer and R. Croft

118 Designing user interfaces from analyses of users' tasks P. Johnson, S. Wilson and H. Johnson

119 Planning and implementing user-centred design using ISO 13407 N. Bevan and I. Curson

120 Practical our screen design: making it usable C. Wilding

121 CSCW, groupware and workflow: experiences, state of art, and future trends S. Poltrock and J. Grudin

122 Object view and interaction design D. Roberts, D. Berry and S. Isensee

123 Techniques for the design of human error tolerant systems P. Wright, B. Fields, A. Dearden and M. Harrison

124 Modelling multimodal interaction: a theory-based technique for design analysis and support J. May and P.J. Barnard

125 Cognitive factors in design: basic phenomena in human memory and problem solving T.T. Hewett

126 Methods for measuring usability N. Bevan and I. Curson

127 Cost-justifying your usability activities R. Bias and H. Kiebool1l

128 The MUSE method for usability engineering K. Y. Lim and J. Long

129 Intelligent interface technology D. Benyon

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130 Scenario based requirements generation tools for organisational design K. Eason and S. Harker

131 Activity theory and HCI: research and practice H. Hasan, E. Gould and P. Hyland

132 Adaptive hypermedia: systems, efficient techniques and implementation on the world wide web P. Brusilovsky

PART SEVEN Workshops

133 Relationships between work, organisational re-engineering and information systems P. Segall, A. Clement and T. Robertson

134 HCI-world wide L. Oestreicher, M. Rauterberg and M. Tauber

135 Integrating software engineering and HCI D. Benyon, A. Kilgour and BL Sandblad

136 Guidelines for the design of HCI for people with disabilities f.Gonzalez-Abascal, M. Noirhomme-Fraiture, H. Petrie and F. Van Nes

137 In and out of the box: interaction paradigms in electronic environments f. Martino and L. Nikolovska

138 The next generation of CSCW systems f. Grundy

139 Teaching HCI and design of interactive systems P. Gorny and T.T. Hewett

140 Dealing with undo R. Mancini, A.J. Dix and S. Levialdi

Index of contributors

Keyword index

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PREFACE

The theme of the 1997 INTERACT conference, 'Discovering New Worlds ofHCI', signals major changes that are taking place with the expansion of new technologies into fresh areas of work and leisure throughout the world and new pervasive, powerful systems based on multimedia and the internet. HCI has a vital role to play in these new worlds, to ensure that people using the new technologies are empowered rather than subjugated to the technology that they increasingly have to use. In addition, outcomes from HCI research studies over the past 20 years are now finding their way into many organisations and helping to improve and enhance work practices. These factors have strongly influenced the INTERACT'97 Committee when creating the conference programme, with the result that, besides the more traditional HCI research and education focus found in previous INTERACT conferences, one strand of the 1997 conference has been devoted to industry and another to multimedia.

The growth in the IFIP TCI3 committee itself reflects the expansion ofHCI into new worlds. Membership oflFIP TC13 has risen to now include representatives of 24 IFIP member country societies from many parts of the world. In 1997, IFIP TCl3 breaks new ground by holding its sixth INTERACT conference in the Asia-Pacific region. This is a significant departure from previous INTERACT conferences, that were all held in Europe, and is especially important for the Asia-Pacific region, as HCI expands beyond its traditional base.

In addition, IFIP TCl3 is very pleased to welcome two HCI conferences, CHISIG and APCHI, held annually in the Asia-Pacific region, that have agreed to be incorporated into INTERACT' 97.

OZCHI is the highly successful Australian annual conference of CHISIG (Computer Human Interaction Special Interest Group of the Ergonomics Society of Australia). This conference started in 1987 with 40 participants, created its unique conference name (OZCHI) in 1991 to reflect its Australian origins, and has become an internationally recognised conference drawing an audience of up to 200 participants each year. This year, CHISIG (Australia) celebrates its tenth annual conference by participating in INTERACT'97.

The APCHI conference is also incorporated into INTERACT'97. The first Asia-Pacific HCI conference was held last year in Singapore and attracted participants from many countries. This conference made its mark on the international community with a significant contribution to the cross-cultural HCI debate. With the globalisation of communication and the increase in interactions occurring in cyberspace, this discussion is expected to continue. IFIP TCl3 co­sponsored the first APCHI conference and continues this support through its inclusion of APCHI into INTERACT'97 and its co-sponsorship ofthe 1998 APCHI conference to be held in Japan.

I wish to take this opportunity to formally record the thanks ofIFIP TCl3 to the Australian Computer Society for their invitation to host INTERACT'97. The ACS has provided the conference with a firm foundation for planning and organising this important event. Their

Human-Computer Interaction: INTERACT"97 S. Howard. J. Hammond & G. Lindgaard (editors) Published by Chapman & Hall ©IFIP 1997

XVI Preface

foresight and significant role in helping to disseminate knowledge about HCI in this region of the world is warmly acknowledged.

In addition, IFIP TC13 acknowledges and thanks the corporate sponsors who have so generously supported INTERACT'97 in tangible ways to enhance the organisation and facilities of the conference. Our thanks also go to the many professional societies from around the world that have aligned with INTERACT'97 and given encouragement and support to the work of IFIP TC13 by becoming INTERACT'97 Co-operating Societies. The active support of these groups is evidence of the importance of INTERACT in the international conference community.

A very special and warm thanks goes to CHISIG. Many of our committee members are members of CHISIG. Without the support of CHISIG and the energy, knowledge and hard work of its members, this conference would not have been possible.

The organisation of INTERACT' 97 has been made possible by conducting much of the committee work electronically. With the International Conference Committee living in Europe, and Australian committee members residing in Melbourne, Canberra and New Zealand (fechnical Committee), Sydney and Wollongong (Organising Committee) and Canberra (professional Conference Organiser), email and list server facilities have been invaluable. Much has been discovered in the course of this new world of work, and clearly much still needs to be done to make this world a better, more efficient and effective way for humans to work together on shared tasks.

IFIP TC 13 is deeply appreciative of all the efforts made by the members of the Australian Steering Committee, the Technical Committee and the Organising Committee and our Professional Conference Officers at the Australian Convention and Travel Services, who have worked so hard for so long on all aspects of planning and managing INTERACT'97, the largest HCI conference ever mounted in Australia.

We also thank the members of the International Conference Committee who have provided us with their vast knowledge of previous INTERACT conference organisation and have helped to ensure that Australia has carried on in a similar mode.

Emeritus Professor Brian Shackel, immediate past-Chairman ofIFIP TC13 and a key person in the creation and conduct of the INTERACT series of conferences, deserves special mention for the critical role he has played as INTERACT'97 advisor. He has been a constant and tireless source of support and advice to the INTERACT'97 committees about all aspects of organisation. We are very much indebted to him for the inspiration and guidance he has given us while creating this conference.

Finally, all the authors who have given presentations at the Conference and who are included in this book of Proceedings deserve special thanks, as without their scientific work and writing there would be no sharing of information and advances in HCI knowledge. We are most grateful for the comments and advice gf our International Programme Committee and the Additional Reviewers Panel, who worked hard to complete their reviews offull text submissions in the short time required, and so helped to ensure a high standard for the INTERACT'97 conference programme and this book.

Judy Hammond, IFIP TC13 Chair and INTERACT'97 Conference Chair University of Technology, Sydney Australia

EDITORS' NOTE

Welcome to INTERACT'97, and to this volume containing the Proceedings of the conference.

INTERACT's theme this year, 'Discovering New Worlds of HCI', invites us to step outside the worlds we inhabit on a day to day basis and explore, appreciate and learn from the new worlds to be found in the INTERACT'97 event.

So, what new worlds are there to discover? We hope you will find three new worlds: the 'what­world', the 'who-world' and the 'where-world'.

The 'what-world' is inhabited by new ideas, new concerns, new ways of working and new sensibilities for how humans and technology interact. This volume contains reports on the very latest research and practice in relatively new areas ofHCI, such as world-wide web, designing and evaluating multimedia systems, sound and speech based interfaces, accessing and browsing video databases, and groupware, as well as in more established and ongoing concerns, including cognitive modelling, usability case studies, graphical user interfaces, visual interfaces, evaluation, and task and interaction modelling.

The 'who-world' is inhabited by the presenters and delegates attending the INTERACT'97 event. We hope that you will meet old friends and acquaintances, build new relationships, learn about the concerns and values of others and extend and strengthen the INTERACT network.

The 'where-world' is inhabited by communities, possibly quite different from those with whom we normally interact; for example, different disciplinary communities, communities from different countries and cultures, even, dare we say, Australasians! INTERACT'97 can truly claim to be an international conference with presentations published in this volume coming from every inhabited continent on earth - Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe. Many distinct disciplinary communities involved in research and practice are also represented, including multimedia, computer-supported cooperative work, design, psychology and computing.

By partaking in these new worlds, we hope that delegates attending INTERACT'97, and readers of this volume, will find something germane to their interests and inspiring for their future work.

The proceedings contain submissions that were accepted for presentation at INTERACT'97 following an open call for participation. Full submissions were blind reviewed by at least three referees drawn from an extensive International Programme Committee of73 HCI experts and a large additional reviewing panel. The final conference technical programme, as represented in this volume, was selected on the basis of submission quality and programme balance.

The proceedings are structured to mirror the structure of the INTERACT'97 conference. In this volume, you will find addresses from our keynote and invited speakers and the full technical programme of scientific papers, including the highly interactive sessions (posters, panels), the visual sessions (videos), and sessions with a special focus (organisational and laboratory overviews, new technologies), as well the pre-conference sessions (tutorials, workshops) and the doctoral consortium.

Human-Computer Interaction: INTERACT'97 S. Howard, J. Hammond & G. Lindgaard (editors) Published by Chapman & Hall ©IFIP 1997

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We hope that you find these proceedings to be a useful conference companion and a permanent record of the INfERACT'97 event, and that, together with the conference itself, they help you in discovering new ideas, new people, new communities- in 'Discovering New Worlds ofHCI'.

Steve Howard, Swinburne CHI Laboratory, Swinburne University ofTechnology, Australia

Judy Hammond, School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Gitte Lindgaard, Gitte Lindgaard & Associates, Australia.

IFIP Te13

Since its inception as an International Federation for Information Processing Technical Committee on Human-Computer Interaction (IFIP TC13) in 1989, IFIP TC13's membership has grown to include representatives from 24 member national societies and has created four Working Groups.

IFIP TC13's principal aim is to encourage development towards a science and a technology of human­computer interaction. It is mainly oriented toward the users, especially the non-computer-professional users, and how to improve the human-computer relationship between them. Areas of study include: the problems people have with computers; the impact of computers on people in individual and organisational contexts; the determinants of utility, usability and acceptabilit; the appropriate allocation of tasks between computers and users; modelling the user as an aid to better system design; and harmonising the computer to the characteristics and needs of users.

While the scope is thus set wide, with a tendency towards general principles rather than particular systems, it is recognised that progress will only be achieved through both general studies to advance theoretical understanding and specific studies on practical issues (e.g. interface design standards, software system consistency, documentation, appropriateness of alternative communication media, human factors guidelines for dialogue design, the problems of integrating multi-media systems to match user needs and organisational practices, etc.)

IFIP TC13 organises conferences, publications and other activites itself, and also by stimulating and supervising smaller meetings and many other activities via its Working Groups. During the 1990s, the four Working Groups ofIFIP TCl3 have been active in expanding knowledge in particular areas. These are outlined below:

WG13.1 Education in BCI and BCI Curriculum aims to improve HCI education at all levels of higher education, coordinate and unite efforts to develop HCI curricula and to promote the teaching of HCI; WG13.2 Methodology for User-Centred System Design aims to foster research, dissemination of information and good practice in the methodical application ofHCI to software engineering; WG13.3 BCI and People with Special Needs aims to make HCI designers aware of the special needs of disabled and elderly people, to recommend guidelines for the design ofHCI to facilitate the use of computers by disabled people, and to encourage the development of systems equipped with hardware and software tools that permit the adaptation of the human interface to each specific user; and WG2.7(13.4) User Interface Engineering aims to investigate the nature, concepts and construction of user interfaces for software systems.

Human-Computer Interaction: INTERACT"97 S. Howard. J. Hammond & G. Lindgaard (editors) Published by Chapman & Hall ©IFIP 1997

IFIP Tel3 Members

Australia Judy Hammond (IFIP TCl3 Chair) Australian Computer Society

Austria Michael Tauber Austrian Computer Society

Belgium Monique Noirhomme-Fraiture Federation des Associations Informatiques de Belgique Institut d'Informatique

Canada Mary Frances Laughton Canadian Information Processing Society

Chile Jose A. Pino Centro Latinoamericano de Estudios Informatica

China MingLu Chinese Institute of Electronics

Czech Republic Vaclav Matousek Czech Society for Cybemetics & Informatics

Denmark Leif Loevborg Danish Federation for Information Processing

Finland Pekka Lehtio Finnish Information Processing Association

France Gerard Ligozat Association Francaise des Sciences et Technologies de I'Information et des Systemes

Germany Peter Gorny Gesellschaft fur Informatik

Greece John Darzentas Greek Computer Society

India P. K. Patwardhan Computer Society of India

Italy Fabio Paterno Associazione Italiana per I'Informatica ed if Calcolo Automatico

Japan Hisao Yamada Information Processing Society of Japan

Netherlands Gerrit van der Veer Nederlands Genootschap voor Informatica

Norway Svein A. Arnesen Norwegian Computer Society

Portugal Mario Rui Gome Associacao Portuguesa de Informatica

Singapore Liang Moung Singapore Computer SoCiety

Spain Julio Gonzalez-Abascal Federacion Espanola de Sociedades de Informatica

Sweden Lars Oestreicher Swedish Intemational Federation for Information Processing

Switzerland Matthias Rauterberg Swiss Federation for Information Processing

U.K. Brian Shackel British Computer Society

U.S.A. John Karat Federation on Computing u.s. (FoCUS)

Affiliate Member Andrew 1. Westlake Intemational Association for Statistical Computing

Working Group Chairmen

WG 13.1 Peter Gorny WG 13.2 Alistair Sutcliffe WG 13.3 Julio Gonzalez-

Abascal WG 2.7(13.4) Len Bass

CO-OPERATING SOCIETIES

All IFIP Member Societies Association Francaise des Sciences et Technologies de L'lnformation et des Systemes (AFCET) Association for Artificial Intelligence of Russia (RAAI) Australian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASClLITE) Australian Society for Technical Communications (NSW) (ASTC) Australian Society of Educational Technology (ASET) Australian Telecommunications User Group (A TUG) British HCI Group (B-HCI-G,BCS) Committee for Human Interface, The Society oflnstrument and Control Engineers (SICE) CHISIG, New Zealand Ergonomics Society of Australia (ESA) European Association of Cognitive Ergonomics (EACE) Gesellschaft fuer Informatik, Fachgruppe Software-Ergonomie (GI) HCI Special Interest Group of the Ergonomics Society of Australia, CHISIG Institute of Chartered Accountants (IT Chapter) International Association for Statistical Computing (lASC) Schweitzer Informatiker Gesellschaft (SI) Slovak Society for Cybernetics and Informatiks Sociedad Chilena de Ciencia de Computacion (Chile) Software Psychology Society, (potomac Chapter) Swedish Interdisciplinary Interest Group for Human-Computer Interaction (STIMDI) Werkgroep Mens-Computer Interactie (MCI)

International Programme Committee

JimAlty, UK Mark Apperley, New Zealand Len Bass, USA Nigel Bevan, UK Susan Bodker, Denmark Tom Carey, Canada John Carroll, USA Peter Carstensen, Denmark Andy Cockburn, New Zealand Gilbert Cockton, UK Penny Collings, Australia Larry Constantine, Australia Joelle Coutaz, France Kevin Cox, Hong Kong Donald Day, Australia Tom Dayton, USA Francoise Detienne, France AlanDix, UK Ken Eason, UK Kate Ehrlich, USA Julio Gonzales-Abascal, Spain Wayne Gray, USA Peter Gorny, Germany Roger Hall, Australia Linda Herman, Singapore Tom Hewett, USA Steve Howard, Australia Anker Helms Joergensen, Denmark Simon Kaplan, Australia Victor Kaptelinin, Sweden/Russia Eiji Kuwana, Japan John Karat, USA Masaaki Kurosu, Japan Morten Kyng, Denmark Soeren Lauesen, Denmark Alison Lee, USA Ying Leung, Australia

Kee Yong Lim, Singapore Gitte Lindgaard, Australia John Long, UK Allan MacLean, UK Tom McCann, Australia Ian McClelland, Netherlands Michael Muller, USA Jakob Nielsen, USA Monique Noirhomme-Fraiture, Belgium Fabio Paterno, Italy Chris Phillips, New Zealand Jose Pino, Chile Clare Pollock, Australia Jenny Preece, UK Clark Quinn, Australia Matthias Rauterberg, Switzerland Michael Rees, Australia Gitta Salomon, USA Penelope Sanderson, USA Brian Shackel, UK Gurminder Singh, Singapore John Sumiga, Hong Kong Alistair Sutcliffe, UK Aki Takeuchi, Japan Michael Tauber, Austria Manfred Tscheligi, Austria Claus Unger, Germany Jean Vanderdonkt, Belgium Charles van der Mast, Netherlands Boris Velichkovsky, Germany Yvonne Waern, Sweden Terry Webb, Australia Steve Whittaker, USA Cathy Wolf, USA Hisao Yamada, Japan Juergen Ziegler, Germany

Additional Reviewers Panel

Abdul Hanan Abdullah, Malaysia Austin Adams, Australia Ghassan Al-Qaimari, Australia Sandrine Balbo, Australia Elizabeth Bednall, Australia David Benyon, UK Sarah Bloomer, Australia Dan Boyarski, USA Rachel Croft, Australia Richard Davis, Australia Dan Diaper, UK Lone Dirckinck-Holrnfeld, Denmark Susan Dray, USA Susan Dumas, USA Jonathon Earthy, UK John Fabre, Australia Geraldine Fitzpatrick, Australia Jim Foley, USA John Grundy, New Zealand Karen Gunn, Australia Susan Harker, UK Morten Harning, Denmark Michael Harrison, UK Helen Hasan, Australia Ron Henderson, Australia David Hill, Canada Troy Innocent, Australia Robert Jacob, USA Lorraine Johnson, Australia Steve Jones, New Zealand Claire-Marie Karat, USA Wendy Kellogg, USA Cliff McKnight, UK Fiona Meighan, Australia

Naomi Miyake, Japan Helen Kieboom, Australia Andrew Monk, UK Jane Mosier, USA Kon Mouzakis, Australia Dianne Murray, UK Laurence Nigay, France Brad Noakes, Australia James Noble, Australia Gary Olson, USA Nadine Ozkan, Australia R~rtPedlow,Australia

Robin Penner, USA Chris Pilgrim, Australia Greg Ralph, Australia Penny R~rts, Australia Toni R~rtson, Australia Mary Beth Rosson, USA Angela Sasse, UK Dominque Scapin, France Andrew Sears, USA Kirsty Spence, Australia R~rt Spence, UK Torn Stewart, UK Gerd Szwillus, Germany John Tang, USA John Thomas, UK Mark Utting, New Zealand Frank Vetere, Australia Michael Wagner, Australia Huaiquing Wang, Hong Kong Jim Winkles, Australia Terry Winograd, USA William Wong, New Zealand Larry Wood, UK

INTERACT'97 Committees

International Conference Committee

Conference Chair

Judy Hammond University o/Technology, Sydney Australia

INTERACT Conference Advisor

Brian Shackel HUSAT Research Institute United Kingdom

National Steering Committee

Chair and International Liaison Judy Hammond University o/Technology, Sydney

Treasurer Steve Gillett Ernst & Young

Industry Liaison Sarah Bloomer The Hiser Group

Professional Conference Organiser

Australian Convention and Travel Services Pty Ltd Canberra, Australia

Committee Members

David Gilmore University 0/ NOttingham United Kingdom

Gerrit van der Veer Vrije Universiteit & University o/Twente The Netherlands

Alistair Kilgour (INTERACT' 99 Chair) Herriott-Watt University United Kingdom

Conference Advisor Roger Hall University of New South Wales

Mark Apperley University o/Waikato, NZ

Steve Howard Swinburne University o/Technology

Clark Quinn University of New South Wales

Interact'97 Committees

Technical Programme

Chair Steve Howard Swinburne University of Technology

Doctoral Consortium Mark Apperley University ofWaikato

New Technologies Kon Mouzakis Swinburne University of Technology

Organisation and Laboratory Overviews Fiona Meighan Telstra Research Laboratories

Panels Lorraine Johnson University of Melbourne

Organising Committee

Co-Chain Clark Quinn University of New South Wales and Judy Hanunond University of Technology, Sydney

Treasurer Steve Gillett Ernst & Young

Electronic Communications Sandrine Balbo and Ken Yap CSIRO-MIS

Exhibition Michael Bromham The Hiser Group

Local Arrangements DanaAnspal Equity Systems

Papen Steve Howard and Ying LelUlg Swinburne University of Technology

Tutorials Gitte Lindgaard Gitte LindgaarrJ & Associates

Videos Chris Pilgrim Swinburne University of Technology Simon Oldfield AMRL

Interactive Experience Troy Innocent The Hiser Group

Workshops Penny Collings and Terry Webb, University of Canberra DSTO

Publicity Donald Day University of New South Wales

Social Arrangements Toni Robertson University of New South Wales

Sponsonhip Sarah Bloomer The Hiser Group

Student Volunteen, Environmental Impact Judy Kay, University of Sydney

Venue Arrangements Austin Adams and Roger Hall University of New South Wales

Website Design Helen Hasan University ofWollongong

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