intergenerational relations as parents age: filial values vs behaviours
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Intergenerational Relations as Parents Age: Filial Values vs Behaviours. Neena L. Chappell, PhD, FRSC Canada Research Chair in Social Gerontology University of Victoria - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Intergenerational Relations as Parents Age: Filial Values vs
Behaviours
Neena L. Chappell, PhD, FRSC
Canada Research Chair in Social Gerontology
University of Victoria
For: Social Capital and Volunteering in Modern Ageing Cities: Building Intergenerational Inclusion, an international conference, City U, Hong Kong, Dec. 16, 2008
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ORGANIZATION OF THIS TALK
• Gerontological caregiving research
• Filial responsibility in Chinese & Western cultures
• Caregiving behaviours in the 2 cultures
• First results from SSHRC study
• Conclusions
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INFORMAL CAREGIVING
• Mainly family care.
• Mainly women (wives and daughters).
• First resort and mainstay of care.
• Increased demands with health reform.
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• Most research on behaviours
• Less on attitudes such as filial responsibility.
• Less still on relationship between attitudes and behaviour.
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• Attitudes not necessarily predictive of behaviour (Piercy, 1998; Stein et al, 1998).
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FILIAL RESPONSBILITY
• A norm (cultural schema about appropriate behaviour towards parents, Holroyd, 2001).
• Cultural norms are internalized through socialization.
• Can be measured as individual attitudes.
• Attitudes about duty or obligation.
• And/or general attitudes favouring support for aging parents.
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CHINESE CULTURE
• Historically filial piety
• Includes respect & care for elderly family members
• Explicitly taught from early age.
• Children, especially sons, obligated to be responsible for care.
• In practice, son’s wife provided most hands-on care.
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• Mid 20th Century political, social, cultural shifts.
• Inheritance laws changed.
• Love and marriage emphasized and for children.
• Individual rather than lineage, given civil rights.
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• Women more equal to men.
• Daughters share legal responsibility for parents with sons.
• Filial piety attacked as feudal.
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• Late 1970s – embraced as a virtue and primary value of Chinese society.
• Focus now on support rather than obedience or producing descendents.
• Children, notably women, urged to support their parents.
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CONCEPT EMBRACED BUT FORM CHANGING
• Networked families.
• Spouses increasing as care provider.
• Role of daughter-in-law is decreasing.
• Role of daughter is increasing.
• Sons continue to provide much care.
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DIASPORIC CHINESE IN NORTH AMERICA
• Trans-national identity.
• Elements of Chinese culture (living arrangements, son/daughter-in-law caring unit).
• Similarities with western culture (care from daughters; care from spouses).
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NORTH AMERICAN CULTURE
• Values individualism and independence.
• Family obligations less explicit.
• No explicit teaching of filial responsibility (vague mental awareness, Fry, 1996).
• No normative consensus (Finch & Mason, 1991).
• Not unconditional or automatic.
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NEVERTHELESS
• Since 1970s, research shows families provide care to their elderly members.
• Spouses primary caregivers.
• Followed by daughters.
• Sons provide care in absence of spouses and daughters, or provide $ and advice.
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• Chinese and Canadian cultures appear to be contrasts in their norms of filial responsibility.
• Both seem to have patterns of caregiving behaviours that diverge from espoused societal norms.
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• In both cultures, children provide care but it can take different forms.
• Chinese Canadians appear to fall between Chinese culture and western culture.
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CAREGIVING BEHAVIOURS
• Seem to be predicted by both cultural (strong family ties, filial piety, etc.) and structural (poverty, co-residents, etc.) factors.
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THE RESEARCH:
• Funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada to:
Chappell (University of Victoria)
Chou (University of Hong Kong)
Funk (University of Victoria)
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METHODOLOGY
• N=315
• Caucasian Canadian = 100
• Chinese Canadian = 90
• Chinese in Hong Kong = 125
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STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
• face-to-face structured interview
• Approximately 1.5 hrs
• Samples not random
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INCLUSION CRITERIA• A parent ≥ 60 years of age.
• ≥ 3 hours of care per week (could be emotional support).
• Caucasian – ancestrally from: Canadian, French Canadian, English/Welsh/Irish/ Scottish, American, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, French, German, Dutch/Belgian, Eastern European (Russian, Ukrainian, Polish).
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• Chinese Canadian (descendents from Hong Kong).
• Hong Kong Chinese (child and parent living in Hong Kong and Chinese).
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SAMPLE DIFFERENCESCG
Group Gender Working Age
Caucasian .15 .66 56.8
Chinese-Canadian .48 .93 42.8
Chinese-HK .19 .60 46.3
(male) (employed) (older)
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SAMPLE DIFFERENCES CONT’D
Group IncomeOther parent alive
Lives with CR
Caucasian 2.94 .21 .20
Chinese-Canadian 3.24 .67 .38
Chinese-HK 2.11 .67 .44
(lower) (no) (no)
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NO GROUP DIFFERENCES
• Marital status of caregiver
• How close and affectionate caregiver is to care receiver.
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ATTITUDES (means)
Group Filial Expectancy Filial Piety
Caucasian 18.1 23.0
Chinese Canadian 22.2 26.1
Chinese HK 22.1 26.1
(low) (low)
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BEHAVIOUR
Group ADL Help IADL Help Emotional Support
Caucasian .47 1.00 3.20
Chinese-Canadian .04 .92 3.18
Chinese-HK .85 .77 2.56
(less) (less)
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BEHAVIOUR CONT’D
Group Companionship* Finances**
Caucasian 3.10 .14
Chinese-Canadian 3.42 .76
Chinese-HK 2.98 .73
(more) (less)
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CORRELATIONS: CAUCASIAN CANADIAN
Filial Expectancy Filial Piety
Help with ADL ns ns
Help with # ADL ns ns
Help with IADL ns ns
Help with # IADL ns ns
Emotional Support ns ns
Companionship ns ns
Finances ns ns
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CORRELATIONS: CHINESE-CANADIAN
Filial Expectancy Filial Piety
Help with ADL ns ns
Help with # ADL ns ns
Help with IADL ns ns
Help with # IADL ns ns
Emotional Support .40*** .32**
Companionship .33** .24*
Finances .37*** .37***
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CORRELATIONS: CHINESE-H.K.
Filial Expectancy Filial Piety
Help with ADL .18* .22**
Help with # ADL ns ns
Help with IADL ns ns
Help with # IADL ns ns
Emotional Support .30** .23**
Companionship .21* ns
Finances ns ns
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OLS Regressions
ADL (#) IADL (#)
Caucasian .20** .18**
HK Chinese .50*** -.67***
CR ill health .26*** ns
CG lives with CR .12* .21***
Employment -.15** ns
CG education ns -.10
CG age ns .11
ADL: R² = .38 F = 37.46; df = 5 + 301; p<.000IADL: R² = .58; F = 83.38; df = 5 + 306; p<.000*p<.01; **p<.001; ***p<.001. (no asterisk = p<.05)
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OLS RegressionsCompanionship Emotional
SupportFinances
Caucasian ns .36*** -.43***
HK Chinese -.29 ns ns
FES ns .21** ns
(FP) (ns) (.14*) (ns)
CG age ns .17* -.10
Enjoy CR time ns .23*** -.14*
CR health ns -.22*** ns
Confide in CR .41*** .17* .19*
Emotional support: R² = .29; df = 5 + 297; p<.000Finances: R² = .34; df = 4 + 306; p<.000
Companionship: R² = .18; df = 3 + 307; p<.000
*p<.01; **p<.001; ***p<.000 (no asterisk = p<.05)
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Conclusions
• Cultural differences in caregiving attitudes confirmed
• Chinese-Canadians similar to Chinese-HK rather than in the middle
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• Cultural groups vary depending on the caregiving behaviour examined
• Caucasians and Chinese-HK more similar in providing ADL help
• Caucasian Canadians and Chinese Canadians more similar in terms of IADL
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• Chinese-HK distinctive in less companionship and less emotional support
• Caucasian-Canadian distinctive in lack of financial support
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• The multivariate analyses confirm the importance of cultural group over and above attitudes of filial expectancy or piety for predicting caregiving behaviour
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Neena L. Chappell, Ph.D, FRSC
Canada Research Chair in Social Gerontology
University of Victoria
British Columbia, Canada
V8W 2Y2
phone (250) 472-4465
fax (250) 721-6499