internal components of pc
DESCRIPTION
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-3: Internal Components of PCTRANSCRIPT
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Tushar B Kute,Department of Information Technology,
Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik
Internal Components of PC
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Overview• 1. Inside a PC• 2. The Motherboard• 3. RAM• 4. ROM• 5. CMOS Memory• 6. The CPU• 7. Expansion Slots
types of memory
the 'brains'
the processor
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Powersupply
CD-ROM drive
Floppydisk drive
Hard disk drive
Wires andribbon cables
Sound/networkcards
1. Inside a PC
Motherboard
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• The most important part of a PC is the motherboard. It holds:– the processor chip– memory chips– chips that handle input/output (I/O)– the expansion slots for connecting peripherals
• Some chips are soldered onto the motherboard(permanent), and some are removable (so they can be upgraded).
2. The Motherboard
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Motherboard Determines:
• CPU type and speed• Chipset• Secondary cache type• Types of slots• Number of slots• Type of memory
• Number of memory sockets and maximum memory
• Type of case • ROM• Plug & Play
compatibility• Type of keyboard
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TRACES –
Thin conductors or circuits on the motherboard that work together for a specific purpose.
Transmit electrical signals to and from CPU, RAM, and Devices
What are Traces?
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Form Factors
• Form factor means the size and shape of the actual motherboard
• 3 most common Form Factor classifications:– Baby AT– ATX – Slimline NLX
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Physical Form Factors
• Personal Computer – Extended Technology (PC-XT)
– Introduced by IBM, 8088 microprocessor was used.
– It has socket for the processor and chips
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Physical Form Factors• AT and Baby AT
– To overcome the problem created by AT Form factor, the Baby AT form factor was introduced.
– Baby AT is designed to hold the peripheral devices like keyboard, video and mouse.
– It could not accommodate the combination of processor, heat sink and fan. Cooling
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Physical Form Factors
• ATX and Micro ATX form factor
– Here expansion slots were placed on separate riser cards.
– It provides software controlled shut down and power up.
• Micro ATX form factor – More space for I/O connectors was
provided at the rear end.
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Physical Form Factors• LPX and Mini-LPX
– It has sound and video to be integrated on to the motherboard.
– It is not suitable for upgrading and offers poor cooling.
• NLX– Small in size– Suited for low profile desktop
cases
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• A chip (microchip) is an integrated circuit - a thin slice of silicon crystal packed with microscopic circuit elements– e.g. wires, transistors,
capacitors, resistors
A Chip
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Random AccessMemory (RAM)chips.
Expansion slots
Motherboard Picture
Read-onlyMemory (ROM)chips
Processor chip(the CPU)
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• A data bus (a data path): connects the parts of the motherboard.
Moving Data
RAM
via expansion cards
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• Random Access Memory (RAM).• RAM is used to hold programs while they ar
e being executed, and data while it is being processed.
• RAM is volatile, meaning that information written to RAM will disappear when the computer is turned off.
3. RAM
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• RAM contents can be accessed in any (i.e. random) order.
• By contrast, a sequential memory device, such as magnetic tape, forces the computer to access data in a fixed order because of the mechanical movement of the tape.
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Each RAM locationhas an address and holds one byte of data (eight bits).
RAM Storage
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• Computers typically have between 64 and 512 Mb (megabytes) of RAM.
• RAM access speeds can be as fast as 8 nanoseconds (8 billionth of a second).
• The right amount of RAM depends on the software you are using.
• You can install extra RAM.
How much RAM is Enough?
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• Virtual memory uses part of the hard disk to simulate more memory (RAM) than actually exists.
• It allows a computer to run more programs at the same time.
• Virtual memory is slower than RAM.
Virtual Memory
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• Read-Only Memory can be read but not changed.
• It is non-volatile storage: it remembers its contents even when the power is turned off.
• ROM chips are used to store the instructions a computer needs during start-up, called firmware.
• Some kinds of ROM are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and CD-ROM.
4. ROM
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• A computer needs a semi-permanent way of keeping some start-up data– e.g. the current time, the no. of hard disks– the data may need to be updated/changed
• CMOS memory requires (very little) power to retain its contents.– supplied by a battery on the motherboard
5. CMOS Memory
the battery
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6. The CPU
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the chip on the motherboard that acts as the "computer's brain" – it does calculations, and coordinates the other
motherboard components– CPU examples: the Pentium, the PowerPC chip
• The CPU is also known as the processor or microprocessor.
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Some Processors (CPUs)
PowerPC Chip
Chip Fan
Pentium Chip
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The CPU and RAM
The CPUprocesses data.
The RAMcontains dataand programs.
The data bus transports theprocessed data to the RAM soit can be stored, displayed, oroutput.
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The CPU in Action
The CPU
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• The instruction pointer in the CPU's control unit stores the location of the next program instruction to be executed.
• The instruction is loaded into the instruction register to be carried out.– registers are local memory on the CPU
continued
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• The ALU (arithmetic logic unit) executes the instruction.
• The result is placed in the accumulator (another register), then stored back in RAM or used in other CPU operations.
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• The system clock sends out 'ticks' to control the timing of all the motherboard tasks– e.g. it controls the speed of the data bus and the
instruction cycle.
• The time it takes to complete an instruction cycle is measured in megahertz (MHz).– 1 MHz = one million cycles per second
The System Clock
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• Word size: the number of bytes the CPU can process at once.– depends on the number of registers in the CPU;– depends on the size of the data bus
• Cache size: the cache is high-speed memory on the CPU that stores data which is needed often.
Two Measures of CPU Size
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The expansion bus transports data through the motherboard.
Most expansion cardscontain a port.
A connector cable plugsinto the port, and leads to a peripheral.
7. Expansion Slots
Data originatesin RAM
Expansion slot containing an expansion card.
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• Common expansion cards: – graphics card (for connecting to a monitor)– network card (for transmitting data over a
network)– sound card (for connecting to a microphone and
speakers)
• Most PCs offer 4-8 expansion slots.
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• There are several different types of expansion slot:– ISA: older technology, for modems and slow
devices– PCI: for graphics, sound, video, modem or
network cards– AGP: for graphics cards
Expansion Slot Types
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PC Bus• PC bus is an 8 bit expansion slot to connect 8 bit expansion
cards.
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Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus
– ISA bus is a 16 bit slot present in 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium systems.
– The ISA card is configured through jumpers or switches
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Enhanced ISA
– It is a 32 bit bus.
– Capable of using multiple bus mastering devices.
– Compatible 8 bit PC bus, 16 bit ISA bus.
– Software setup capability for boards
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Video Electronics Standard Architecture (VESA) bus – It is a 32 bus. – It is used to connect video cards, I/O cards and
multimedia expansion cards
• Disadvantages of the VESA– 80486 dependence – Limited number of slots – No bus mastering– Boards are configured through jumpers
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Topic 6 - Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus
• PCI– Operates at a speed of 33 MHz or 66
MHz– It is a 64 bit bus – Communicates with processor using a
bridge circuit.
• PCI-X– Operates at 133 MHz bus speed– Offers 64 bit Band width– Supports 1 GB/Sec data transfer rate– Supports efficient bus operation– Provides backward Compatibility
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AGP Bus – It is designed for connecting video cards. – PCI bus with 2.1 version at 66MHZ is the basis for
AGP slot. – It supports a new technique called texture cache.
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Audio Modem Raiser and Communication Network Raiser
– This specification developed by Intel. – The function of the modem and the analog I/O audio circuitry are
combined together on a small circuit board – The small circuit board is called raiser card – The AMR card enhances the performance by providing better quality
audio solutions.
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Connector Cables
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References
• “Microprocessors and Interfacing” by Douglas Hall, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing.