international collaborations in science and technology imperatives for 21st century foreign policy...

International Collaborations in International Collaborations in Science and Technology Imperatives Science and Technology Imperatives

for 21st Century Foreign Policyfor 21st Century Foreign Policy

Andrew ReynoldsAndrew ReynoldsDeputy S&T Adviser to the Secretary of StateDeputy S&T Adviser to the Secretary of State

Fusion Power Associates Annual MeetingFusion Power Associates Annual MeetingSeptember 28, 2006September 28, 2006

Role of S&T in Global AffairsRole of S&T in Global Affairs

Global Leadership in S&T is transitoryGlobal Leadership in S&T is transitory

In the 19In the 19thth century, and at the outset of the 20 century, and at the outset of the 20th th century, century, the dominant global S&T power was the dominant global S&T power was Europe.Europe.

Since the middle of the 20Since the middle of the 20thth century, the dominant global century, the dominant global S&T power has been the S&T power has been the United States.United States.

Science and TechnologyAdviser to the Secretary

In the 21In the 21stst century, a new century, a new internationally collaborativeinternationally collaborative reality is emerging since:reality is emerging since:

1. the scientific challenges are themselves more 1. the scientific challenges are themselves more complex in nature and global in impactcomplex in nature and global in impact

2. scientific research itself is increasingly international2. scientific research itself is increasingly international

3. technology is developed within a global framework3. technology is developed within a global framework

Role of S&T in Global AffairsRole of S&T in Global AffairsScience and TechnologyAdviser to the Secretary

ObservationsObservations

• S&T advances have enormous, immediate influence on S&T advances have enormous, immediate influence on global and national economiesglobal and national economies, and on , and on international international relationsrelations..

• Nations are largely shaped by their Nations are largely shaped by their expertise inexpertise in and and access to S&Taccess to S&T. .

• Major S&T advances of our time not only offer Major S&T advances of our time not only offer remarkable new opportunitiesremarkable new opportunities, but often , but often challenge our challenge our social institutionssocial institutions and and ethical principlesethical principles..

• In an increasingly global world, In an increasingly global world, accurate scientific accurate scientific information must inform foreign policyinformation must inform foreign policy and and foreign foreign policy must promote justified scientific goalspolicy must promote justified scientific goals..

National Security and S&T PolicyNational Security and S&T Policy

National Intelligence Council – 2000, 2002National Intelligence Council – 2000, 2002 “Global Trends 2015” & “Mapping the Global Future 2020”

S&T, and particularly information technology, biotechnology, materials sciences, and nanotechnology will independently and

together be key drivers of globalization

R&D in these fields will impact both “hard power” issues – defense, arms control, non-proliferation – as well as “soft power” issues - climate change, infectious,chronic diseases, energy supply and

demand, and sustainable development

National Research Council – 199913/16 strategic objectives in U.S. foreign policy are underpinned and

driven by S&T and health issues and assets

13/16 of the 1999 13/16 of the 1999 International Affairs Strategic International Affairs Strategic

GoalsGoalsfor the Department of Statefor the Department of State

Involve Science, Technology or Involve Science, Technology or HealthHealth

Outlined inOutlined in

The Pervasive Role of Science, The Pervasive Role of Science, Technology, Technology,

and Health In Foreign Policy: and Health In Foreign Policy: Imperatives for the Department of Imperatives for the Department of

StateState

Compiled by the National Research Council Compiled by the National Research Council and Published by National Academy Pressand Published by National Academy Press

inin19991999SOURCE: “United States Strategic Plan for International Affairs, First Revisions, “ released by the Office of Resources, Plans, and

Policy, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., February 1999. See http://www.state.gov/www/global/general_foreign_policy/99_stratplan_toc.html.

Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary (STAS)


The position of Science and Technology Adviser

to the Secretary of State (STAS) was created in 2000 to

strengthen the role of science and technology (S&T)

within the foreign policy community both in the

Department of State (DoS) in its embassies and

missions. The STAS is a “principal interlocutor” for S&T

in the DoS. The appointment of a STAS in the DoS was

recommended by the National Academies and the

National Research Council.

Integrating Foreign Policy and Science

1. Enhancing the S&T literacy and capacity of the DoS: increasing the number of scientists in the DoS and the exposure of non-scientist DoS personnel to S&T issues

2. Building partnerships with the outside S&T community: throughout the USG, with partners abroad, and in foreign embassies in the US

3. Providing accurate S&T advice to the DoS: the Secretary of State, other senior DoS officials, and embassies on emerging and “at the horizon” S&T 4. Developing initiatives to enhance a “forward looking”

international leadership by DoS on S&T issues

STAS Core ObjectivesScience and TechnologyAdviser to the Secretary

National Security and S&T PolicyScience and TechnologyAdviser to the Secretary

Three Pillars of U.S. National Security:

• Intelligence

• Diplomacy

• War fighting

S&T are the bricks and mortar


Importance of S&T in U.S. PolicyImportance of S&T in U.S. Policy

“In the 21st century, American foreign policy must have a sound scientific foundation. And we must build on that foundation to stem the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDs, to stop proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, to lift people out of poverty, and lead states onto the path of sustainable development. Now more than ever, American science must enlighten American statecraft. But the partnership between science and statesmanship is a two-way street. American diplomacy must also help advance world science.”

Secretary Powell – May 2004

““I think science, as a diplomatic tool, is great…I think science, as a diplomatic tool, is great…openness in recognizing that there are no openness in recognizing that there are no boundaries and therefore keeping ourselves boundaries and therefore keeping ourselves open to other people, making sure that we open to other people, making sure that we are at the center of scientific discourse ….”are at the center of scientific discourse ….”

Secretary Rice – January 2005Secretary Rice – January 2005

“Today, dynamic advancements in science and technology are transforming the world — making it possible for more and more people to compete equally across all fields of human endeavor. America must remain at the forefront of this new world.”

Secretary Rice – May 2005


S&T in 21st Century U.S. Foreign Policy

National Science and Technology Council

Committee on Environment &

Natural ResourcesSharon Hays, EOPConrad Lautenbacher, CommerceGeorge Gray, EPA

Committee on Science

Sharon Hays, EOPArden Bement, NSFElias Zerhouni, NIH

Committee on Technology

Richard Russell, EOPWilliam Jeffrey, Commerce

Committee on Homeland and

National SecuritySharon Hays, EOPKen Kreig, DoDTBD, DHS

Global Change Research (SC)

Air Quality Research (SC)

Disaster Reduction (SC)

Toxics and Risks (SC)

Ecosystems (SC)

Water Availability and Quality, (SC)

US Group on Earth Observations

(SC)

Oceans Science and Technology

(SC)

Dioxon (IWG)

National Security R&D (SC)

International (SC)

WMD Medical Countermeasures

(SC)

Decontamination Standards

And Technologies (SC)

Standards (SC)

Foreign Animal Disease Threat (SC)

Research Business Models (SC)

Education and Workforce Dev. (SC)

Aquaculture (SC)

Physics of the Universe (IWG)

Human Subjects Research (SC)

Domestic Animal Genomics (IWG)

Prion Science (IWG)

Trans-border Samples (IWG)

Multinational Organizations (IWG)

Scientific Collections (IWG)

R&D Investment Criteria (IWG)

Social, Behavioral, Economic (SC)

Biotechnology (SC)

Networking and Information

Technology (NITRD) (SC)

Nanoscale Science, Engineering

And Technology (NSET) (SC)

Manufacturing R&D (IWG)

Biometrics (SC)

Aeronautics S&T (SC)

Infrastructure (SC)

Export Controls for S&T (TG)

Plant Genome (IWG)

U.S. Department of State andU.S. Agency for International DevelopmentSTRATEGIC PLAN Fiscal Years 2004 –2009

Foreign Assistance Framework for Foreign Assistance Framework for Transformational DiplomacyTransformational Diplomacy

AAAS Diplomacy Fellows at the Department of State 1980-2004

0

5

10

15

20

New Renewal

S&T Expertise in the U.S. Policy Community


JEFFERSON SCIENCE FELLOWS (JSF)

Tenured U.S. academic faculty in the Dept. of State for 1 year of service followed by 5 years of consultancy

• Engaging the U.S. S&T academics in the formulation and implementation of U.S. foreign policy

• U.S. universities participate by paying the salaries and benefits for their faculty selected to be JSFs.

• A public-private partnership between the MacArthur Foundation, Carnegie Corp., U.S. universities and professional scientific societies with the DoS.


Data from Pew Global Attitudes Project:What the World Thinks in 2002 – from Nye, J. 2004

S&T: “Soft Power” in 21S&T: “Soft Power” in 21stst Century DiplomacyCentury Diplomacy

S&T: “Soft Power” in 21S&T: “Soft Power” in 21stst Century DiplomacyCentury Diplomacy

RegionRegionAdmire U.S. for S&T Admire U.S. for S&T

Advances (%)Advances (%)

Good that American Good that American Ideas/Customs Ideas/Customs

Spread (%)Spread (%)

EuropeEurope ~67~67 ~33~33

S.E. AsiaS.E. Asia ~82~82 ~33~33

AfricaAfrica ~85~85 ~42~42

AmericasAmericas ~76~76 ~36~36

Islamic World* Islamic World* ~70~70 ~14~14* * Seven countries with majority Muslim populationsSeven countries with majority Muslim populations

Iraqi Virtual Science Library (IVSL)Iraqi Virtual Science Library (IVSL)

Science and Engineering Initiative at UNESCOScience and Engineering Initiative at UNESCO

U.S. – Islamic World Forum-S&T (Qatar)U.S. – Islamic World Forum-S&T (Qatar)

Safe and Secure Society Initiative (Japan)Safe and Secure Society Initiative (Japan)

ITER Negotiations (with DoE)ITER Negotiations (with DoE)

Visa Policy for S&T ReformVisa Policy for S&T Reform

Recruitment of New STE Personnel and ESTH training Recruitment of New STE Personnel and ESTH training at State Foreign Service Instituteat State Foreign Service Institute


STAS - Catalyst for New Programs and Activities

LONG TERM POLICYPERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE OF S&T


Objective: Objective: to accurately inform U.S. and EU officials of to accurately inform U.S. and EU officials of emerging and “at-the-horizon” S&T advances in a “not-emerging and “at-the-horizon” S&T advances in a “not-for-attribution” environmentfor-attribution” environment

• A new generation of conferences for US and EU scientific and policy leaders to exchange of scientific understanding

• S&T topics reasonably anticipated to have major societal, economic, and political impact within 5-10 yrs

• Identify and characterize significant S&T advances to

promote more anticipatory, proactive policy formulation, and to reduce “reactive” policy action

Japan

February 2005 Sensors, Nano-

materials and Nano-structures

New GDEST conferences

S&T topics and host countries

TBD

China

March 2006 Biometrics &

Genomics

Europe

December 2005 Quantum

Computing and Coherence


Topics are selected in recognition of existing and/or emerging strength of the S&T in the host country

Global Dialogues on Emerging Science and Technology (GDEST)

IndiaOctober 2006Agricultural

Biotechnology

BrazilBrazilNovember 2006November 2006

BioinfomaticsBioinfomatics


Top Technology Applications Based on Nano, Top Technology Applications Based on Nano, Bio, and Info Research Synergies*Bio, and Info Research Synergies*

Energy: Cheap Solar Energy; Hybrid VehiclesEnergy: Cheap Solar Energy; Hybrid Vehicles

ITC: Rural Wireless Communications; Communication Devices ITC: Rural Wireless Communications; Communication Devices for Ubiquitous Information Access; Ubiquitous RF for Ubiquitous Information Access; Ubiquitous RF Identification Tagging of Products and Individuals; Wearable Identification Tagging of Products and Individuals; Wearable Computers; Quantum Cryptography; Pervasive SensorsComputers; Quantum Cryptography; Pervasive Sensors

Manufacturing: Filters and Catalysts; Cheap Autonomous Manufacturing: Filters and Catalysts; Cheap Autonomous Housing; Green ManufacturingHousing; Green Manufacturing

Food and Health: Next Generation GM Crops; Rapid Bioassays; Food and Health: Next Generation GM Crops; Rapid Bioassays; Targeted Drug Delivery; Tissue Engineering; Improved Targeted Drug Delivery; Tissue Engineering; Improved Diagnostic and Surgical MethodsDiagnostic and Surgical Methods

----------------------------------------------------------------------

* “* “The Global Technology Revolution – 2020”,The Global Technology Revolution – 2020”, RAND RAND National Security Research Division, 2006National Security Research Division, 2006

Global Science Partnerships for the 21Global Science Partnerships for the 21stst Century CenturyNew strategic approach to student and university exchangesNew strategic approach to student and university exchanges

National R&D Strategy for Regional Stability National R&D Strategy for Regional Stability Supporting stability operations and/or reconstruction in pre- Supporting stability operations and/or reconstruction in pre-

and post-and post- conflict areasconflict areas

““Project Horizon” – 2025 Strategic Interagency Project Horizon” – 2025 Strategic Interagency Capabilities RequirementsCapabilities Requirements

Including a Science and Technology Incentive Framework to Including a Science and Technology Incentive Framework to better better align our S&T investments with emerging, long-term global align our S&T investments with emerging, long-term global prioritiespriorities


New STAS Activities

National Security and S&T PolicyNational Security and S&T Policy““Intellectual Security” and CompetitivenessIntellectual Security” and Competitiveness

U.S. Commission on National SecurityU.S. Commission on National Security21st Century21st Century

“Americans are living off the economic and security benefits of the last three generations’ investment in science and education, but we are now consuming capital. Our systems of basic scientific research and education are in serious crisis, while other countries are redoubling their efforts. In the next quarter century, we will likely see ourselves surpassed, and in relative decline, unless we make a conscious national commitment to maintain our edge.” (Executive Summary, p. ix)

“Road Map for National Security: Imperative for Change, Phase III”Hart-Rudman Report – 1998

The Asian Century Begins?The Asian Century Begins?

STAS WEBSITEScience and TechnologyAdviser to the Secretary

www.state.gov/g/stas

international collaborations in science and technology imperatives for 21st century foreign policy...

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global affairs role

dominant global st power

global world

global affairs science

global trends

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