international commercial arbitration and african...

International Commercial Arbitration and African StatesPractice, Participation and Institutional Development

International Commercial Arbitration and African States is a timely assess-

ment of the arbitral process in the African context. The book focuses on

the contribution that arbitration, and other methods of alternative

dispute resolution, may make to the development of African states and

peoples, while satisfying the legitimate expectations of inward

investors and traders. Although focusing on dispute resolution regimes

affecting or concerning African states and their nationals, the work

will also have practical, policy and comparative implications for dispute

resolution, commercial arbitration and foreign investment in other

regions.

Amazu A. Asouzu is Lecturer in Law at the School of Law, King’s

College London, University of London. He has served as an arbitrator

and is a consultant to governments, private parties and international

organisations. He studied in Nigeria and in the United Kingdom, and is

qualified as a legal practitioner in Nigeria.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521641322 - International Commercial Arbitration and African States: Practice,Participation and Institutional DevelopmentAmazu A. AsouzuFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521641322

http://www.cambridge.org


cambridge studies in international and comparative law

This series (established in 1946 by Professors Gutteridge, Hersch Lauterpacht andMcNair) is a forum for studies of high quality in the fields of public and privateinternational law and comparative law. Although these are distinct legal sub-disci-plines, developments since 1946 confirm their interrelation. Comparative law isincreasingly used as a tool in the making of law at national, regional and interna-tional levels. Private international law is now often affected by international con-ventions, and the issues faced by classical conflicts rules are frequently dealt withby substantive harmonisation of law under international auspices. Mixed interna-tional arbitrations, especially those involving state economic activity, raise mixedquestions of public and private international law, while in many fields (such as theprotection of human rights and democratic standards, investment guarantees andinternational criminal law) international and national systems interact. Nationalconstitutional arrangements relating to ‘foreign affairs’, and to the implementationof international norms, are a focus of attention.

Professor Sir Robert Jennings edited the series from 1981. Following his retire-ment as General Editor, an editorial board has been created and CambridgeUniversity Press has recommitted itself to the series, affirming its broad scope.

The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character, andthose focusing on new approaches to international or comparative law or conflictsof law. Studies of particular institutions or problems are equally welcome, as aretranslations of the best work published in other languages.

General Editors Professor James R. Crawford SC FBA Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law and Director, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge, Member of the International Law CommissionProfessor John S. Bell FBA Professor of Law, Faculty of Law,University of Cambridge

Editorial Board Professor Hilary Charlesworth University of AdelaideProfessor Lori Damrosch Columbia University Law SchoolProfessor John Dugard Universiteit LeidenProfessor Mary-Ann Glendon Harvard Law SchoolProfessor Christopher Greenwood London School of

EconomicsProfessor David Johnston University of EdinburghProfessor Hein Kötz Max-Planck-Institute, HamburgProfessor Donald McRae University of OttawaProfessor Onuma Yasuaki University of TokyoProfessor Reinhard Zimmermann Universität Regensburg

Advisory Committee Professor Sir D. W. Bowett QCJudge Rosalyn Higgins QCProfessor Sir Robert Jennings QCProfessor J. A. Jolowicz QCProfessor Sir Eli Lauterpacht QCProfessor Kurt Lipstein QCJudge Stephen Schwebel

A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume.






International Commercial Arbitration and African StatesPractice, Participation and Institutional Development

Amazu A. Asouzu






published by the press syndicate of the universit y of cambridgeThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

cambridge universit y pressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, VIC 3166, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcón 13, 28014, Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa


© Amazu A. Asouzu 2001

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2001

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeface Swift (EF) 10/13 pt System QuarkXPress™ [se]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Asouzu, Amazu.International commercial arbitration and African states: practice, participation, and institutional development / Amazu Asouzu.

p. cm. – (Cambridge studies in international and comparative law)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0 521 64132 2 (hardback)1. Arbitration and award – Africa. I. Title. II. Series.KQC500 .A85 2001341.5�22�096 – dc21 2001018482

ISBN 0 521 64132 2 hardback






Dedicated to my late parents, Sir Charles Ijoma Asouzuand Lady Juliana Anezi Asouzu






Contents

Foreword page xiiiAcknowledgments xvTable of cases xviiiTable of statutes xxxvTable of treaties lxiiiTable of rules lxxxList of abbreviations lxxxvi

General introduction 1

Part 1 Options, parties and concepts

1 Introduction 11Introductory remarks 11

Arbitration as a dispute resolution option in Africa 11

Conciliation as a dispute settlement option in Africa 15

Why prefer arbitration in Africa? 27

Concluding remarks 50

Part 2 Institutional arbitration in Africa

2 Development of institutional arbitration in Africa 53Introductory remarks 53

The influencing bodies and their interactions 54

The conception of Regional Centres for Arbitration 57

The AALCC dispute resolution scheme 60

The international legal personality of the AALCC Regional

Centres 65

The legal relevance of the AALCC host state agreements 77


ix






3 Functions and activities of the Regional Centres 81Introductory remarks 81

Proceedings under the Regional Centres 82

The co-operation agreements between the AALCC and other arbitral

institutions 96

Appraisal of the AALCC dispute resolution scheme 104

Part 3 Legal infrastructure for dispute resolution in Africa

4 Development of arbitration laws in Africa 115Introductory remarks 115

Dispute resolution in traditional African society 115

Reinforcing the customary arbitral process 117

Arbitration law: the legacy of colonialism 119

Post-independence arbitration laws 123


5 Trends in third generation arbitration laws 140Introductory remarks 140

The nature of the arbitration agreement 141

Subject matter arbitrability 146

The specificity of international arbitration 158

Recognising institutional arbitration 168

The court and the arbitral process 170


6 The New York Convention in an African setting: problemsand prospects 177

Introductory remarks 177

The limitations of the Geneva Treaties

and improvements by the New York Convention 180

Obstacles to the New York Convention in Africa 186


Part 4 ICSID arbitration and conciliation: the African experience

7 African states and the making of the ICSID Convention 215General overview 215

The establishment of ICSID 218

The ICSID Convention and policy implications for Africa 228


8 Jurisdiction ratione materiae under ICSID 235Introductory remarks 235

x contents






Legal investment disputes 236

The Fedax case 256


9 Jurisdiction ratione personae under ICSID 267Contracting States in Africa 267

Constituent subdivision or agency of a Contracting State 268

National of another Contracting State 271

A critique of ICSID awards on Article 25(2)(b) 273

Provisions in bilateral investment treaties on ‘nationals of another

Contracting State’ 300


10 Consent under the ICSID Convention 307Introductory remarks 307

Laws and treaties referring to ICSID and other options for dispute

resolution 309

Selective examples of laws or treaties 313


11 The problems of ICSID arbitration without privity 341Introductory remarks 341

Can a private party derive benefits or enforceable rights under

bilateral investment treaties? 342

Consent in writing to ICSID: unilateral and mutual? 346

Illustrative cases and investment treaties 350

Implications of ‘unequal’ bilateral investment treaties for ICSID

proceedings 356


12 Recognising and enforcing ICSID awards 368The ICSID Convention: a special mechanism 368

Designations by African Contracting States under Article 54(2) 369

A limited role for the national court or authority 369

Domestic legislative implementation 370

National court decisions: some key issues 378

Solutions to the immunity from execution problem 388

Enforcing ICSID awards against a private party 390

Sanctions for non-compliance with ICSID Awards 394

Observations on ICSID and African states 401

contents xi






Part 5 Conclusion

13 Lack of growth and development of arbitration in Africa 411Introductory remarks 411

The influence of Latin America on Africa 413

The disenchantment with and suspicion of arbitration in Africa 416

Conflict of interests and views 428

Response to economic imbalance and domination 442


General concluding remarks 449

Appendix 458Bibliography 460Index 509

xii contents






Foreword

The internationalization of goods and services and, indeed, the phenom-enon of globalization have underscored the importance of internationalcommercial transactions as essential aspects of the dynamics of interna-tional commercial intercourse. Confronted by the reality of these devel-opments, African countries, like other developing countries, nowappreciate that these transactions are inescapable for the implementa-tion of their economic and social programmes. African governmentsand private parties involved in negotiating international business trans-actions such as loan agreements, petroleum and mining agreements,industrial joint ventures, management agreements, international pro-curement contracts, international supply contracts, bilateral or interna-tional trade agreements and bilateral investment agreements have cometo the realization that foreign parties to these transactions, i.e. foreigngovernments, transnational corporations, international banks, foreigninvestors, international suppliers and contractors, all insist on an appro-priate dispute settlement mechanism, which is invariably internationalarbitration.

Such parties predominantly prefer international arbitration because ofthe strong perception that an international forum for settling disputesprovides some insurance against possible bias by a national judiciary.Thus, African countries caught in the web of a plethora of internationaltransactions recognize the virtual inevitability of accepting internationalcommercial arbitration. Indeed, the acceptance of international arbitra-tion has become an invariable ingredient of the liberalization packageswhich African countries, and developing countries elsewhere, provide asa sine qua non of their strategies to attract foreign investment and tech-nology, international finance and foreign trade.

Notwithstanding this realism, the African experience of international

xiii






commercial arbitration is bedevilled by a woeful lack of expertise and eng-lightenment. African parties to international commercial transactionsoften find themselves hauled before international arbitral fora in distantcapitals that invoke and apply procedures, rules and laws and issuerulings of which they have little understanding. The results have been dis-astrous for some African parties.

Dr Amazu Asouzu, a distiguished scholar, is therefore to be warmly con-gratulated on producing a major work that addresses this critical concern.There is no doubt that the study will make a great contribution to thedemystification of international commercial arbitration in Africa.

The book begins with a general survey of dispute resolution mecha-nisms and then proceeds to deal in depth with international commercialarbitration – its institutional infrastructure, its development in Africaand the rules and procedures of the various arbitration institutions.

The author then embarks on an illuminating analysis of the experienceof African states in international arbitration and conciliation and endswith thoughtful and insightful prescriptions for the future of arbitrationon the continent.

Dr Asouzu has placed in his debt governments, business executives,lawyers and other parties in Africa who are involved in internationaltransactions.

Samuel K. B. AsanteChairman of the Ghana Arbitration Centre, Accra, Ghana

xiv foreword






Acknowledgments

Many individuals and institutions have been particularly helpful duringthe study that led to this book and its publication. I wish to acknowledgemy deep gratitude to some of them.

First, to my God for the mercies I have been granted; and to the LondonSchool of Economics (LSE) at the University of London, for its generosityin awarding me the research scholarship in law which made this studypossible. Immense thanks are also due to Judge Rosalyn Higgins DBE, QCand Professor Peter T. Muchlinski, both formerly of the LSE, for theirabiding interest in my progress at the LSE during this study. Their dedi-cation, enthusiasm, support and encouragement made working on thisstudy a memorable event for me. This is particularly so as the writing wascompleted in the year the LSE celebrated its centenary, and in whichProfessor Muchlinski’s book, Multinational Enterprises and the Law, on whichI acted as a research assistant, was published. Finally, also in 1995, theinternational community elected Rosalyn Higgins, former Professor ofPublic International Law at the LSE, as the first female permanentmember of the International Court of Justice; she was re-elected in 1999for a further term of nine years.

Judge Rosalyn Higgins is a scholar of formidable intellect and distinc-tion, and was cheerfully devoted to the welfare and progress of those shetaught and supervised. I particularly owe her my continuing gratitude forthe suggestions leading to the choice of a research topic, and for the rec-ommendation she made leading to the award of an LSE scholarship in law,which led to this study. In the end, she was to suggest to CambridgeUniversity Press that this study was suitable for publication.

I am grateful to Dr Christopher Hart, formerly the Law Editor atCambridge University Press, for taking up Judge Higgins’ suggestion,and to his successor in that position, the ever helpful and patient

xv






Finola O’Sullivan, for completing the task. Other members of staff atthe Press were also helpful in producing this book; I extend my sinceregratitude to them all. This book is, in a way, the outcome of our jointendeavours.

My appreciation extends to the University of London’s Central ResearchFunds Committee for the funds that facilitated my research visits to Egypt,Nigeria and Malaysia. Others whose contributions were equally importantand deeply appreciated are those at the University of London who intro-duced me to international commercial arbitration, namely, ProfessorJulian D. M. Lew and Professor John Adams (both at Queen Maryand Westfield College), and to alternative dispute resolution, namely,Professor Michael Palmer (at the School of Oriental and African Studies)and Professor Simon Roberts (at the LSE). Professor Thomas W. Wealde (ofDundee University) and Professor John Adams examined this study andtheir critical but constructive comments and suggestions were helpful inthe final drafting. I further express my absolute gratitude to Mrs MargreteL. Stevens, Senior Counsel at ICSID, whose enduring patience and kind-ness accommodated my regular requests for information and materialsfrom ICSID. I also wish to express my regret at the death of Mr AronBroches, the ‘father’ of ICSID, in September 1997.

I am also grateful to Chief (Mrs) Tinuade Oyekunle for making time todiscuss arbitration with me during my field studies in Nigeria, to my hostsin Egypt (Dr M. I. M. Aboul-Enein, the Director of the Cairo Regional Centrefor International Commercial Arbitration) and in Malaysia (Miss P. G. Lim,the then Director of the Kuala Lumpur Regional Centre for CommercialArbitration, and Professor K. S. Nathan, Department of History andInternational Relations, University of Malaya), for their warm hospitalityand the superb facilities they provided to me during my research in theircountries; to Miss Federica Donati, for efficiently and diligently translat-ing the original French texts of the Arbitration Law of Côte d’Ivoire andthe OHADA Treaty into English; to Miss Josiane Bonieux, for using hermastery of languages to make available, within a short time, an Englishversion of the French original of the Algerian Arbitration Law and thenational laws implementing the ICSID Convention; and to the secretariesin the LSE law department, particularly Mrs Susan Hunt, Mrs Pam Hodgesand Miss Elizabeth Durant, and in the School of Law, King’s CollegeLondon, particularly Miss Lauretta Alexander, for their support and assis-tance. Mrs Judy Freedberg, Mr Dapo Akande and Professor DominicMcGoldrick, amongst others already mentioned above, made separate anduseful comments on aspects of chapters 6 and 12, which were streamlined

xvi acknowledgments






and submitted for, and subsequently won, the 1997 Gillis WetterMemorial Prize.1

I am also grateful to the three anonymous readers for CambridgeUniversity Press, as well as to Professor James Crawford, the General Editorof this series, for their successive and helpful comments and suggestionswhich greatly improved the drafts of this book. A special thanks to NanaDr S. K. B. Asante, who despite his usually tight schedule agreed to readthe manuscript and to write a foreword to this book.

To my brothers and sisters, I am deeply appreciative of your continuingsupport and encouragement in all I do. Finally, to my wife, Jennifer, andour daughter, Anezi, thanks for your love and understanding.

acknowledgments xvii

1 For the 1997 Gillis Wetter Prize winning essay, see A. A. Asouzu, ‘African States and theEnforcement of Arbitral Awards: Some Key Issues’, Arbitration International 15, 1999 No. 1,1–52.






Table of cases

International Court of Justice

Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case (Greece v. Turkey), ICJ Reports 1978,p. 3 ...................................................................................................328 n. 101, 329

Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Case (Interim Measures), ICJ Reports 1951,p. 89............................................................................................................430 n. 83

Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Case (Jurisdiction), ICJ Reports 1952,p. 93.......................................................................................219 n. 19, 439 n. 131

Applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on thePrivileges and Immunities of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion,ICJ Reports 1989, p. 177...........................................................................69 n. 77

Applicability of the Obligations to Arbitrate Under Section 21 of theUnited Nations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, AdvisoryOpinion, ICJ Reports 1988, p. 3 ...................................................................77–8

Barcelona Traction Light and Power Co. Case (Belgium v. Spain), ICJReports 1970, p. 3 ..............................................................219 n. 19, 290 n. 119

Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania) (PreliminaryObjections), ICJ Reports 1948, p. 15 .....................................................308 n. 4

East Timor Case (Portugal v. Australia), ICJ Reports 1995, p. 90...442 n. 148Elettonica Sicula SpA (ELSI) Case (US v. Italy), ICJ Reports 1989,

p. 15..........................................................................................................395 n. 122Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March 1951 Between the

WHO and Egypt, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1980,p. 73 .........................................................................................77 n. 114, 79 n. 122

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 110ILR 163 .....................................................................................................328 n. 100

Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar andBahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), 102 ILR 1...........................................................330

xviii






North Sea Continental Shelf Case (Federal Republic of Germany v.Denmark) (Federal Republic of Germany v. The Netherlands), ICJReports 1969, p. 3 .................................................................................328 n. 100

Nuclear Test Case (Australia v. France), ICJ Reports 1974, p. 252....78 n. 121Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Services of the United Nations,

Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1949, p. 174.......................65 n. 55, 69 n. 77Right of Passage Over Indian Territory Case (Portugal v. India)

(Preliminary Objections), 24 ILR 840.................................................243 n. 43South West Africa Case (Ethiopia v. South Africa) (Liberia v. South Africa)

(Second Phase), ICJ Reports 1966, p. 6. ................................................60 n. 37South West Africa Case (Voting Procedure Case), Advisory Opinion, ICJ

Reports 1955, p. 67...............................................................................445 n. 159

Permanent Court of International Justice

Advisory Opinion on the Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig (PecuniaryClaims of Danzig Railway Officials), PCIJ Series B, No. 15, at 3(1928)....................................................................................................................344

Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (Greece v. United Kingdom), PCIJSeries A, No. 2, at 12 (1924)...................................................................414 n. 15

Panevezys–Saldutiskis Railway Case (Estonia v. Lithuania), PCIJ SeriesA/B, No. 76, at 16 (1939)..........................................................................414 n. 15

European Court of Justice

Defrenne v. SABENA (Case 43/75) [1976] ECR 455 ...............................345 n. 15Van Duyn v. Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337 ....................345 n. 15Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

(Case 26/62) [1963] ECR 1.......................................................................345 n. 15

International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes

Adriano Gardella SpA v. Government of Cote d’Ivoire Award of 29 August1977, 1 ICSID Reports 283 ...............................................248 n. 64, 447 n. 167

AGIP SpA v. Government of the People’s Republic of Congo, Award of 30November 1979, 1 ICSID Reports 306................................................248 n. 66

Alcoa Minerals of Jamaica Inc. v. Government of Jamaica Jurisdictionand Competence, 6 July 1975, 4 YBCA 206 .................243 n. 42, 259 n. 141

Alimenta SA v. Republic of The Gambia (Case No. ARB/99/5) registered on12 July 1999..............................................................................................250 n. 89

table of c ases xix






Amco Asia Corp., Pan American Development Ltd and PT AmcoIndonesia v. Republic of Indonesia, Jurisdictional Decision, 25September 1983, 1 ICSID Reports 389–409; Award of 20 November1984, ibid. at 413 and Resubmitted Case, Award of 5 June 1990, ibid. at569..........................101 n. 81, 103, 103 n. 91, 229, 275 n. 49, 280, 282 n. 87,

283, 283 n. 90, 285–6 n. 102, 291, 294–5 n.140, 308 nn. 4 and 11, 439 n. 131

American Manufacturing and Trading Inc. v. Republic of Zaire(Democratic Republic of Congo), Award of 21 February 1997, 12 Int ArbRep (April 1997) A-1 ....................................249 n. 80, 259 n. 141, 286 n. 105,

294 n. 136, 297, 308 n. 10, 328, 348 n. 28, 350,363 n. 111, 364 n. 112, 366 n. 122

Antoine Goetz and Others v. Republic of Burundi (Case No. ARB/95/3)registered on 18 December 1995 ...................................249 n. 81, 393 n. 115

Asian Agricultural Products Ltd v. Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka, Award and Dissenting Opinion of 27 June 1990, 4 ICSID Reports245....................................................308 n. 10, 328, 350, 361 n. 94, 366 n. 122

Atlantic Triton Co. Ltd v. People’s Revolutionary Republic of Guinea,Award of 21 April 1986, 3 ICSID Reports 13 ....................................249 n. 73

Banro American Resources Inc. and Société Aurifere du Kivu et duManiema SARL v. Democratic Republic of Congo (Case No. ARB/98/7)registered on 28 October 1998 ............................................................250 n. 87

Benvenuti and Bonfant Srl v. Government of the People’s Republicof the Congo, Award of 8 August 1980, 1 ICSID Reports330...........................................................................................248 n. 67, 384 n. 79

Cable Television of Nevis Ltd and Cable Television of Nevis Holdings Ltdv. Federation of St Kitts and Nevis, Award of 13 January 1997, 13 ICSIDRev-FILJ 328 .................251, 270, 273, 274 n. 46, 277, 280 n. 73, 305 n. 196,

306, 312 n. 28, 322 n. 74, 323Ceskoslovenska Obchodni Banka (CSOB) AS v. Slovak Republic, Decision

of 24 May 1999, 14 ICSID Rev-FILJ 251.........................256 n. 121, 273 n. 36,308 nn. 4 and 10

Compagnie Francaise pour le Developpment des Fibres Textiles v.Republic of Cote d’Ivoire (Case No. ARB/97/8) registered on 4 November1997; Award rendered on 4 April 2000.............................................250 n. 84

Compagnie Miniere Internationale or SA (Mineor) v. Republic of Peru(Case No. ARB/98/6) registered on 28 October 1998 .....................448 n. 171

Compania de Aguas del Aconquija SA et al. v. Argentine Republic (CaseNo. ARB/97/3) registered 19 February 1997....................................448 n. 171

Compania del Desarrollo de Santa Elena SA v. Government of Costa Rica

xx table of c ases






(Case No. ARB/96/1); Award rendered on 17 February 2000 and rectifiedon 8 June 2000.......................................................................................448 n. 170

Consortium RFCC v. Kingdom of Morocco (Case No. ARB/00/6) registeredon 28 June 2000 ......................................................................................250 n. 92

Eudoro A. Olguin v. Republic of Paraguay (Case No. ARB/98/5) registered12 February 1999 ..................................................................................448 n. 171

Fedax NV v. Republic of Venezuela, Decision of the Tribunal onObjection to Jurisdiction, 11 July 1997 and Award of 9 March 1998, 37ILM 1378 and 1391 .........................240, 242 n. 33, 244, 246 n. 54, 252, 256,

263–4, 308 n. 10, 311 n. 20, 328, 348 n. 27,401 n. 152, 448 n. 170

Ghaith R Pharaon v. Republic of Tunisia (Case No. ARB/86/1) registeredon 24 September 1986; settlement agreed by parties .................249 n. 76,

215 n. 40, 393 n. 115Government of Gabon v. Société Serete SA (Case No. ARB/76/1) registered

on 5 October 1976; settlement agreed by parties........217 n. 11, 248 n. 65Guadalupe Gas Products Corp. v. Federal Government of Nigeria (Case

No. ARB/78/1) registered on 20 March 1978; settlement recorded in theform of an award....................................................................................248 n. 68

Holiday Inns SA, Occidental Petroleum Corp. and Others v. Governmentof Morocco, 1 ICSID Reports 645 ......................248 n. 63, 273–5, 277 n. 58,

279 n. 67, 279, 280, 280 n. 73, 281, 312 n. 28, 447 n. 167Houston Industries Energy Inc. and Others v. Argentine Republic (Case

No. ARB/98/1) registered on 25 February 1998..............................448 n. 171International Trust Co. of Liberia v. Republic of Liberia (Case No.

ARB/98/3) registered on 28 May 1998 ................................................250 n. 85Kaiser Bauxite Co. v. Government of Jamaica, Jurisdiction and

Competence of 6 July 1975, 1 ICSID Reports 269 .......218 n. 13, 243 n. 42,251, 251 n. 103, 259 n. 141, 435 n. 110

Klockner Industrie-Anlagen GmbH et al. v. United Republic of Cameroonand Société Camerounaise des Engrais, Award and DissentingOpinion of 21 October 1983; Annulment of 3 May 1985, 2 ICSIDReports 3 .............248 n. 69, 275 n. 49, 276 n. 55, 294–5 n. 140, 438 n. 125

Lanco International Inc. v. Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/97/6)registered on 14 October 1997 ..........................................................448 n. 171

Liberian Eastern Timber Corp. v. Government of the Republic of Liberia,Award of 31 March 1986 and Rectification of Error in the Awardrendered on 10 June 1986, 2 ICSID Reports 343.........218 n. 13, 249 n. 72,

251, 259 n. 141, 273, 275 n. 49, 294–5n. 140, 304 n. 188, 380

table of c ases xxi






Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. v. Arab Republic of Egypt andGeneral Authority for Investment and Free Zones (Case No.ARB/89/1)................................................................................249 n. 78, 315 n. 40

Maritime International Nominees Establishment v. Government of theRepublic of Guinea, Award of 6 January 1986, 4 ICSID Reports 54;Annulment of 22 December 1989, ibid. at 79..........................93, 249 n. 75,

374 n. 22, 396 n. 127, 399 n. 144Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa v. United Mexican States (Case No. ARB

(AF)/99/1) registered on 27 May 1999 ...............................................448 n. 171Metalclad Corp. v. United Mexican States (Case No. ARB (AF)/97/1)

registered on 13 January 1997; Award rendered on 30 August2000..........................................................................................................448 n. 171

Middle East Cement Shipping and Handling Co. SA v. Arab Republic ofEgypt (Case No. ARB/99/6) registered on 19 November 1999.......250 n. 90

Mobil Argentina SA v. Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/99/1) registeredon 9 April 1999......................................................................................448 n. 171

Patrick Mitchell v. Democratic Republic of Congo (Case No. ARB/99/7)registered on 10 December 1999 ........................................................250 n. 91

Phillipe Gruslin v. Government of Malaysia (Case No. ARB/94/1) registeredon 13 January 1994 (settlement agreed by the parties) and (Case No.ARB/99/3) registered on 12 May 1999 ............................102 n. 87, 289 n. 118

Ridgepointe Overseas Developments Ltd v. Democratic Republic of Congo(Case No. ARB/00/8) registered on 27 July 2000 ..............................250 n. 94

Robert Azinian and Others v. United Mexican States (Case No. ARB(AF)/97/2) registered on 24 March 1997; Award rendered on 1November 1999, 14 ICSID Rev-FILJ 538 (1999)................................334 n. 127

Salini Costruttori SpA and Italstrade SpA v. Kingdom of Morocco (CaseNo. ARB/00/4) registered on 13 June 2000 ........................................250 n. 92

SEDITEX Engineering Beratungsgesellschaft fur die Textilindustrie mbHv. Government of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar (Case No.CONC/82/1) registered 5 October 1982 (early settlement by parties);and (Case No. CONC/94/1) registered on 13 June 1994, Report of theCommission issued in July 1996.........................................................248 n. 71

Société d’Etudes de Travaux et de Gestion SETIMEG SA v. Republic ofGabon (Case No. ARB/87/1) registered on 24 February 1987; settlementagreed by the parties and proceedings discontinued at their request;Order of discontinuance issued January 1993 ...............................249 n. 77

Société d’Investigation de Recherche et d’Exploitation Miniere (SIREXIM)v. Burkina Faso (Case No. ARB/97/1) registered 27 January 1997; Awardrendered on 19 January 2000 ...........................................102 n. 87, 249 n. 82

xxii table of c ases






Société Kufpec (Congo) Ltd v. Republic of Congo (Case No. ARB/97/2)registered on 27 January 1997; Discontinued ................................249 n. 83

Société Ouest Africane Des Betons Industriels (SOABI) v. State of Senegal,Jurisdiction of 1 August 1984 and Award and Dissenting Opinion of 25February 1988, 2 ICSID Reports 164..............................232, 233 n. 100, 247,

248 n. 70, 259 n. 141, 282 n. 87, 283, 288,290, 293, 295 n. 146, 297, 301, 379

Southern Pacific (Middle East) Ltd v. Arab Republic of Egypt, Award onMerits and Dissenting Opinion of 20 May 1992, 3 ICSID Reports 189;Decision on Jurisdiction, 27 November 1985, ibid. at 101; Decision onJurisdiction, 14 April 1988, ibid. at 131................241 n. 30, 249 n. 74, 250,

304 n. 5, 308 n. 9, 311 n. 22, 314–18, 320 n. 65,328 n. 101, 328, 336, 350 n. 37, 354, 355

nn. 60 and 62, 357 n. 74, 358, 358nn. 78 and 80, 366 n. 122

Tanzania Electric Supply Co. Ltd v. Independent Power Tanzania Ltd(Case No. ARB/98/8) registered on 7 December 1998 .....................250 n. 88

Tesoro Petroleum Corp. v. Government of Trinidad and Tobago (Case No.CONC/83/1) registered on 26 August 1983; settlement agreed by theparties and Report of Conciliation Commission issued on 27November 1985 .......................................................................................248 n. 71

Tredax Hellas SA v. Republic of Albania, Decision on Jurisdiction, 24December 1999 and Award of 29 April 1999, 14 ICSID Rev-FILJ 161 and197.....................................................................256 n. 121, 262 n. 155, 308 n. 9,

345 n. 24, 348, 356 n. 69USA Waste Services (Waste Management) Inc. v. United Mexican States

(Case No. ARB (AF)/98/2) registered on 18 November 1998; Award andDissenting Opinion, 2 June 2000, 15 ICSID Rev-FILJ 214 (Spring 2000),with Dissenting Opinion by Keith Highet, ibid. at p. 241 ..........448 n. 171

Vacuum Salt Products Ltd v. Government of the Republic of Ghana,Award of 16 February 1994, 4 ICSID Reports 329.................229, 249 n. 79,

251 n. 97, 262 n. 156, 279–80 n. 72, 286n. 106, 291 n. 122, 293, 302 n. 182,

303, 303 n. 187, 304 n. 189Victor Pey Casado and Others v. Republic of Chile (Case No. ARB/98/2)

registered on 20 April 1998................................................................448 n. 171Wena Hotels Ltd v. Arab Republic of Egypt (Case No. ARB/98/4) registered

on 31 July 1998; Award rendered on 8 December 2000 ...............250 n. 86World Duty Free Co. Ltd v. Republic of Kenya (Case No. ARB/00/7)

registered on 7 July 2000......................................................................250 n. 93

table of c ases xxiii






Other international arbitral decisions

Aminoil Award, 66 ILR 518 ..........................328 n. 100, 442 n. 148, 445 n. 158Amoco International Finance Corp. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 15

Iran–US CTR 189..............................................................428 n. 125, 445 n. 158Arabian American Oil Co. (Aramco) v. Saudi Arabia, Award of 23 August

1958, 27 ILR 117 ..............................................48 n. 174, 161 n. 98, 438 n. 121,439 nn. 127–9, 439 n. 131

British Exploration Co. (Libya) Ltd v. Government of the LibyanArab Republic (1979), Award on the Merit of 10 October 1973, 53 ILR297...........430 n. 83 and 84, 433 n. 100, 438 n. 124, 439 n. 128, 441 n. 142

Case Between a European Co. and the Ministry of Agriculture of anAfrican State (Case No. 1/1984) Award of CRCICA of 7 July 1985............67

Case Between a Saudi Party and an Egyptian Party (Case No. 72/96),Partial Award of CRCICA, May 1997...............................................................68

Case Between the Egyptian Party and the French Party (Case No. 24/91),Award of the CRCICA, 21 December 1995, 11 Int Arb Rep (August1996) 13 .......................................................................................................89 n. 33

Ditta Luigi Gallott v. Somali Government, 40 ILR 158 ..................................48Elf Aquitaine Iran v. NIOC, Preliminary Award, 14 January 1982, 96 ILR

251............................................................................................................433 n. 100Ethyl Corp. v. Government of Canada, Decision Regarding the Place of

Arbitration, 28 November 1997, 38 ILM 700...............101 n. 80, 262 n. 156Iran v. US (Case A/2), 1 Iran–US CTR 101 ...............................................345 n. 16Lac Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain), 24 ILR 101 ......................328 n. 100Lena Goldfields Ltd v. Soviet Government, 36 Cornell LQ 42..........218 n. 17Libyan American Oil Co. (Liamco) v. Government of the Libyan Arab

Republic, Award of 12 April 1977, 62 ILR 140 ................430 nn. 83 and 84,433 n. 100, 438 n. 124, 441 n. 142, 444 n. 153, 445 n. 158

Ministry of a North American State and a Construction Co. from a NorthAmerican State (Case No. 141/1999), CRCICA...............................................84

North American Dredging Co. of Texas v. United Mexican States, 20 AJIL800 ............................................................................................................415 n. 121

Petroleum Development Co. Ltd v. Sheikh of Abu Dhabi, Award of 28August 1951, 18 ILR 144 ......................................................................438 n. 121

Revere Copper and Brass Inc. v. OPIC, 56 ILR 258.............................438 n. 123Ruler of Qatar v. International Marine Oil Co. Ltd, June 1953, 20 ILR

534............................................................................................................438 n. 121Sapphire International Petroleum Ltd v. NIOC, Award of 15 March 1963,

35 ILR 136 ........................................................................45, 438, 440 nn. 137–9

xxiv table of c ases






SEDCO Inc. v. NIOC and Islamic Republic of Iran, 10 Iran–USCTR 180 ...................................................................................................445 n. 158

Société Europeene d’Etudes et d’Enterprises v. Yugoslavia, Award of2 July 1956, 24 ILR 761 ...........................................................................218 n. 17

SPP (Middle East) and Southern Pacific Properties v. Arab Republic ofEgypt and Egyptian General Co. for Tourism and Hotel (ICC Award No.YD/AS No. 3493), 11 March 1983, 3 ICSID Reports 45 ...........315, 432 n. 93

Steiner and Gross v. Polish State, 4 AD 29 ............................................344 n. 10Texaco Overseas Petroleum Co. and California Asiatic Oil Co./

Government of Libya Arab Republic, Preliminary Award, 27 November1975, 53 ILR 38; Award on the Merits, 19 January 1977, ibid. atp. 420 .......................430, 430 n. 84, 431, 433 n. 100, 435 n. 109, 436 n. 114,

438 n. 122, 438, 439 nn. 126 and 128, 440 nn. 137 and138, 441 n. 139, 441, 445 n. 158

Westland Helicopter Ltd and Arab Organization for Industrialization,United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, State of Qatar,Arab Republic of Egypt and Arab British Helicopter Co. (ICC CaseNo. 3879/AS), ICC Interim Award, 5 March 1984, 80 ILR 595–622.............................................................79 n. 122, 432 n. 95, 433 n. 101

National courts

Australia

ABB Power Plants Ltd v. Electricity Commission of New South Wales(1995) 35 NSWLR 596 ......................................................328 n. 101, 330 n. 112

Commonwealth of Australia v. Cockatoo Dockyard Property Ltd (1995) 36NSWLR 662...........................................................................................48–9 n. 181

Esso Australia Resources Ltd and Other v. Hon. Sidney James Plowman(Minister of Energy and Mineral and Other), 10 Int Arb Rep (1995, No.5) A-1 ......................................................................................................48–9 n. 181

QH Tours Ltd and Another v. Ship Design and Management (Aus.) Ptyand Another [1992] LRC (Comm) 650...............................................170 n. 141

Canada

Canada Packers Inc. v. Terra Nova Tankers Inc., Ontario Court, GeneralDivision (Day J), [1995] 1 MALQR 74 .................................................205 n. 103

Kaverit Steel & Crane Ltd v. Kone Corp. (1994) 17 YBCA 346 .........205 n. 103Watson v. Canada Permanent Trust Co., Supreme Court of British

Columbia (1972) 27 DLR (3d) 735........................................................358 n. 79

table of c ases xxv






Cayman Islands

Imbar Maritama SA v. Republic of Congo, Grand Court of CaymanIslands, 1 March 1989, 15 YBCA 436 ..................................................191 n. 46

Republic of Gabon v. Swiss Oil Corp., Grand Court of Cayman Islands,17 June 1988, 14 YBCA 621 ...................................................................192 n. 50

China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)

Fung Sang Trading Ltd v. Kai Sun Sea Products and Food Co. Ltd, 17 YBCA289........................................................................................167 n. 124,434 n. 105

H. Smal Ltd v. Goldroyce Garment Ltd [May 1994] HKLD E8............145 n. 22Lucky-Goldstar International (Hong Kong) Ltd v. Ng Moo Kee Engineering

Ltd [1993] HKLR 73 ................................................................................111 n. 121

France

Arab Republic of Egypt v. Chromalloy Aero Services Co., Court of Appeal,Paris, 14 January 1997, 12 Int Arb Rep (April 1997) B-1 ............387–8 n. 91

Arab Republic of Egypt v. Southern Pacific Properties Ltd and SPP(Middle East) Ltd, Court of Appeal, Paris, 12 July 1984, 23 ILM1048......................................................................316 n. 43, 387 n. 91, 432 n. 95

Benvenuti and Bonfant Srl v. Banque Commerciale Congolaise andOthers, Cour de cassation, 21 July 1987, 1 ICSID Reports 373 ..............384

Benvenuti and Bonfant Srl v. Government of the People’s Republic of TheCongo, Tribunal de grande instance, 13 January 1981 and the Court ofAppeal, Paris, 26 June 1981, 1 ICSID Reports 368–9 ............................378–9

EURODIF Corp. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Cour de cassation, 14 March1984, 23 ILM 1062 ..........................................................................382 n. 68, 384

Ministry of Finance v. Chauvineau, 48 ILR 213.................................205 n. 107Procureur de la Republique v. SA Ipitrade International, 65 ILR

75 ................................................................................................................382 n. 68Procureur de la Republique and Others v. Société Liamco, Tribunal de

grand instance, Paris, 5 March 1979, 65 ILR 78...........382 n. 68, 387 n. 91SEEE v. Yugoslavia, Tribunal de grande instance, Paris, 6 July 1970, 65 ILR

46.................................................................................................................219 n. 18Senegal v. SOABI, Court of Appeal, Paris, 5 December 1989, and Cour de

cassation, Paris, 2 ICSID Reports 337–41 .............................................379–80Société Algerienne de Commerce ALCO and Others v. SEMPAC, Cour de

cassation, 2 May 1978, 65 ILR 73 ........................................................430 n. 85Southern Pacific Properties and Southern Pacific Properties (Middle

East) v. Arab Republic of Egypt, Cour de cassation, 6 January 1987, 26ILM 1004..............................................................316 n. 43, 387 n. 91, 432 n. 95

xxvi table of c ases






Germany

Philippine Embassy Bank Account Case, 65 ILR 146 .........................382 n. 68

Ghana

Budu v. Caesar [1959] GLR 410 ........................................................122 n. 32, 132CILEV v. Chivelli and Timber Import-Export (Ghana) Ltd [1968] 1 ALR

Comm 325 ................................................................................................425 n. 61Jadbranska Slobodna Plovidba v. OYSA Ltd [1978] 2 ALR Comm

108.................................................................................................................189 n. dKukurka Yardom v. Kurankyi Minta III (1926–9) Gold Coast LR 76 (Full

Court).........................................................................................................121 n. 30Kwebena Mensah v. Ernestina Takyiampong and Others [1940] 6 WACA

118...............................................................................................................121 n. 30Okyame Kwasi Mire v. Kwasi Danso (1921–5) Gold Coast LR 95 (Div.

Court).........................................................................................................121 n. 30Strojexport v. Edward Nassar and Co. Motors Ltd [1965] ALR Comm

493 ................................................................................................................189 n. d

India

European Grains and Shipping Ltd v. Bombay Extractions Ltd 8 YBCA371 ..............................................................................................................194 n. 59

Indian Organic Chemical Ltd v. Chemex Fibres Inc. and Others, 4 YBCA271 ..............................................................................................................194 n. 59

Renusugar Power Co. Ltd v. General Electric Co. (1995) 20 YBCA681..............................................................................................................200 n. 83

RM Investment and Trading Co. Pvt Ltd v. Boeing Co. and Another, 22YBCA 710...................................................................................................194 n. 59

Indonesia

Navigation Maritime Bulgare v. PT Nizwar, 11 YBCA 508 ................201 n. 88

Italy

Robobar Ltd v. Finncold sas, Italian Supreme Court, 20 YBCA739 ..............................................................................................................145 n. 22

Japan

Kabushiki Kaisha Ameroido Nihon v. Drew Chemical Corp., 8 YBCA394............................................................................................................205 n. 103

table of c ases xxvii






Kenya

English Navigation and Trading Co. Ltd v. Attorney-General (1924–6)10 LR Kenya 122.................................................................................................207

Kassamali Gulamhusein Co. (Kenya) Ltd v. Kyrtatas Brothers Ltd [1968]2 ALR Comm 350..................................................................39 n. 135, 181 n. 17

Re Ghelani Impex Ltd [1978] 1 ALR Comm 4 .......................................39 n. 135

Malawi

Chitema v. Lupanda [1961–3] 2 ALR Comm 162 ..................................122 n. 31Ciliza v. Ciliza [1956] 1 Reports of Native Appeal Courts 127..........122 n. 31Kamaca v. Nkhota (No. 2) [1966–8] ALR Comm 518 ............................122 n. 31Matimati v. Chimwala [1964–6] 3 ALR Comm 34................................122 n. 31R v. Karonga (1946–52) 5 Nyasaland Protectorate Law Reports 134 ....122 n. 32R. v. Kenan Hunga (1934) 4 Nyasaland Protectorate LR 1 .................122 n. 31

Malaysia

Harris Adacom Corp. v. Perkom Sdn Bhd [1994] MLJ 504.................200 n. 83Klockner Industries-Anlagen GmbH v. Kien Tat Sdn Bhd and Another

[1990] 3 MLJ 183 .................................................................68, 94 n. 54, 95 n. 57Sarawak Shell Bhd v. PPES Oil and Gas Sdn Bhd and Others [1997] 4 MLJ

280; [1998] 2 MLJ 20 (Court of Appeal) ................................................94 n. 54Solichem Sdn Bhd v. Standard Electric Lorenz AG [1993] 3 MLJ

68 ..................................................................................................................94 n. 54Syarikat Yean Tat (M) Sdn Bhd v. Ahli Bina Pamong Sari Sdn Bhd [1996]

5 MLJ 469.....................................................................................................94 n. 54Zublin Muhibbah Joint Venture v. Government of Malaysia [1990] 3 MLJ

125 ................................................................................................................71 n. 85

Morocco

Office National du Thé et du Sucre v. Philippines Sugar Co. Ltd, 21 YBCA627...........................................................................................198 n. 74, 200 n. 82

The Netherlands

Ary Spans v. Iran–US Claims Tribunal, 94 ILR 321.............................80 n. 125Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Ltd v. Arab Republic of Egypt,

District Court of Amsterdam, 12 July 1984, 10 YBCA 487 .....316, 387 n. 9

New Zealand

Attorney-General of New Zealand v. Mobil Oil New Zealand et al. 4 ICSIDReports 117 ...............................................................................................374 n. 22

xxviii table of c ases






CBI NZ Ltd v. Badger Chiyoda [1990] LRC (Comm) 621 ..............98 n. 70, 160,198 n. 76

Television New Zealand v. Langley Production and Hawkesby [2000] 2NZLR 250...................................................................................................423 n. 56

Nigeria

African Reinsurance Corp. v. Abate Fantaye [1986] 3 NWLR 811; (1991) 86ILR 655.......................................................................................................80 n. 128

Agu v. Ikewibe [1991] 3 NWLR (Pt 180) 358 ...........................................122 n. 32Alhaji Buraimoh Alli v. Commerce Assurance Ltd [1981] 3 Plateau Law

Reports 300 (High Court) ......................................................................144 n. 19American International Insurance Co. Ltd v. Ceekay Traders Ltd [1980]

1 ALR Comm 14............................................................................205 n. 106, 206Attorney-General of Imo State v. Road and General Construction Co.

Nigeria Ltd [1979] IMSLR 66 .................................................................155 n. 66Edokpolor v. Alfred C Toepfer Inc. of New York [1964] 1 ALR Comm 322;

reversed in [1965] ALR Comm 505...................................46 n. 66, 207 n. 118Ezulumeri Ohiaeri v. Adinnu Akabeze [1992] 2 NWLR (Pt 221) 1 .....16 n. 28Gani Fawehinmi v. Sani Abacha [1996] 9 NWLR (Pt 475) 710 (Court of

Appeal).....................................................................................................206 n. 114General Sani Abacha and Others v. Chief Gani Fawehinmi [2000] 6 NWLR

(Pt 660) 228 (Supreme Court) .......................................205 n. 106, 206 n. 114GL Kersten and Co. BV v. Aramco Nigeria Ltd [1993] FHCLR 330.....208 n. 121Kano State Urban Development Board v. Fanz Construction Co. Ltd [1986]

5 NWLR (Pt 39) 74 (Court of Appeal) ..................................................135 n. 15Kano State Urban Development Board v. Fanz Construction Co. Ltd [1992]

4 NWLR (Pt 142) 1 (Supreme Court) ...................................................155 n. 66Kramer Italo Ltd v. Government of the Kingdom of Belgium; Embassy of

Belgium, Nigeria, 103 ILR 299.............................................................382 n. 68Military Governor of Lagos State v. Chief Emeka O. Ojukwu and Others

[1986] 1 NWLR (Pt 18) 621 .....................................................................37 n. 127Misr (Nigeria) Ltd v. Oyedele [1966] NCLR 191..........................................12 n. 4Murmansk State Steamline v. Kano Oil Millers Ltd [1974] 1 ALR Comm;

[1974] 3 ALR Comm 192 ..................................................201 n. 88, 205 n. 108,207 n. 118, 208 n. 121

Obeya Memorial Hospital v. Attorney-General of the Federation [1987] 3NWLR (Pt 60) 325.................................................................................................37

Oke Laoye v. Amao Oyetunde [1944] AC 170 ......................121 n. 27, 122 n. 31Oline and Others v. Obodo [1958] 2 FSC 39; [1957] SCNLR 112 ..........141 n. 2Oyewunmi v. Ogunesan [1990] 3 NWLR (Pt 137) 182 ....................................116

table of c ases xxix






Royal Exchange Assurance v. Benthworth Finance Nigeria Ltd [1976] 1ALR Comm 72 ...................................................................................434–5 n. 107

Salah El-Assad (Trading as Swiss West African Trading Agencies) v. Misr(Nigeria) Ltd [1968] 3 ALR Comm 178...............................................111 n. 119

Tidewater Marine International Inc. New Orleans (formerly TidexInternational Inc.) v. Consolidated Oil Ltd Lagos [1996] FHCLR324............................................................................................................208 n. 121

Zaidan v. Mohssen (1973) 11 SC 1 ..............................................................116 n. 6

Senegal

State of Senegal v. Express Navigation, 3 ICSID Rev-FILJ 356(1988)....................................................................36 n. 125, 39 n. 135, 198 n. 74

South Africa

Benidai Trading Co. Ltd v. Gouws and Gouws (Pty) Ltd [1977] (3) SA1020 (T).........................................................................................................190 n. h

Transvaal Alloys (Proprietary) Ltd v. Polysius (Pty) Ltd and Another, 8YBCA 404..................................................................................190 n. h, 201 n. 88

Sweden

Liamco v. Socialist People’s Arab Republic of Libya, Svea Court ofAppeals, 18 June 1980, 62 ILR 225 ...................................387 n. 91, 431 n. 90

Switzerland

Arab Organization for Industrialization, Arab British Helicopter Co., andArab Republic of Egypt v. Westland Helicopter, United Arab Emirates,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and State of Qatar, Judgment of Court ofJustice of Geneva, No. 443, 23 October 1987, 80 ILR 622–52 andJudgment of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, 19 July 1988, ibid. at pp.652–66 ....................................................................................387 n. 91, 432 n. 95

Socialist Libyan Arab Popular Jamahiriya v. Liamco, Swiss FederalSupreme Court, 19 June 1980, 62 ILR 228.....................387 n. 91, 431 n. 90

Tanzania

Iddi s/o Ntanza v. Yonaza s/o Mbayo and Others (1969) Tanzania HighCourt Digest 256 (Case No. 289)..........................................................122 n. 32

Palm Beach Case, discussed in 8 RADIC 842 (1996) ...........................36 n. 125

United Kingdom

Alcom v. Republic of Colombia [1984] AC 580 ................382 n. 68, 385 n. 85,389 n. 97

xxx table of c ases






Ali Shipping Corp. v. Shipyard Trogir [1998] 2 All ER 136............48–9 n. 181Amin Raseed Shipping Corp. v. Kuwait Insurance Co. [1983] 2 All ER

884............................................................................................................439 n. 127Arab African Energy Corp. v. OPN [1983] 2 Lloyd’s LR 419..................98 n. 70Arab Monetary Fund v. Hashim and Others, 83 ILR 243; 85 ILR 1 (House

of Lords).....................................................................................................80 n. 128Astro Vencedor Compania Naviera SA of Panama v. Mabanaft GmbH

[1971] 2 QB 588......................................................................................205 n. 103Attorney-General for Canada v. Attorney-General for Ontario [1937] AC

326............................................................................................................205 n. 106Barni v. London General Insurance Co. Ltd (1933) 45 Lloyd’s List LR

68 ..............................................................................................................364 n. 116Baron v. Sunderland Corp. [1966] 2 QB 56.......................347 n. 23, 364 n. 115Beswick v. Beswick [1967] 2 All ER 1197 ................................................346 n. 19Christopher Brown v. Genosschaft Osterreichischer Waldbesistzer [1954]

1 QB 8.......................................................................................................434 n. 105Compagnie d’Armement Maritime SA v. Compagnie Tunisienne de

Navigation SA [1971] AC 572 ................................................................452 n. 61Deutsche Scachtbau- und Tiefbohresellscaft GmbH v. Ras Al Khaimah

National Oil Co. [1987] 2 All ER 769...................................................200 n. 83Dolling-Baker v. Merrett [1990] 1 WLR 1205 ....................................48–9 n. 181Gatoil International Inc. v. NIOC, 17 YBCA 587.................................111 n. 119Grech v. Board of Trade (1923) 39 TLR 630 .........................................207 n. 119Harbour Assurance Co. Ltd v. Kansa General International Insurance Co.

Ltd [1992] 1 Lloyd’s LR 81 .................................................33 n. 110, 434 n. 107Hassneh Insurance Co. of Israel v. Stewart J. Mew [1993] 2 Lloyd’s LR

243..........................................................................................................48–9 n. 181Hayter v. Nelson & Home Insurance Co. [1990] 2 Lloyd’s LR 265 ......20 n. 55Insurance Co. v. Lloyd’s Syndicate [1995] 1 Lloyd’s LR 272...........48–9 n. 181Janos Paczy v. Haendler & Natermann GmbH [1981] 1 Lloyd’s LR 302 ..101 n. 83Kuwait Airways Corp. v. Iraqi Airways Co. [1995] 1 WLR 1147 ........385 n. 84Maclaine Watson v. DTI [1989] 3 All ER 523.......................................205 n. 106Marine Contractors Inc. v. Shell Petroleum Development Co. of Nigeria

[1984] 2 Lloyd’s LR 77 ...............................................................................98 n. 70Metliss v. National Bank of Greece & Athens SA [1957] 2 All ER 1;

affirmed [1957] 3 WLR 1056 (House of Lords) ...............................435 n. 108Mountford v. Scott [1975] 1 All ER 198 ..................................................358 n. 79Naviera Amazonica Peruana SA v. Compania Internacional de Seguros

del Peru [1988] 1 Lloyd’s LR 116.............................................................92 n. 44Nordenfelt v. Maxim Nordenfelt Guns & Ammunition Co. Ltd [1984] AC

535 ..............................................................................................................198 n. 76

table of c ases xxxi






Norkse Atlas Insurance Co. Ltd v. London General Insurance Co. Ltd(1927) 28 Lloyd’s List LR 104 ...............................................................207 n. 118

Paul Smith Ltd v. H&S International [1991] 1 Lloyd’s LR 127 .......170 n. 142,434 n. 105

Photo Production Ltd v. Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC827 .......................................................................................................434–5 n. 107

Pittalis and Others v. Sherefettin [1986] 2 WLR 1003......347 n. 23, 364 n. 116R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Brind and

Others [1991] 2 WLR 588.....................................................................205 n. 106Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v. DTI, 81 ILR 670 ......................................80 n. 128Rocco Guiseppe & Figli SpA v. Tupinave (The Graziela Ferraz) [1992] 1

WLR 1094; [1992] 3 All ER 669............................................................111 n. 119Routledge v. Grant (1828) 130 ER 920 ....................................................358 n. 77Salomon v. Commissioner of Customs and Excise [1967] 2 QB

116 ............................................................................................................205 n. 106Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd [1897] AC 22 ........................................227 n. 68SPP (Middle East) Ltd v. Arab Republic of Egypt and Others, High Court,

19 March 1984 and Court of Appeal, 10 YBCA 504...................................316Tote Bookmakers Ltd v. Development & Property Holdings Co. Ltd [1985]

1 Ch 261 ...............................................................................347 n. 23, 364 n. 115Trendtex Trading Corp. v. Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] QB 529; [1977]

2 WLR 356; [1977] 1 All ER 881............................................................430 n. 85Tzortzis v. Monark Line A/B [1968] 1 WLR 406.....................................425 n. 61Union of India v. McDonnell Douglas Corp. [1993] 2 Lloyd’s LR

48 ..................................................................................................................92 n. 44Westland Helicopters Ltd v. Arab Organization for Industrialization

[1995] QB 282; [1995] 2 WLR 126; [1995] 2 All ER 387 ....................80 n. 128Woolf v. Collis Removals Services [1948] 1 KB 11 ..............................364 n. 116Zambia Steel and Building Supplies Ltd v. James Clark and Eaton [1986]

2 Lloyd’s LR 225 (Court of Appeal)......................................................146 n. 28

United States

Astra Footwear Industry v. Harwyn International Inc., 442 F Supp 907(SDNY 1978).............................................................................................111 n. 119

Baker Marine v. Chevron, 14 Int Arb Rep (August 1999) D-1 .......387–8 n. 91Banco National de Cuba v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 658 F 2d 875

(2nd Cir. 1981)............................................................................................26 n. 77Caribbean Trading and Fidelity Corp. v. NNPC, US District Court, New

York, 18 December 1990, 6 Int Arb Rep (1991, No. 2) F-1...........................40Chromally Aero Services v. Arab Republic of Egypt, US District Court,

xxxii table of c ases






District of Columbia, 31 July 1996, 11 Int Arb Rep (August 1996)C-54 ........................................................................................................387–8 n. 91

Creighton Ltd v. Government of Qatar (Ministry of Public Work), USDistrict Court, District of Columbia, 22 March 1995, 21 YBCA751 ..............................................................................................................191 n. 46

de Letelier v. Republic of Chile, 748 F 2d 790 (2nd Cir. 1984), cert. denied471 US 1125 ..............................................................................................385 n. 82

Fritz Schrek v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 US 506.................32 n. 107, 159 n. 89,200 n. 83

Fuller Co. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 421 F Supp 938(WD Pa 1976) ............................................................................................160 n. 95

Hercarire International Inc. v. Argentina, 821 F 2d 559 (11thCir. 1987) ...................................................................................................385 n. 82

Hunt v. Mobil Oil Corp., 550 F 2d 68 (2nd Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434US 984..............................................................................430–1 n. 85, 444 n. 153

Ipitrade International SA v. Nigeria, US District Court, District ofColumbia, 25 September 1978, 63 ILR 196 ......................................430 n. 85

Laboratories Grossman v. Forest Laboratories, 295 New York Supp 2ndSeries 756 ................................................................................................111 n. 121

Lander Co. Inc. v. MMP Investments Inc., 22 YBCA 1049 ..................160 n. 95LETCO v. Liberia, 5 September 1986, US District Court, Southern District

of New York, 2 ICSID Reports 383 and 12 December 1986, ibid. at385; US District Court, District of Columbia, 16 April 1987, ibid.at 390 ...................................380–1 n. 58, 382, 382 nn. 64 and 69, 383 n. 70,

387 n. 91, 389 n. 95, 397, 397 n. 136Libyan American Oil Co. v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

US District Court, District of Columbia, 18 January 1980, 62 ILR220 ...............................................387 n. 91,430–1 n. 85, 431 n. 90, 444 n. 153

MINE v. Republic of Guinea, 63 ILR 535; reversed in 72 ILR 152, cert.denied, 104 S Ct 71 (1983)..................................................374 n. 22, 430 n. 85

National American Corp. v. Nigeria, 420 F Supp 954 (SDNY1976)...........................................................................................................430 n. 85

NIOC v. Ashland Oil Inc. 817 F 2d 326 (5th Cir. 1987) ........................101 n. 82Parson and Willenor Overseas Co. v. Société Generale de l’Industrie de

Papier (RAKTA), 508 F 2d 969 (2nd Cir. 1979) ..................................200 n. 83Shaheen Natural Resources Co. Inc. v. Société Nationale pour la

Recherche et al., 10 YBCA 540 ...........................................192 n. 47, 387 n. 91Shuey v. US, 92 US 73.................................................................................358 n. 77Sigval Bergersen v. Joseph Muller Corp., 548 F Supp 650 (SDNY 1982);

affirmed 710 F 2d 928 (2nd. Cir. 1983) ..............................................160 n. 95

table of c ases xxxiii






international commercial arbitration and african...

Documents