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INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

LLM TEACHING MATERIALS AND COURSE OUTLINE,

Revised 23/8/18; 17/9/2018; 1/2/2019; 14/2/2020; 19/2/2020

Prof Ben Sihanya, JSD & JSM (Stanford), Mentor & Public Interest Advocate

Scholar, IP, Constitutional Democracy, & Education Law

University of Nairobi Law School

Trainer on TRIPs, WTO’s Regional Trade Policy Course, University of Botswana

Parklands Law Campus, Room B 3

Box 1313, Sarit Centre, 00606 Nairobi, Kenya

Telefax (+254-20) 3741769; +254-20 2128272; +254726020082 (O)

email: [email protected]; [email protected] (use both);

[email protected]; www.innovativelawyering.com/blogs;

url:www.innovativelawyering.com

Facebook: Sihanya Mentoring & Innovative Lawyering

© Ben Sihanya, 1998-2000; 2004- 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019;

2020

mailto:[email protected]

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INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

LLM TEACHING MATERIALS AND COURSE OUTLINE, 2018

© Ben Sihanya, 1998-2000; 2004-2011, 2012, 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2020







Telefax (+254-20) 3741769; +254-20 2128272; +254726020082 (O)





(i) Copyright notice

Earlier versions of these materials were issued as Intellectual Property Law Teaching Materials

to the previous Classes; and have been revised for each successive LLB IV Class. The materials

are protected under Kenya’s and transnational copyright and intellectual property laws. These

materials and the earlier versions may not be copied, published, reproduced or distributed, or

otherwise dealt with in any form without the express written approval of the author. In any event

adequate acknowledgement and attribution of source must always be made.

(ii) Prefatory

My approach in this course appreciates the dynamic and practical context in which international

IP, innovation and ToT should be studied. It is informed by the increasing significance of

innovation and IP in Kenya, South Africa, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda, Tanzania, the DRC,

ARIPO, OAPI, Ghana, Africa, the USA, China, Japan, India, EU and the rest of the world;

progressive liberalisation of the international political economy; regulatory reforms; and the

realities of African (and especially Kenyan) political economy. Indeed, the title that more

appropriately captures the issues is International Intellectual Property, Innovation and Transfer

of Technology to emphasise the practical and dynamic context.

These materials contain a comprehensive bibliography and reference materials to facilitate

understanding and appreciation of the issues, further research and informed discourse, cross

border IP practice and related interventions. They are based on my book, Intellectual Property

in Kenya and Africa: Transferring Technology for Sustainable Development, (2016). They take

into account my writings on IP and ToT as well as materials I relied on in my previous lectures

on: International IP, Copyright and Related Rights Law, Trade Mark Law, Telecommunications

Law, Cyber Law, Science and Technology (read ICT) Law, Intellectual Property Law and

International Economic Law (IEL). You may wish to consult these two as well as the materials I

have been using and which other lecturers use to teach Consumer Protection Law at the School


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(then Faculty) of Law, and Media and Entertainment Law (now Commentator Law) at the

School of Journalism and Mass Communication ( SOJMC), among others.

(iii) Objectives of the course and learning outcomes

My intention in these course materials and in the book is to enable the student lawyer, scholar,

litigant, disputant, corporate strategist, policy maker, policy implementer, administrator and

general reader to appreciate conceptual and analytical, as well as practical or pragmatic

parameters which undergird cross border application of IP, innovation and technology transfer

law, policy as well as transactions. The most immediate purpose is to foster appreciation of the

context in which IP, innovation and ToT law operate; and also to facilitate the development of

critical, creative, analytical and practical skills in IP, innovation and ToT law. This is

accompanied by the clear understanding of the Commonwealth, the Anglophone and the

Francophone practice.

The materials are largely justified by the fact that there is no single book that addresses all the

relevant issues. The scarcity of relevant materials was particularly pronounced at the beginning

of this project in 1998. There was no appropriate literature on IP, innovation and ToT in Kenya

and Africa in general. Indeed, most of the available literature was on UK and US IP. These

materials review the IP rules and provide the basic principles and rationale for understanding the

doctrinal, theoretical and conceptual issues in IP, innovation and ToT. To be sure, I started this

project partly because my students and I were quite frustrated by the sheer lack of relevant IP

materials in Kenya and Africa.

After reading these materials the student or reader should be able to handle matters regarding IP,

innovation and technology transfer which are becoming common, subtle, sophisticated, and

complex. The reader would also appreciate IP as an important tool for trade, entertainment and

development. The role played by cross border application of IP will also be clear to the reader at

the end of this course.

(iv) Coursework and Exams

Please see that accompanying Syllabus of Issues, Schedule of Classes, and Instructions on

Coursework and Exams(Revised after February 19, 2020)

(v) Textbooks and materials

Textbooks

The main textbook for this course will be Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and

Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring Technology for Sustainable Development,

Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.

The book extensively addresses the concerns of intellectual property, innovation and technology

transfer transactions in Kenya and Africa. The book also undertakes a comparative study of IP

regime in various countries across Africa. Appropriate readings are indicated; and the basic ones

will be supplied, subject to the relevant copyright laws. Other recommended complementary

books to help in comparative study include:

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1. Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and

Africa: Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi &

Siaya.

2. Prof Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Copyright and Creativity in Kenya and Africa:

Cultural Politics and the Political Economy of Transnational Intellectual Property (doctoral

dissertation, Stanford Law School, 2003).

3. Ben Sihanya (2016) “Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in

Kenya,” Vol 12, 2016 No. 2 LSK Journal 1-38.

4. Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan

Publishers, Lagos, Nigeria.

5. Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of

Lagos Press & Bookshop Ltd, Lagos.

6. John O. Asein (2012) Nigerian Copyright Law and Practice, Books and Gavel

Publishers, Abuja, Nigeria, 2nd ed.

7. Domnick A. Conde (2017) Intellectual Property Review, Law Business Research Ltd,

London, UK, 6th ed.

8. F. O. Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade

Marks, Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan Nigeria.

9. Joseph jar Kur (2015) Intellectual Property and Entrepreneurialship in Nigeria:

Principles and Practice, Aboki Publishers, Benue State, Nigeria.

10. Owen Dean (2012) Handbook of South African Copyright Law, Juta, Cape Town.

11. Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law:

Cases and Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)

12. David I. Bainbridge (2012) Intellectual Property Pitman Publishing, London, 9th ed; Prof

David I. Bainbridge (2009) Intellectual Property Pitman Publishing, London, 6th ed. The

author teaches law at Aston University, UK.

13. William Cornish, David Llewellyn & Tanya Aplin (2013) Intellectual Property: Patents,

Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights Sweet & Maxwell, London, 8th ed; Prof

William Cornish, David Llewellyn & Tanya Aplin (2010) Intellectual Property: Patents,

Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights Sweet & Maxwell, London (esp. 5th ed.,

2003). Prof Cornish served as IP law professor at Cambridge, UK and visiting researcher

at Max Planck Institute of IP, Germany. See also 4th ed, 1999 and 3rd ed, 1993).

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14. William Cornish (2006) Cases and Materials on Intellectual Property Sweet &

Maxwell, London 5th ed. See also 3rd ed, 1999; 2nd ed 1996.

15. Paul Goldstein & R. Anthony Reese (2012) Copyright, Patent, Trademark and Related

State Doctrines: Cases and Materials on the Law of Intellectual Property, Foundation

Press, New York 7th ed; Prof Paul Goldstein and Prof R. Anthony Reese (2010)

Copyright, Patent, Trademark and Related State Doctrines, Cases and Materials of

Intellectual Property, Revised 6th edition. (Prof Goldstein has been teaching law at

Stanford since about 1973. See also 4th ed, 1999, 3rd ed, 1993).

16. Lionel Bently & Brad Sherman (2009) Intellectual Property Law Oxford University

Press, Oxford.

17. Dan L. Burk & Mark A. Lemley (2009) The Patent Crisis and How the Courts can solve

it, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

18. Paul Goldstein & R. Anthony Reese (2012) Unfair Competition, Trademark, Copyright

and Patent: Selected Statutes and International Agreements, Foundation Press, New

York.

19. Daniel Gervais (2012) The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, Sweet and

Maxwell, London, 4th ed.

The foregoing readings are intended to focus on Kenyan, Nigerian, South African,

Cameroonian, Senegalese, Ugandan, Tanzanian, DRC, Ghananian, ARIPO, OAPI, and generally

African, national, transnational, comparative and international IP laws. Some readings focus on

UK, and to some extent European Union (EU), IP law. A few copies of non-African IP law are

available at Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring Library; I also made requests for the

School Library to procure the limited African and relevant non-African materials.

(a) Donald S. Chisum & Michael A. Jacobs (1998) Understanding Intellectual Property

Matthew Bender Co., New York.

(b) Arthur Miller & Michael Davis (2012) Intellectual Property – Patents, Trademarks and

Copyright in a Nutshell, West Academic Publishing, Minnesota, 5th ed. The foregoing

two are very good sources of US IP law.

(c) Darell A. Posey & Graham Dutfield (1996) Beyond Intellectual Property: Toward

Traditional Resource Rights for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities IDRC,

Ottawa.

(d) Jennifer Davis (2012) Intellectual Property Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 4th

ed.

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(e) Paul Torremans (2013) Holyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property Law, Oxford

University Press, London, 7th ed.

(f) The Rt Hon. Sir Robin Jacob, Daniel Alexander & Lindsay Lane (2004) A Guidebook to

Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright and Designs, Sweet & Maxwell,

London, 5th ed.

(g) Hector MacQueen, Charlotte Waelde, Graeme Laurie & Abbe Brown (2010)

Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy, Oxford University Press, Oxford,

2nd ed.

(h) Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property audit, valuation, commercialization,

securitisation and taxation in Kenya,” JKUAT Law Journal, 41-86.

(i) Ben Sihanya (2016) “Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in

Kenya,” Vol 12, 2016 No. 2 LSK Journal 1-38 (Being intergrated into Ben Sihanya

(forthcoming 2020) IPILKA, IL & SM).

(j) Ben Sihanya (2012) “Author Empowerment through Copyright in Kenya: Open

Scholarship, and Alternative Publishing” in African Innovation Research and Training

(Open AIR), University of Cape Town, Cape Town; Innovative Lawyering & Sihanya

Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.

(k) Peter Wasamba & Ben Sihanya (2012) “What do Kenyan artists get for their skill?

Reforming compensation under copyright,” 24:2 Journal of African Cultural Studies,

Routledge, London, pp 171-183, at

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13696815.2012.732303 (accessed

8/1/2015). Prof Wasamba is Associate Professor, Department of Literature and Associate

Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Nairobi.

(l) Marisella Ouma & Ben Sihanya (2010) “[Access to Knowledge in Africa: The Role of

Copyright:] ‘Kenya,’” a study under the auspices of the African Copyright and Access to

Knowledge (ACA2K) project and International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

Acacia Initiative for Africa and Shuttleworth Foundation Intellectual Property Rights

programme in C. Armstrong, J. De Beer, D Kawooya, A Prabhala, T Schonwetter (eds) (This

book was launched on Saturday, July 31, 2010 at the University of Cape Town, South Africa

July 31, 2010).

(m) Ben Sihanya (2009) “Copyright in e-commerce and music industry in Kenya” in Prof

Moni Wekesa and Ben Sihanya (eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya, Konrad-

Adeneur-Stiftung, Nairobi, pp. 133-176. Printed on October 23, 2009 and launched on

November 10, 2009, at Panafric Hotel, Nairobi.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13696815.2012.732303

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(n) Ben Sihanya (2009) “Combatting counterfeit trade in Kenya” in Moni Wekesa and Ben

Sihanya (eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya; Konrad Ademaner Stifting, Nairobi,

pp. 207-266 (chap. 8).

(o) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Patents, parallel importation and compulsory licensing of

HIV/AIDS drugs in Kenya,” in Peter Gallagher, Patrick Low, and Andrew L. Stoler

(eds) Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation, Cambridge University Press,

London, pp. Chapter 19; a study under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation

(WTO) and Adelaide University.

(p) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Copyright law, teaching and research in Kenya,” East African Law

Journal, 28-62, at

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact

=8&ved=0CCwQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fsites%2Fdef

ault%2Ffiles%2FCopyright%2520Law%2520in%2520Kenya%2520-

%2520Prof%2520Ben%2520Sihanya.pdf&ei=qUyuVJjLM4PyUNrUgJAF&usg=AFQjC

NH_A-mTRDK73jP2Ly_aoBSvwp8dZQ&sig2=C30i6LM8SrmD1lwt5QjQYQ

(accessed 8/1/2015).

(q) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Intellectual property and innovation in Kenya: legal and regulatory

issues in business incubation,” Science and Technology Park Development for

Sustainable Industrial Growth, Proceedings of the National Workshop in

Commemoration of the Scientific Revival Day of Africa, June 2004, Kenya National

Academy of Sciences, pp. 41-58.

(r) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Patent law and practice in Kenya,” 38:6 International Review of

Intellectual Property and Competition Law (IIC), Journal of the Max Planck Institute for

Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, Munich, pp. 648-658.

(s) Ben Sihanya (2007) “Kikoi and the commercial exploitation of geographical indications

and traditional knowledge,” The Advocate, the official refereed magazine of the Law

Society of Kenya.

(t) Ben Sihanya (2006) “Intellectual property for innovation and industrialisation in Kenya,”

Proceedings of 2006 JKUAT Scientific, Technological and Industrialisation Conference

on Harnessing Scientific and Technological Innovation and Rapid Industrialisation,

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, October 26

& 27, 2006, pp. 38-57.

(u) Ben Sihanya (2003) “Patent wars raging over AIDS cure,” Opinion: Pandemic, Daily

Nation (Nairobi), Wednesday, December 17, 2003, at 9.

(v) Ben Sihanya (2002) Integrating Innovation and Intellectual Property into the Kenya

Constitution, Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Nairobi, at www.ieakenya.or.ke

(accessed 8/1/2014).

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCwQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCopyright%2520Law%2520in%2520Kenya%2520-%2520Prof%2520Ben%2520Sihanya.pdf&ei=qUyuVJjLM4PyUNrUgJAF&usg=AFQjCNH_A-mTRDK73jP2Ly_aoBSvwp8dZQ&sig2=C30i6LM8SrmD1lwt5QjQYQ





http://www.ieakenya.or.ke/

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(w) Ben Sihanya (2001) How can we Constitutionalise Innovation, Technology and

Intellectual Property in Kenya? African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS),

Nairobi, at www.atpsnet.org (accessed 8/1/2014).

(x) Ben Sihanya (2000) “Intellectual property confronts counterfeiting in Africa: Protecting

innovators and consumers in the cyber society,” in Wilhemsson, T. et al. (eds.)

Consumer Law in the Information Society, Kluwer Law International, London, pp. 329-

364 (This 37 page chapter was one of the mandatory readings; it captures most of the

issues in the course. It has been revised as Sihanya (2009) “Combatting counterfeit trade

in Kenya,” and Sihanya (2015) “Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Products,” in Sihanya

Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Chapter 21).

(y) Ben Sihanya (1994) “Technology transfer, intellectual property rights and biosafety:

strategies for implementing the Convention on Biodiversity” 6:3 Agbiotech News and

Information, London.

(z) Ben Sihanya (2013) “Reflections of open scholarship modalities and the copyright

environment in Kenya,” in Jeremy De Beer, Chris Armstrong, Chidi Oguamanam &

Tobias Schonwetter, et al. (eds) (2013) Innovation & Intellectual Property Collaborative

Dynamics in Africa. UCT Press, Cape Town, (chapter 9).

(aa) Ben Sihanya & James Otieno-Odek (2006) “Regulating and mainstreaming ICT

in Kenya for socio-economic and cultural development,” in Dr George Outa, Dr Eric

Aligula, Dr Florence Etta (eds) Mainstreaming ICT in Kenya: Research Perspectives

from Kenya, IDRC and Mvule Africa, Nairobi.

(bb) Dr Calestous Juma & Ben Sihanya (1993) “Policy options for scientific and

technological capacity building,” in Dr W. V. Reid, et al. (eds.) Biodiversity Prospecting:

Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development World Resources Institute (WRI),

Washington DC, pp.199-221.

(cc) Prof Moni Wekesa & Dr Ben Sihanya (eds) (2009) Intellectual Property Rights in

Kenya, Konrad-Adeneur-Stiftung, Nairobi. Printed on October 23, 2009 and launched on

November 10, 2009, at Panafric Hotel, Nairobi.

(dd) Dr Calestous Juma & Ben Sihanya (1989) Towards Industrial Property

Protection in Kenya: Policy Options and Strategic Approaches Policy Paper for National

Council for Science and Technology (NCST); it constituted the basis for the Industrial

Property Act, 1989 and 2001, which make provision for promoting the social, innovator

and consumer interests in technology.(Consulted Prof JB Ojwang, Dr Ben Majisu).

(ee) Ben Sihanya (2008) “Intellectual property for innovation and industrialisation in

Kenya,” 4:2 Convergence, International Bar Association, London, pp. 185-213.

http://www.atpsnet.org/

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(ff) Ben Sihanya (1995) Regulating and Transferring Telecommunications Technology in

Kenya: Corporate Responses to Development Challenges, University of Warwick,

Coventry, UK.

There are numerous instruments on IP, innovation and ToT, the following are the basic:

International Legal Instruments

Most important

1. Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, including Trade in

Counterfeit Goods, 1994 (TRIPs).

2. Berne Convention on Literary and Artistic Works, 1886 (Paris Text 1971).

3. Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property, 1883 (still useful on trade mark,

unfair competition, utility model.

4. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 1970.

5. Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, 1891.

6.

7. Protocol to the Madrid Agreement on the International Registration of Marks, 1989.

8. Nice Agreement on International Classification of Goods and Services.

9. Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks (2006) superseded Trademark Law Treaty

(TLT), 1994.

10. International Convention on the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV), 1961, 1978,

1991.

11. Draft International Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer (UNCTAD, 1985 ended in a

stalemate in 1985).

Other International and Transnational IP Agreements

1. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992.

2. International Convention on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

3. Universal Copyright Convention, 1952.

4. Draft International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology (UNCTAD, 1985).

5. Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs, 1925.

6. Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the

Purposes of Patent Procedure, 1977.

7. Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International

Registration, 1958.

Regional Legal Instruments (these are important)

1. Agreement by the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) (1976, 1982,

2002).

2. Banjul Protocol on Marks, 1993 (came into force 1997) (Protocol to ARIPO).

3. Harare Protocol on Patents and Industrial Designs 1982 (Amended in 1987 and 1994)

(Protocol to ARIPO).

4. Swakopmund Protocol on Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expression of Folklore,

2010 (Protocol to ARIPO)

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5. Lusaka Agreement establishing the (English-Speaking) African Regional Intellectual

Property Office, 1976.

6. Draft Statute of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organisation (PAIPO), 2013.

7. Charter for African Cultural Renaissance, 2006.

8. East African Regional Community Intellectual Property Policy on the Utilisation of Public

Health-Related WTO-TRIPS Flexibilities and the Approximation of National Intellectual

Property Legislation, 2013.

9. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Policy on Intellectual Property

Rights, 2010.

10. Bangui Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization,

Constituting a Revision of the Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African and

Malagasy Office of Industrial Property (Bangui (Central African Republic), March 2, 1977)

(OAPI)

Kenyan Legal Instruments and Bills

Following are the basic Kenyan IP instruments. You may consult instruments from other

(African) states.

1. Constitution of Kenya, 2010.

2. Copyright Act, Cap 130, Act No. 3 of 1966 (Repealed).

3. Copyright Act, Cap 130, Act No. 14 of 1989 (Repealed).

4. Copyright Act, Cap 130, Act No. 12 of 2001.

5. Industrial Property Act, Cap 509, Act No. 3 of 2001.

6. Trade Marks Act, Cap. 506 amended by the Trade Marks (Amendment) Act, 2002.

7. Science, Technology and Innovation Act, 2013.

8. Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expression Act, 2016.

9. Copyright Amendment Bill, 2017

10. Anti-Counterfeit Act, No 13 of 2008.

11. The Industrial Property Bill, 2016.

12. Trade Mark Bill, 2016.

13. Geographical Indication Bill, 2016.

Other Related Statutes

Contracts in Restraint of Trade Act, Cap. 24.

Competition Act, No. 12 of 2010.

Consumer Protection Act, No 46 of 2012.

Biosafety Act, Cap 321A, Act No. 2 of 2009.

Law of Contract Act, Cap. 23.

Seeds and Plant Varieties Act, Cap. 326, Act No 53 of 2012.

Industrial Property Act, Cap. 509, Act No. 19 of 1989 (covers patents, industrial designs, utility

models, technovations…) (repealed).

Films and Stage Plays Act, Cap 222.

Books and Newspapers Act, Cap 111.

Entertainment Tax Act, Cap 479.

Kenya Communications (Amendment) Act, No 1 of 2009.

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Rules and regulations under major IP Laws

Kenya Copyright Board’s Rules of Procedure (2001).

Copyright Regulations, 2004.

Industrial Property Regulations, 2002.

Industrial Property Tribunal Rules, 2002.

Trade Marks (International Registration) Rules, 2003.

Biosafety (Import, Export and Transit) Regulations, 2011.

Biosafety (Environmental Release) Regulations, 2011.

Biosafety (Contained Use) Regulations, 2011.

Biosafety (Labelling) Regulations, 2012.

Copyright Act Cap 130, No. 3 of 1966 and IPA 1989 (Cap 509) were used to determine various

IP cases. Thus, although repealed, they are important in appreciating the relevant court decisions

and transactions.

See also the following statutes based on African countries:

Nigeria

Copyright Act (Chapter C.28, as codified 2004) (2004)

Copyright (Amendment) Decree No. 42 1999 (1999)

Copyright (Amendment) Decree No. 98 1992 (1992)

Patents and Designs Act of 1971 (Chapter 344) (1990)

Trade Marks Act (Chapter 436) (1990)

South Africa

Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act, 2013.

Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act, 2008.

Patents Amendment Act, 2005.

Patents Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act, 2002).

Merchandise Marks Act, 1941 (As amended by Merchandise Marks Amendment Act, 2002).

Performers’ Protection Amendment Act, 2002.

Copyright Act, 1978 (As amended by Copyright Amendment Act, 2002).

Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act, 1997.

Intellectual Property Laws Rationalisation Act, 1996.

Plant Breeders’ Rights Amendment Act, 1996.

Medicines and Related Substances Control Act (As amended in 1997)

Trade Marks Act, 1993.

“Vlaglied” Copyright Act, 1974.

Performers’ Protection Act, 1967.

“Stem Van Suid-Afrika” Copyright Act, 1959.

Copyright Amendment Bill, 2017.

Uganda

Trade Marks Act, 2010.

Trade Secrets Protection Act, 2009.

Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2006.

Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002.

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Patents Act, 1993.

United Kingdom Designs (Protection) Act, 1937.

Cameroon

Law No. 2000/011 of December 19, 2000 on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights

Law No. 2016/007 of July 12, 2016, relating to the Penal Code (2016)

Ordinance No. 2009/001 of May 13, 2009, amending certain Provisions of Law No. 2002/4 of 19

April 2002 to Institute the Investment Charter of the Republic of Cameroon (2009)

Law No. 2008-1 of April 14, 2008, amending and supplementing some Provisions of Law No.

96-6 of January 18, 1996, amending the Constitution of June 2, 1972(2008)

Law No. 2002/004 of April 19, 2002, on the Investment Charter of the Republic of

Cameroon (2002)

Law No. 96/12 of August 5, 1996, on the Framework Law on the Environmental

Management (1996)

Law No. 94/01 of January 20, 1994, on the Regime of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries (1994)

Senegal

Law No. 2008-08 on the Electronic Transactions (2008)

Law No. 2008-11 on Cybercrime (2008)

Law No. 2008-10 on the Orientation Law on the Information Society (2008)

Law No. 2008-12 on the Protection of Personal Data (2008)

Customs Code (Law No. 87-47 of December 28, 1987) (1987)

Criminal Code (Law No. 65-60 of July 21, 1965) (1965)

Burundi

Law No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial Property in Burundi, 2009.

Law of August 20, 1964, on Patents, 1964.

Malawi

Copyright Act, 1989.

Trade Description Act, 1987.

Patents Act, Chapter 49:02, 1986.

Registered Designs Act, Chapter 49:05, 1985.

Trade Marks Act, Chapter 49:01, 1967.

Merchandise Marks Act, Chapter 49:04, 1966.

Tanzania

Zanzibar Industrial Property Act No 4 of 2008.

Zanzibar Copyright Act, 2003.

Protection of New Plant Varieties (Plant Breeders’ Rights) Act, 2002.

Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act, No 23 of 2002.

Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999.

Patents (Registration) Act, 1995.

Trade and Services Marks Act, 1986.

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Merchandise Marks Act, No 20 of 1963.

Cases

Some leading cases; See others under the relevant IP doctines.1

1. Communications Commission of Kenya, Attorney-General, Ministry of Information

Communications & Technology, Signet Kenya Limited, Pan African Network Group

Kenya Limited & Startimes Media Limited v. Royal Media Services Limited, Nation

Media Services Limited, Consumer Federation of Kenya (COFEK), Standard Media

Group Limited & West Media Limited, Supreme Court of Kenya Petition No. 14 of 2014

(Consolidated with Petitions Nos. 14A, 14B & 14C of 2014), at Nairobi (Coram: Phillip

Kiptoo Tunoi, Kalpana Hasmukhrai Rawal, Jackton Boma Ojwang’, Mohammed

Khadhar Ibrahim, Willy Munywoki Mutunga, Smokin C Wanjala, Susanna Njoki

Ndung’u, JJ.A.). (violation of the content producers intellectual property rights).

2. “G4S;” “Pep Tang”

3. A. Jonkoping-Vulcan I. v. EA Match Co. Ltd [1964] EA 62-70 (TM infringement/passing

off; sailing ship label v. device of steamship).

4. Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd. [1976] 1 Ch. 55.

5. Assabwalla v. Khadija Bint Gafoor & Others [1962] EA 571-9 (bona fide use of own

name in competition to registered trade mark upheld as not constituting infringement -

see s. 11 TM Act, Cap. 506, Kenya). Cf Policansky Bros Ltd v. L&H Policansky 1935

AD 89 – 1012 (where a business name has acquired a secondary meaning, another person

cannot use that name in connection with similar class of goods unless he makes it

perfectly clear to the public that he is not selling the goods of the original manufacturer).

6. Beecham Group Ltd. v. International Products Ltd. [1968] EA 398-406.

7. Beecham v. International Products [1968] EA 398-306 (patent licensing).

8. British American Tobacco K Ltd. v. Cut Tobacco Ltd. HCCC No. 354 of 1999 (The

EastAfrican April 19-25, 1999, p. 3: “Kenya cigarette makers in trademark dispute”)

“Sportsman v. Horseman.”

9. British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents [1986] 2WLR 400.

10. Brooke Bond Kenya Ltd. v. Chai Ltd. [1971] EA 10-16 (TM, passing off).

11. Catnic Components Ltd. v. Hill & Smith Ltd. [1982] RPC 183; [1983] FSR 512.

12. Charles M. Maranga & Anor v. Kenya Shell Ltd. HCCC No. 643 of 1998.

13. Coca Cola Export Corporation v. Registrar of Trade Marks [1969] EA 677-80 (burden

of proof for registration; word (“splash”) refers to character of goods? Public

perceptions).

14. Compaq v. Dell Computers (1992) FSR 93 (cited in Bainbridge (2012), pp. 907).

15. Cut Tobacco v. BAT Ct of Appeal Civil Application No. 245 1999 (Nairobi, 96/99 UR)

16. E.A. Industries v. Trufoods [1972] EA 420-3 (also ToT; TM/passing off).

17. EABL v. Castle Brewing K Ltd. HCCC 848 of 1998.

1 Other cases are discussed and published in Ben Sihanya (2016) IPILKA: Transferring Technology for Sustainable

Development, IL & SM, Nairobi & Siaya; Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) IPILKA II: Cases and Materials, IL &

SM, Nairobi & Siaya.

14

18. Electrolux v. Hudson [1997] FSR 312 (Bainbridge (2012), at 500 etc).

19. Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Services 499 U.S. 340 (1991) US Supreme

Court.

20. Giella v. Cassman Brown [1973] EA 358-61 (also applied to trade secrets, ToT, etc.).

21. Improver Corp. v. Remington Consumer Products Ltd. [1990] FSR 181.

22. International Greetings v. Kenya Litho Ltd. 1 KAR 902-5.

23. Kalamazoo Ltd. & Anor v. Systems Africa Ltd. [1973] EA 242-5.

24. Kenya AIDS Society v. Prof. Arthur Obel HCCC No. 1079 of 1996.

25. Kiambu General Transport Agency Limited v. EABL, Court of Appeal of Kenya, Civil

Appeal No. 9 of 2000, at Nairobi (Coram: Gicheru, Akiwumi & Lakha, JJ.A.).

26. London Overseas Trading Co. Ltd v. The Raleigh Cycle Co. Ltd [1959] EA 1012-18

(“lale” and “raleigh”).

27. Maranga v. Kenya Shell High Court of Kenya Civil Case No. 643 of 1998, at Nairobi

(Coram: Mbogholi Msagha, J.).

28. McDonald’s Corporation v. Joburgers Drive-Inn Restaurant Supreme Court of South

Africa Case No. 547/95; LandRover in Brazil;

29. Microsoft v. Microskills (K) Ltd. HCCC No. 323 of 1999 (Nairobi

30. John Boniface Maina v. Safaricom Limited, High Court of Kenya Civil Suit No 808 of

2010, at Nairobi (Coram: G.K. Kimondo, J.).

31. Mothercare (UK) Ltd. v. Penguin Books Ltd. [1988] RPC 113 (in Bainbridge (2012) pp.

829, 860).

32. News Group v. The Mirror (The Sun masthead used in the Mirror…).

33. Nyakundi Nyamboga’s report on KBL cited under TM;

34. Parke Davis & Co. Ltd. v. Opa Pharmacy Ltd. [1961] EA 556-64.

35. Performing Rights Society Ltd. v. Grand Theatre Ltd. [1973] EA 576-84 (© assignment,

licence, subsistence of © in author).

36. Re An Application by Bourjois Ltd. [1964] EA 265-9 (proposed TM likely to deceive;

application declined).

37. Re An Application by the American Cyanamid Co. [1968] EA 270-73.

38. Sapra Studio v. Tip-Top Clothing Co. [1971] EA 489-92.

39. Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation [SAAC] v. Saudi Kenya Enterprises Ltd. [SKEL]

(1982-88) 1KAR 917-28.

40. Drum Publications (EA) Limited & Jared Benson Kagwana v. Media 24 Limited, Nation

Media Group Limited, East African Magazines Limited, The Registrar of Trade Marks &

The Registrar of Books and Newspapers, High Court of Nairobi Civil Suit No 561 of

2004, at Nairobi (Anyara Emukule, J.).

These materials are organised so as to assist students appreciate and apply the subject, including

in the course work and final exams. They will also be useful to students working on

dissertations or thesis on related topics, or on other projects, as well as when they leave college

and engage in IP lawyering in one way or the other. Endeavour to read the essential readings,

including the handouts. Follow the discourse in the Nation, Standard, East African, Time,

Newsweek, Business Daily, The Economist, (from Kenya), African Business, African Business,

African Herald Express, Business Day, Business World Intelligence, Guardian, Liberty Report,

Lagos Business News, Royal Times (from Nigeria), Business Report, Business Day, Expatica

15

ZA, ITWeb, Mail and Guardian, Times, The (South Africa), Business in Ghana, Daily Graphic,

Business & Financial Times, Ghanaian Chronicle, Statesman (Ghana), Al-Ahram Weekly, Daily

News Egypt, The, Middle East Times (Egypt), Arusha Times, Express Online (Tanzania), New

Vision, Daily Monitor (Uganda) broadcast media, the Internet, and through observations. I use

these, as well as my blog spot, in my research and teaching.

(v) Evaluation: examinations, continuous assessment tests (CAT) and course work

The exam and course work or group presentations require clear appreciation of the issues

including the concept, doctrine, rule of law, transaction and the policy or political context. As

indicated, conceptual parameters, and the practical implications of the course, will undergird the

assessment and examinations. Conceptual and practical skills are important in appreciating,

practising, applying, administering and enforcing international IP, innovation and technology

transfer law. They are intended to replace a legalistic approach, and especially the cramming of

legal rules (out of context) for exam purposes.

(vi) Some Abbreviations and Acronyms

AGOA……………… African Growth and Opportunities Act, 2006

(US) (revised)

AEC………………… African Economic Community (proposed by OAU in

1980)

ARIPO....................... African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation

formerly ESARIPO: English-Speaking

(See Harare Protocol, 1982)

AU………………….. African Union

BITs………………… Bilateral Investment Treaties

Biz…………………… Business

CBD………………… Convention on Biodiversity, 1992

CERDS…………….. Charter on Economic Rights and Duties of States,

1974

CJEU………………. Court of Justice of the European Union

COCOM.……………. Co-ordinating Committee for Multilateral Export

Control

COMESA................. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

(formerly Preferential Trade Area (PTA))

CP…………………… Consumer Protection

CPC ...................…… (European) Community Patent Convention

DRC………………… Democratic Republic of the Congo (ex Zaire)

EAC .……………….. East African Community (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi,

Rwanda)

ECJ…………………. European Court of Justice

ECOSOC……………. UN Economic and Social Council

ECOWAS …..……… Economic Community of West African States (cf.

ECOMOG)

E(E)C……………….. European (Economic) Community (cf. EU)

16

EDI…………………. Electronic Data Interchange

EOI………………… Export Oriented Industrialisation

EPC.........................… European Patent Convention

ESAF…………….….. Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (see SAPs)

EU…………………… European Union

FCN ………………… (Treaty of) Friendship, Commerce and Navigation

FDI………………….. Foreign Direct Investment

G8…………………… Governments of eight leading advanced economies (include

Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom,

United States); also called G7 plus Russia

GATS..................….... General Agreement on Trade in Services, April 15,

1994

GATT …………….… General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (47, 94)

IACL ……………….. International Association of Consumer Law

ICSID………………. International Centre for the Settlement of Investment

Disputes

IGAD..………………. Intergovernmental Authority on Development

(formerly IGADD- Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and

Development)

IPA…………………. Industrial Property Act (Kenya)

ISI …………………... Import Substitution Industrialisation

ITO…………………. (stillborn) International Trade Organization

JV……………………. Joint Venture

KIPI…………………. Kenya Industrial Property Institute

KIPO...................….. Kenya Industrial Property Office (defunct; see KIPI)

KEPHIS.................... Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service

LDCs……………….. Least Developed Countries (Cf BRICS- emerging national

economies; Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)

MAI…………………. (OECD’s) Multilateral Agreement on Investments

MIA............................ (stillborn?) Multilateral Investment Agreement

MFN………….…….. Most Favoured Nation Treatment

MNC.......................... Multinational Corporation (Cf. TNC)

NAFTA……………… North American Free Trade Area

NATO………………. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (Cf Warsaw Pact-defunct)

NIEO……………….. New International Economic Order

NTBs...………….…… Non-Tariff Barriers

OAU…………..…….. Organisation of African Unity (now AU)

OAPI …...…............... Organisation africaine de la propriete intellectuelle

OECD…………….…. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development

PAIPO....................... Pan African Intellectual Property Organisation (Still in the draft

stage; PAIPO shall be a specialized agency of the African Union)

PCT……..................... Patent Co-operation Treaty (under WIPO)

PIL………………….. Public Interest Lawyering

PTA………………….. Preferential Trade Area (see COMESA, SADC…)

17

R & D……………….. Research and Development

SADC...……………… South African Development Community (formerly

SADCC)

SA…………………… Strategic Alliance

SAL……………….… Social Action Lawyering; Social Action Litigation?

SAPs………………… Structural Adjustment Programmes (cf. ESAF)

TDF………………… Transborder Data Flow

TNC……………..….. Transnational Corporation (Cf MNC)

TRIMs......................... Trade Related Investment Measures, April 15, 1994.

TRIPs.......................... Agreement on Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property

Rights, including Trade in Counterfeit Goods April 15, 1994

(Marrakesh)

UCC ...........…........... Universal Copyright Convention, 1952

UDEAC…………….. Union Douaniere et Economic de L’Afrique Centrale

(Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa)

UDHR……………….. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

UN…………….……. United Nations

UNCITRAL………… United Nations Centre for International Trade Law

UNCLOS……………. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982

UNCTAD…….….…. UN Conference on Trade and Development

UNCTC……………... United Nations Centre for Transnational Corporations2

UPOV .……………… International Convention for the Protection of New

Plant Varieties (1961; 1978; 1991)

WCT…………………. WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996

WIPO....................….. World Intellectual Property Organisation (specialised

UN agency)

WPPT……………….. WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty, 1996

WTO ....….................. World Trade Organisation

1. Nomenclature and Conceptualisation of International IP, Innovation and ToT: Kenya

and African context

“What is in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell just as sweet,”

William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet. Was Shakespeare right? In poetry? In IP?

Why address nomenclature in IP, innovation and ToT?

-to identify and define terms and phenomena

-to develop a common vocabulary

-to facilitate discourse

-To foster IP, innovation and ToT transactions (hence clauses on definition, interpretation).

-to facilitate recognition, protection, promotion, administration and enforcement of IP,

innovation and ToT (these depend to a large measure on definition of terms - what's

copyright?…)

2 See its publications on TNCs & UNTAD’s on ToT.

18

The distinction among IP, IPR, IPP, IPPR, etc.

-Recall examples of misuse of terminology in IP, innovation and ToT (Land Rover; Diana:

patenting of image hits a snag? Patent a book?...

Distinction among discovery, innovation, invention, creativity…..

IP is interdisciplinary: It implicates constitutional and administrative law; contract (eg licensing,

assignment, contract in restraint of trade; franchising - eg Kiambu General Transport Agency

Limited v. EABL; contractual licensing in IP, innovation and ToT); employment or labour law

(eg protecting employed authors, inventors, breeders…); competition (unfair competition;

contracts in restraint of trade; IP, innovation and ToT have characteristics of and relate to

exclusion and monopolistic practices (eg. s. 69 of IPA 2001, s. 92 IPA, 1989); minerals and

natural resources environmental and climate law (eg climate change mitigation v. climate change

adaptation; the debate on patenting GMOs and GMFs; biotech v. biodiversity; concerns for

protecting and rewarding traditional knowledge); corporate law (eg IP is a business or corporate

asset; an issue to be considered in asset inventorying and valuation; in balance sheets; in daily

business transactions; in securitisation; in taxation; during mergers and acquisitions (M&A));

gender (how to protect female innovators is crucial esp. in the context of traditional knowledge

v. patenting; folklore v. copyright; human rights law (IP is a property right, and part of human

rights; see Art. 27 UDHR which balances individual rights with social benefit from the

innovation; innovations for adapting to and mitigating climate change; tax law (taxing IP is an

emerging field - cf. Prof. Karrer’s case); consumer law (some consumer lawyers argue IP is anti-

consumer protection… consider trade in counterfeit products…); etc.

Readings

Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa: Transferring

Technology for Sustainable Development, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring,

Nairobi & Siaya, Chaps. 1 & 2.

Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Glossary,” in Intellectual Property, lx-lxv; Bainbridge, D. (2009)

“Glossary,” in Intellectual Property, iii-iv.

Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Introduction,” in Intellectual Property, Part One; Bainbridge, D. (2009)

“Introduction” in Intellectual Property Chap. 1.

Sherwood, R.M. (1990) “What intellectual property is” Chap. 2 of Sherwood, Intellectual

Property and Economic Development, pp. 11-40.

D.J. Dudek, R.B. Stewart, & J.B. Wiener, (1993) “Technology-based approaches versus market-

based approaches,” in P. Sands, (ed.) Greening International Law, Chap. 11, pp. 182-209.

Saggi Kamal, “Technology transfer and economic development,” in Hoekman. B et al (eds)

Development, Trade and the WTO, 351-358.

Ben Sihanya (1997) The State of Consumer Law in Kenya, PLI, Nairobi.

19

Ben Sihanya (1998) “Enhancing consumer participation and representation in Kenya” Paper

presented at the 44th Annual Conference of the American Council of Consumer Interests (ACCI),

Georgetown University Conference Center, Washington, DC.

WCED (1987) Our Common Future, OUP, New York, esp. Chap. 2, pp. 60-5; Chap. 3, pp. 87-

90.

Ben Sihanya (2008) “Intellectual property and mentoring for innovation and industrialization in

Kenya,” University of Nairobi Law Journal, Vol. 4 issue 1, 2008, pp. 20-46.

Ben Sihanya (2009) “Intellectual property and mentoring for innovation and industrialization in

Kenya,” Law Society of Kenya Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 29-57.

Ben Sihanya (2008) “Intellectual property for innovation and industrialisation in Kenya,” Vol 4. No.

2, Convergence, pp. 185-213, Journal of the International Bar Association, London.

Ben Sihanya (2006) “Intellectual property and innovation in Kenya: legal and regulatory issues in

business incubation,” in Prof Bernard Aduda (ed) Science and Technology Park Development for

Sustainable Industrial Growth, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,

Proceedings of the National Workshop in Commemoration of the Scientific Revival Day of Africa,

June 2004, Kenya National Academy of Sciences (KNAS), Nairobi, pp. 41-58.

B. Bowonder, & T. Miyake, (1994) “Technology development and Japanese industrial

competitiveness,” in E. Rhodes, & D. Wield, (eds.) Implementing New Technologies: Innovation

and the Management of Technology NCC Blackwell, Oxford, pp.53-74 [see also other

contributions in the volume].

The candidate should also internalise political economy of IP, innovation & ToT in Cameroon,

Nigeria, South Africa and Senegal.

The talking points in this regard cover the following themes and more.

The political economy of IP, innovation and ToT law is crucial to put the issues in context; it

also helps connect various sub-issues, narratives or anecdotes. (NB: law operates in a social,

political, technological and economic context). Eg: debates of the 1980s: Revise Paris

Convention? Place IP in GATT?

The subtopics include:

Brief history and development of IP (this is important in understanding the political economy on

IP and ToT)

(i) Technology and innovation in classical and neo-classical theory; cf. Schumpeterian

innovation.

(ii) Technological change and convergence: IP, innovation and ToT issues (bioinformatics,

telematics, nanotechnology, ...).

(iii) Technology and environmental governance or the green or gene movement.

(iv) Endogenous technological capability and informalisation of the economy.

(v) The human rights discourse in IP, technological development and innovation & ToT.

20

(vi) Technology and the [rise] of the consumer movement.

(vii) Postmodern and game theoretic analyses of innovation, IP and ToT transactions.

The candidate should also appreciate the conceptual parameters of IP, innovation and ToT. Some

of the key issues include:

(i) Is the subject IP or IPR, etc. (see Nomenclature, supra).

(ii) The case against IP.

(iii) Justifying IP, innovation and ToT.

(iv) Efficient management of IP, innovation and ToT.

(v) Theories of IP: natural or human rights; utilitarian or economic theories related to

incentives and rewards…

(vi) Forms of incentives and rewards in Kenya, Camerron, Senegal, South Africa and Nigeria

vis a vis European Union

- direct financial payments

- certificates of recognition or achievement …

- tax incentives

- Government procurement (including jua kali innovations and sheds…)

- appropriate policy

- Development plans; sessional papers

- Regulatory, legislative and judicial framework

- IP statutes and enforcement (e.g. KAS v. Prof Obel, infra)

- Innovative measures (cross cutting)

(vii) Development of transnational innovation, IP and ToT law

- The UN regime: WIPO (Paris, Berne, Madrid, Singapore Trademark Treaty, WIPO

Internet Treaties of 1996;

- TRIPs;

- ARIPO/OAPI

- EAC? COMESA? SADC? CMEA? UDEAC?

Government Policy

Republic of Kenya (2009) Vision 2030: A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya,

Government Printer, Nairobi

Republic of Kenya (1996) Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1996 on Industrial Transformation to the

Year 2020, Government Printer, Nairobi.

Republic of Kenya (1992) Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1992 on Small Enterprise and Jua Kali

Development in Kenya, Government Printer, Nairobi.

The student should also consider and compare Government policies in the following countries

and regions: Uganda, Camerron, Congo, Senegal, south Africa and the EU.

21

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya. Chaps. 1 & 2.

Ben Sihanya (2011-2015) “The economics of Intellectual Property” Intellectual Property Law

Teaching Notes & Materials, University of Nairobi Law School, LLB IV.

Ben Sihanya (1999) “Negotiating IP in Seattle and beyond: strategies for protecting Southern

Trade and development interests,” Working paper presented at the Southern Seminar for the

WTO Millennium Round, MS-Training Centre for Development Co-operation (MS-TCDC),

Arusha, October 18-22, 1999; revised and published in EcoNews Africa, Nairobi.

K.E. Maskus, “Benefiting from Intellectual Property Protection” in B. Hoekman et al. (eds)

Development Trade and the WTO, pp 369-381.

Bankole Sodipo (2017) Copyright Law: Principle, Practice and Procedure, Swan Publishers,

Lagos, Nigeria.

2. The development of the TRIPs Agreement and its Provisions; IP and innovation in

Regional Trade Agreements IP and innovation in Economic Partnership Agreements

(EPAs)

- From GATT to WTO TRIPs

- TRIPs provisions: core provisions on key IP doctrines: patent & TS? Or knowhow, TM

& UC, ©

- TRIPs challenges and prospects

- ARIPO - development

- ARIPO - core instruments

- OAPI- development & core instruments

- Regional Trade Arrangement (RTA) - various categories: treatment of IP and Innovation

- EPA- various categories; treatment of IP and innovation. Cf RTA

3. Patent and Related Doctrines (including comparison with utility models, PBRs, and

traditional knowledge)

(i) Definition - a certificate; a property right or juridical relationship

(ii) Status of patent in IP “hierarchy”

(iii) Development of patent law in Kenya Cf. Camerron, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa -

problems of the dependent system; WIPO Model law

Patentability - novelty (IPA, 2001 s. 23; Cf. Patents (Amendment) Act of Uganda, 2002, Law

No. 2000/011 of December 19, 2000 on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights (Cameroon), Law

No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial Property in Burundi, 2009, Patents Act, Chapter 49:02,

1986 (Malawi), South African Patents Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act,

2002).

- inventive step (who is PHOSITA?) (IPA, 2001 s. 24)

-industrial applicability (industrial and commercial ... utility) (s. 22 & s. 25)

22

-excluded subject matter (ss. 21 & 26 IPA, 2001); temporary exclusion (s. 26)

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya. Chaps 1 & 2.

Adejoke O. Oyewunmi (2018) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, University of Lagos Press

& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Part 3: Chapters 9-13.

Paul Goldstein and Marketa Trimble (2012) International Intellectual Property Law: Cases and

Materials, Foundation Press & Thomson Reuters, (3rd ed)

Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Patent law – background, basic principles and practical aspects” (chap.

11), “Requirements of patentability, Chap.12;

Bainbridge (2009) “Patent law, background, basic principles and practical aspects” (chap. 11),

“Requirements of patentability, Chap.12.

Bainbridge, (1996) Intellectual Property, “Requirements for patentability and ownership of

patents,” Chap. 13 of Intellectual Property, pp. 292-326.

Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 3: “Growth and purpose of patents.”; Cornish,

Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) Chap. 3: “Growth and purpose of patents.”



Nairobi & Siaya. Chap. 3: “Patentability in Kenya and Africa.”

Domnick A. Conde (2017) Intellectual Property Review, Law Business Research Ltd, London,

UK, 6th ed.

Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of copyright, Trade Marks,

Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria.

3.1 Patent and related doctrines: International patenting procedure and regulations

Cf. Industrial Property Act, Kenya, 2001 s. 23; Patents (Amendment) Act of Uganda, 2002;; Law

No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial Property in Burundi, 2009; Patents Act, Chapter 49:02,

1986 (Malawi); South African Patents Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act,

2002); Nigeria’s Patent and Designs Act.

-request, etc. (s. 34 IPA)

-exam as to form (s. 41 IPA)

-exam as to substance (s.44 IPA)

-what if application is rejected? (Tribunal…) (s. 47); cf. patent interference

proceedings- Cf. Camerron’s Law No. 2016/007 of July 12, 2016.

23

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya. Chapters 3 (Patent Systems and Patentability in Kenya and Africa) & 4 (Patent

Procedures, Ownership, Rights and Obligations in Kenya and Africa).



Nairobi & Siaya. Chap. 4: “Patent procedures, ownership, rights and obligations in Kenya and

Africa.”


& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Part 3: Chapters 9-13.

Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 4: “The Patent: Grant and Content,” Chap. 5:

“Validity”; Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) Chap. 4 “The patent: grant and content,” Chap. 5:

“Validity”

Bainbridge, D. (2009) “Patent law – background, basic principles and practical aspects” (chap.

11); Bainbridge (2009) “Patent law, background, basic principles and practical aspects”

Domnick A. Conde (2017) Intellectual Property Review, Law Business Research Ltd, London,

UK, 6th ed.

Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of copyright, Trade Marks,

Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria.

4. Rights and obligations of patentee

(i) -Rights - s. 53 IPA, s. 17, S&T Act; ss. 16, 35-38… IPA- Ownership of and dealing with

patent - employment scenario etc. (s. 17 S&T Act; s. 32 IPA 2001, s. 17 S&T Act; s. 17 IPA;

s. 15 IPA; s.16 IPA

(ii) Commercial aspects of patent.

(iii) Duration and renewal or maintenance of patents (s. 60 IPA).

(iv) Infringement, defences and remedies.

(v) Sectoral focus of patents and related doctrines.

Cf. Patents (Amendment) Act of Uganda, 2002; Law No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial

Property in Burundi, 2009; Patents Act, Chapter 49:02, 1986 (Malawi); South African Patents

Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act, 2002; Camerron’s Law No. 2016/007 of

July 12, 2016.

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya. Chaps. 3 (Patent Systems and Patentability in Kenya and Africa), 4 (Patent

24

Procedures, Ownership, Rights and Obligations in Kenya and Africa) & 5 (Patent Infringement,

Defences and Remedies).


& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapters 11-13.



Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 6: “Scope of monopoly,” Chap. 7: “Property rights

and exploitation.”; Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) “Scope of monopoly” (Chap.6), Chap.7:

“Property rights and exploitation”

Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Ownership, dealing with patents, safety and security, and crown use”

(chap. 13); Bainbridge (2009) Chap. 13 “Ownership, dealing with patent, safety and security, and

crown use”

Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Patents – infringement, remedies and criminal offences” (chap. 14);

Bainbridge (2009) Chap. 14 “Patents- infringement remedies and criminal offences”

Bainbridge, D. (2012) “Patents – defences, groundless threats and revocation” (chap. 15);

Bainbridge (2009) Chap. 15 “Patents –defences, groundless threats and revocation”

Kimani, D. (199) “Kenyan firms contest the right to sell drug” The East African

(Nairobi) October 4-10, p. 4 (on alleged baseless threat of infringement; defence of patent

expiry: manufacture and sale of branded and generic drugs …)

Joseph Jar Kur (2015) Intellectual Property Law and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: Principles

and Practice, Aboki Publishers, Abuja, Chapter 8.

Case law

Beecham Group Ltd. v. International Products Ltd. [1968] EA 398-406.

Electrolux v. Hudson (1997) FSR 312 (Bainbridge (2012), at 500 etc)

Hygiene Bins Limited v. Sanitam Services (E.A) Ltd [2015] Eklr.

Faulu Kenya Deposit Taking Microfinance Limited v. Safaricom Limited [2012]Eklr

For more cases and analysis, see Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property & Innovation Law:

Transferring Technology for Sustainable Development, IL & SM , Nairobi & Siaya; Ben Sihanya

(forthcoming 2020) IPILKA: Cases and Materials, IL & SM, Nairobi & Siaya.

12. Patenting life forms: biopatents v. traditional knowledge [We consider biopatents here).

Utility models and the patentability of computer programs (under copyright) are relevant

here. Relate to: Political Economy: Tech change; and Enviro mov’t).

- biotech v biodiv: biopatents (GMOs, cloning…) (s. 26 & 29 IPA; Art. 27 (3) (b) TRIPs

- ethical/moral (consider cloning, genetic engineering, genetically modified foods etc)

25

- religious (humans playing God?)

- political (the decision is political; sovereignty debate; political fall out - sleepless in

Seattle…)

- economic issues

- social/legal- marginalisation; only individuals have rights?

- traditional knowledge

- pharmaceutical industries and biopiracy/traditional knowledge: protection and

exploitation of traditional knowledge

Cf. Arts 3, 8(j), 15, 16 and 19 CBD - harmonizing the legal issues

The Role of the Patent and Trade Mark Attorney

Cf. Patents (Amendment) Act of Uganda, 2002; Law No. 1/13 of July 28, 2009 on Industrial

Property in Burundi, 2009; Patents Act, Chapter 49:02, 1986 (Malawi); South African Patents

Act 1978 (As amended by Patents Amendment Act, 2002; Camerron’s Law No. 2016/007 of

July 12, 2016.

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 3 (Patent Systems and Patentability in Kenya and Africa), Chapter 4

(Patent Procedures, Ownership, Rights and Obligations in Kenya and Africa), Chapter 5 (Patent

Infringement, Defences and Remedies) & Chapter 7 (Plant and Animal Breeder’s Rights in

Kenya and Africa: Appropriate IP for Genetic Resources and Biodiversity).

Ben Sihanya (1994) “Technology transfer, intellectual property rights and biosafety: strategies

for implementing the Convention on Biodiversity” Agbiotech News and Information (London)

vol. 6 No. 3, 53N-60N.

Adejoke O. Oyewumni (2015) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, Unievrsity of Lagos Press

and Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapters 9-13.

Anne Njoki Kingiri (2010) “Experts to the rescue? An analysis of the role of experts in

biotechnology regulation in Kenya,” Journal of International Development, 22, 325-340.

Ann Njoki Kingiri & Seife Ayele (2009) “Towards a smart biosafety regulation: The case of

Kenya,” Environ. Biosafety Res. 8 (2009), 133-139.

Shiva, Vandana (1994) “Farmers’ rights and the Convention on Biodiversity” Biodiplomacy

Chap. 6, pp. 107-118.

Wangwe, S.M. (1991) Industrial property protection and technological innovation: A case study

of the United Republic of Tanzania UNCTAD, Geneva, (13 pp).

Mehrotra, N.N. (22.8.1987) “Indian Patents Act, the Paris Convention and self-reliance”

Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 1461-65.

26

Kerubo, Yvonne (1999) Genetically modified foods: discourse on biosafety, international trade

and intellectual property LLB dissertation, University of Nairobi.

Juma, C. et al. (1993) “State innovation policies,” in The Adaptive Economy: Economic Crisis

and Technological Innovation ACTS, Nairobi, Chap 7, pp. 155-86. (NB: in certain sections, this

work calls for an IP Act in terms which had been enacted in 1989).

Juma, C. (1989) The Gene Hunters: Biotechnology and the Scramble for Seeds Zed Books,

London (esp. Chap. 5: “Life as intellectual property,” pp. 149-78).

Gopo, Joseph & Patricia Kameri-Mbote (2005) “Biotechnology: a turning point in development

or an opportunity that will be misiled,” in Trading in Genes.

6. Copyright and Related Rights

6A. Copyright nomenclature

(i) Definition of copyright and related rights

(ii) Historical dev. of © law

- Brief history of copyright law from the invention of the printing press to date. Why

from then?

- link between UK law and Kenya’s © Act

- sources of copyright law (Cap. 130 of 1966; Copyright Act No 12 of 2001, Cap 130;

Judicature Act)

- difficulties with s. 51© Act... i.e. © subsists only under Act or other written law

- Cf. South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda

(iii) Copyrightability: Original; Original; Material, tangible or fixed form, aesthetics, quality;

quantity, proceeds v. de minimis (in the intellectual or creative, sense v. in terms of volume);

points of attachment: on nationality or citizenship (national treatment); where protection is

claimed…; idea expression dichotomy

(iv) Subject matter of © - primary v. related works (secondary? derivative?), etc. esp. s. 22 and

s. 2 ( see s. 3 and s. 2 of Cap 130)

(v) Duration of copyright - Cf. De Wolfe copyright of a “rendition” of the Kenyan national

anthem.

(ii) International development of © and related rights

- Berne 1886 (Paris Text 1971)

- Universal Copyright Convention 1952 (UCC)

- International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms

and Broadcasting Organizations, aka the Rome Convention 1961

Other conventions on related rights

- European Convention Relating to Questions on Copyright Law and

Neighbouring Rights in the Framework of Transfrontier Broadcasting by Satellite

- Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms

against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms

27

- TRIPs 1994

- WCT 1996

- WPPT 1996

- Africa - no transnational regime (cf. ARIPO, OAPI)

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 8 (Copyright and Related Rights in Kenya and Africa).


Lagos, Nigeria.


& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapter 2-8.

John O. Asein (2012) Nigerian Copyright Law and Practice, Books and Gavel Publishers,

Abuja, Nigeria, 2nd ed.

‘Jide Babafemi (2007) Intellectual Property: The Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade Marks,

Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria, Chapters 1-4.

Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 2: “Copyright and related rights” pp. 31-39 & Chap. 3:

“Subsistence of copyright” pp. 41-89; Bainbridge (2009) Intellectual Property, Chap. 2

(Background basic principles) & chap. 3 (Subsistence of copyright), at 31-80.

Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Intellectual property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and

Allied Rights, Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chap. 10 “Range and aims of copyright,” pp. 387-425

& 11 “Subsistence of copyright”, at 427-465.


Allied Rights, Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chapters 10 “Range and aims of copyright” & 11

“Subsistence of copyright”, at 399-476.

Xavier Greffe (2006) Managing Creative Enterprises, Creative industries- Booklet No. 3, World

Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.

WIPO (2007) Rights, Camera, Action!: IP rights and the film making process, Creative

industries – Booklet No. 2, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva Switzerland.

WIPO (2013) Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry: A Business-

Oriented Information Booklet, Creative industries – Booklet No. 1, World Intellectual Property

Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.

28

David Stopps (2013) How to make a living from music, Creative industries – Booklet No. 4,

World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2nd ed.

WIPO (2013) Managing Intellectual Property in the advertising industry, Creative industries –

Booklet No. 5, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.

WIPO (2011) From Script to Screen: The Importance of Copyright in the Distribution of Films,

Creative industries – Booklet No. 6, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva,

Switzerland.

David Greenspan (2013) Mastering the game: Business and legal issues for video game

developers, Creative industries – No. 8, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva,

Switzerland.

Gordon V. Smith & Vladimir Yossifov (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assets By Creative

Enterprises, Creative Industries – Booklet No.7, World Intellectual Property Organisation,

Geneva, Switzerland.

Audio Visual Networks in East Africa (2009) Audio Visual Guide East Africa, Film Africa

Kenya Ltd, Nairobi.

WIPO (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assests by Creative Enterprises, Creative industries-

Booklet No. 7, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva.

D.C. Rotich and K.S. Buigutt (eds) (2008) Contemporary Publishing and Book Trade in Kenya,

Moi university Press, Eldoret, Kenya.

WIPO (2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based

Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva.

Dickson Nyariki, Oliver Wasonga, Calleb Otieno, Erik Ogadho, Charles Ikutwa and Julius

Kithinji (2007) “The economic contribution of copyright-based industries in kenya” in WIPO

(2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based

Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva,

25-94.

National Council for Administration of Justice (Ke) (2014) Enforcement Manual to Combat

Illicit Trade in Kenya, National Council for Administration of Justice, Nairobi, Kenya.

6B. Authorship and ownership of copyright

(i) Authorship s. 31 (cf. s. 13 of Cap 130 1966…)

Meaning and significance of authorship:

29

(ii) Who is an author? anonymous, pseudonymous; significance of authorship

(iii)Meaning and significance of ownership.

(iv) Overlap, fragmentation in authorship and ownership

-employment or under contract of service; commission or consultancy; government or

NGO/religious organisations? or international body; reporters or editors; lecture or

dictation scenarios; supervision

6C. Rights conferred by ©; dealing in © or exploitation of © (ss. 26-29; 33; etc)

(i) Defining moral and economic rights

(ii) Generic rights in copyright:

(a) right to voluntary registration

(b) Right to use copyright work

(c) Right to licence, assign …

(d) Right to import copyright work

(e) Right to transfer

(f) Right to exclude others from copyright use

(g) Right to abuse or misuse copyright subject to police (or the state’s regulatory)

powers

(h) Rights under a compulsory licence

(iii) Rights based on the specific subject matter of copyright.

(iv) Duration: extension, revival; public domain.

(v) © administration (consider the role of the copyright office (like Kenya © Board,

the private organizations including the CS (or collective management

organisations) such as Music Copyright Society of Kenya, the Reprographic

Organisation of Kenya (KOPIKEN), Performers Rights Society of Kenya

(PRSK), the Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP) .... What is their

role in administration of copyright and related rights? Where do they draw their

authority from? (ss. 46, 48)

-Copyright management and administration:

-registration (process, cost...)

-Collecting Society or Collective Management Organisations (CMOs)

-Competent Authority (“Copyright Tribunal”)

-KECOBO

- Collective copyright litigation: rules, procedure and evidence etc. What courts have what

jurisdiction? especially in light of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010.

-IP/copyright in Constitution 2010 (cf Uganda, S.A, Nigeria, Egypt) “Faction” cf Stanford

Lawyer Magazine; fun v. fan fiction and related copyright issues

-Reforming Competent Authority, Cf. Nigeria, UK, South Africa, Ghana, USA; Industrial

Property Tribunal, etc.

Cf. the relevant statutes and provisions in Nigeria, Senegal, Cameroon, and South Africa.

Cf. De Wolfe copyright of a “rendition” of the Kenyan national anthem.

30

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 8 (Copyright and Related Rights in Kenya and Africa), Chapter 9

(Copyright Infringement, Defences and Remedies), Chapter 10 (Digital Copyright in Kenya and

Africa), Chapter 11 (Rights in a Performance in Kenya and Africa).

Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa:

Cases and Material, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.


Lagos, Nigeria.







Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 4: “Authorship and ownership of copyright” pp. 91-125; Bainbridge

(2009), Chap. 4: “Authorship and ownership of copyright;” Bainbridge (2009) chap. 5:

“Author’s rights.”

Bently & Sherman (2009), Chap. 5 “Authorship and first ownership”; Bently & Sherman (2009),

chap. 6: “Nature of right”; chap. 11: “Exploitation and use of copyright,” chap. 12: pp. 278-302.


Allied Rights, Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chap. 11 “Subsistence of copyright,” pp. 427-465;

Chap. 14: “Copyright particular cases,” pp. 553-587; Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), “Limits

of exploitation,” Chap. 11: “Subsistence of copyright,” pp. 439-476; Chap. 13: “Property rights

and exploitation,” pp. 529-561; Chap. 14: “Copyright particular cases,” pp. 563-598.

6D. Infringement of ©

Administration or ex officio measures. Civil remedies (injunction, damages, delivery up, account

of profits) v. criminal sanctions… (ss. 35, 38)

Defences: © does not subsist; fair dealing; public interest… (NB: ss. 26-29©Act 2001; ss. 7-12

Cap 130); Add: British Leyland v. Armstrong Patents: ©, and design rights do not grant

monopoly rights (take into account consumer interests); to say there is infringement would allow

a party to derogate from a grant (have their cake and eat it) - i.e. others should be able to repair

the exhaust pipe …

31

See cases from Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Cameroon, in Sihanya’s books

and other sources (below).

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya.

Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya and Africa II:

Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring, Nairobi & Siaya.

Shirley Arlentrice Gulenywa (2018) Regulating Ringtone Technology in Kenya, LLM Thesis,

University of Nairobi.


Lagos, Nigeria.







Bentley & Sherman (2009) Chap. 8: “Infringement,” Chap. 9: “Defences”

Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 6: “Rights, infringement and remedies” pp. 154-209; Bainbridge

(2009) Chap. 6: “Rights, infringement and remedies,”

Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 7: “Defences to copyright infringement and the permitted acts” pp.

211-253; Bainbridge (2009) Chap.7 “Defences to copyright infringement and the permitted acts”

Cf fair dealing, private use, criticism or review – section 26 of the Copyright Act No 12 of 2001.

Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013), Chap. 12: “Infringement of copyright and moral rights,” pp.

467-517; Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), Chap. 12: “Infringement of copyright and moral

rights,” pp. 477-527.

Mihaly Ficsor (2002) Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights, World

Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva.

Cases

Republic v. Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP), Performers rights Society of Kenya,

Kenya Copyright Board & Prof Ben Sihanya, High Court of Kenya Judicial Review Case No 335

of 2013, at Nairobi (Coram: G. V. Odunga, J.).

32

Cellulant Kenya Limited v. Music Copyright Society of Kenya Limited High Court of Kenya

Civil Case No 154 of 2009, at Nairobi (Coram: L. Kimaru, J.).

6C. Digital Copyright: Protecting and Promoting ICT through Copyright

(a) Copyright and IP for computer software and e-commerce innovations [detailed

discussion in S&T - hardware v. software (work with Benkler-Lessig model: ©, patent, trade

mark, commons, proprietary)

- what is patentable and what is copyrightable? Source code, functionality?

“To patent or to copyright, that is the question.” Or apply trade secrets law?

Discourse:

-Intellectual effects are not patentable; industrial effects are

- patent provides strong protection, but:

- difficulty of determining prior art

- disclosure of source code may be required

- infringement could be difficult to establish

- length of time to obtain a patent (about 3 years) makes it inappropriate for software developers

- patents have stronger exclusive or, “ monopoly” characteristics (good and bad?)

- copyright - long duration of protection

- protection of business methods

- under the TRIPs Agreement 1994 - software protectable as literary work under Berne.

- US, Australia - patentable; in Jan 1999, the US Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO)

granted the Quick Install Process Patent (QIPP) to an American who claimed to have invented a

“process [which] does not suffer from any of the limitations all other Y2K tools have, [and]

which works on everything, installs much faster than other methods and does not require a lot of

costly programmers to use or install.”

see Rep of Kenya (1999) Special Gazette Notice No. 7560 of 30.12.1999 on Y2K Guidelines

- UK - not quite patentable, see Merrill Lynch case (electronic securities trading system

patentable in US, not UK, now debatable in UK).

- Kenya – patentable (Industrial Property Act, 2001 doesn’t exclude computer software or

algorithm unlike 1989 Industrial Property Act); copyrightable (s. 2) © Act, 2001) but where are

the details? Copyright for source code? Object code? Applications? Operating system?

(b) Copyright in the internet

(c) Copyright in social media readings

(d) Copyright issues in artificial intelligence, 3D printing, Mpesa and related financial

technologies.

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya.



33

Ben Sihanya (2009) “Copyright in e-commerce and music industry in Kenya” in Prof Moni

Wekesa and Ben Sihanya (eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya, Konrad-Adeneur-Stiftung,

Nairobi, pp. 133-176. Printed on October 23, 2009 and launched on November 10, 2009, at

Panafric Hotel, Nairobi.

Ben Sihanya (2012) “Digital copyright in Kenya (2012)” Vol 8 No.1 Law Society of Kenya

Journal 119-148.

Ben Sihanya (2015) “Copyright and Broadcasting in the Digital Environment: Challenges and

Opportunities” presented at the ARIPO National Roving Seminar on Making Better Use of

Intellectual Property for Business Competitiveness and Development in Africa: Protection and

Promotion of Copyright and Related Rights, organised by the African Regional Industrial

Property Organisation & the Kenya Copyright Board held on March 16 2015 to March 17, 2015

at Sarova Stanley Hotel, Nairobi Kenya.

Cases

Cariou v. Prince, 714 F.3d 694 (2d Cir. 2013)

Modern Dog Design Company v. Target Corporation et al, case number 2:11-cv-01816

Fairey v. Associated Press, No. 09-01123 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)

See other cases and analysis in Ben Sihanya’s IPILKA I & II.

7. Trade Mark, Trade Names and Related Doctrines

Trade Mark Nomenclature, development, Purposes: Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and

Africa

(i) What are TMs?: Trade mark law addresses the question, what is in a name?

-TM, SM, trade names, certification marks, collective marks, passing off, uc…

(ii) Historical dev of TM

-Paris, TRIPs, WIPO TM Treaty 1996 Cf Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks

-UK and Kenyan law (1938, 1994 UK Acts; amendments to Kenyan Trade Marks Act, Cap 506)

(iii)Purposes or objectives of TM

(iv) Registration and registrability in Kenya and Africa: distinctive v. capable of

distinguishing; (confusion and association: Wagamama)

(v) Trade mark use as a basis of protection and promotion (bona fide use; use in TM sense…

mother case)

(vi) TM v. passing off (cf. s. 5 TM Act)

(vii) Protection and promotion of notorious marks (s. 15A TM Act; Art. 6 bis of Paris)

Key National Legislation from selected African and other countries

1. Trade Marks Act, Cap. 506 amended by the Trade Marks (Amendment) Act, 2002-

Kenya.

2. Trade Mark Rules and Regulations.

3. Trade Marks Act, 2010- Uganda

4. Trade Marks Act, Chapter 49:01, 1967- Malawi

34

5. Trade Marks Act, 1993- South Africa.

Key International Instruments

1. Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, including Trade

in Counterfeit Goods, 1994 (TRIPs).

2. Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, 1891.

3. Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks (2006) superseded Trademark Law

Treaty (TLT), 1994.

4. Protocol to the Madrid Agreement on the International Registration of Marks, 1989.

5. NICE Agreement concerning the international classification of goods and services.

6. Paris Convention, 1883 (well known marks, Art. 6 bis; service marks need not be

registered? Art. 6 sexies); GATT TRIPs Code, 1994; WIPO Trademark Law Treaty

(adopted 1994 and entered into force 1996).

7. Agreement by the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO)

(1976, 1982, 2002).

8. Banjul Protocol on Marks, 1993 (came into force 1997).

9. Bangui Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization, Constituting a Revision of the Agreement Relating to the Creation of

an African and Malagasy Office of Industrial Property (Bangui (Central African

Republic), March 2, 1977)

7B. Rights conferred by TM and dealing with TM, infringement, defences, remedies and

reforms

(i) Trade mark rights

(ii) Trade mark dealing and transactions

(iii)Revocation: e.g. genericisation, eg thermos, aspirin, “a Tusker”…, “Zainer” “toss it in,”

“Otonglo Faulu,” “Amina Faulu” – Faulu Bank “googling” (impact of advertising;

competition’s sale or marketing, and consumer practices …)

Cf. “Hakuna matata” trade mark registration in the US.

(iv) Infringement

(v) defences - Mother Care/Other Care... not used in a TM sense, etc; Beirsdorf (Nivea v.

Niveline...)

(vi) Remedies for TM reforms- injunction, damages, expunction, self help …

(vii) Trade mark reforms

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya. Chap 13 (Trade Mark Law and Registration in Kenya and Africa) & Chap 14

(Trade Mark Proprietorship, Infringement, Defences and Remedies in Kenya and Africa).





35



“Trade mark law in Kenya” - untitled; clause by clause analysis of TM Act, Cap. 506.

“Diana’s estate loses fight to patent (sic) her face” International Express (London) 9-15 Feb

1999, p. 5.

Ben Sihanya (2000) “Intellectual property confronts counterfeiting in Africa….”

“McDonald’s Corporation” from Hoover’s Handbook of American Business, 1995

Anecdote on Land Rover in Brazil (4 pieces in the Financial Times, 1991)

Lux, G. (1998) “Parallel imports: whom should trade marks protect?” Consumer Policy Review

Nov/Dec 1998 vol. 8 No. 6, pp. 222-4.

Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 19: “Trade marks – introduction and background” pp. 687-700;

Bainbridge, D.I. (2009) “Trade marks - background and prior law” Intellectual Property, Chap.

19, pp. 625-636.

Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 21: “The UK trade mark – rights, infringements, defences, remedies

and criminal offences” pp. 776-835; Bainbridge, D.I. (2009) Intellectual Property, Chap. 21:

“The UK Trade mark rights, infringement, limitations and defences, remedies and criminal

offences,” pp. 708-752.

Goldstein & Reese (2010), pp. 167-401, “Trade mark law.”

Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 18: “Registered Trade marks.” pp. 693-790; Cornish

& Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), Chap. 18: Registered Trade marks,” pp. 707-814.

Bentley & Sherman (2009), Chapters 42: “Exploitation and use of trade marks,” pp. 959-974

Sihanya (2016) IP and Innovation in Kenya and Africa,

Chudnovsky, D. (1979) “Foreign trademarks in developing countries” World Development pp.

663-82.

Schechter, F. “The rationale of trademark protection” 40 (1927) Harvard Law Review 813-33.

Nyakundi Nyamboga (1998) “KBL duped me to sign contract, says MP” EA Standard (Nairobi)

September 24, Thursday, p. 8.

Case law

A. Jonkoping-Vulcan I. v. EA Match Co. Ltd [1964] EA 62-70 (TM infringement/passing off;

sailing ship label v. device of steamship).

36

Re An Application by the American Cyanamid Co. [1968] EA 270-73.

London Overseas Trading Co. Ltd v. The Raleigh Cycle Co. Ltd [1959] EA 1012-18 (“lale” and

“raleigh”).

Coca Cola Export Corporation v. Registrar of Trade Marks [1969] EA 677-80 (burden of proof

for registration; word (“splash”) refers to character of goods? Public perceptions).

Assabwalla v. Khadija Bint Gafoor & Others [1962] EA 571-9 (bona fide use of own name in

competition to registered trade mark upheld as not constituting infringement - see s. 11 TM Act,

Cap. 506, Kenya).

Re An Application by Bourjois Ltd. [1964] EA 265-9 (proposed TM likely to deceive; application

declined).

Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation [SAAC] v. Saudi Kenya Enterprises Ltd. [SKEL] (1982-88)

1KAR 917-28.

Brooke Bond Kenya Ltd. v. Chai Ltd. [1971] EA 10-16 (TM, passing off).

EA Industries Ltd. v. Trufoods Ltd. [1972] EA 421-23 (passing off; - but also TM).

Parke Davis & Co. Ltd. v. Opa Pharmacy Ltd. [1961] EA 556-64.

British American Tobacco K Ltd. v. Cut Tobacco Ltd. HCCC No. 354 of 1999 (The EastAfrican

April 19-25, 1999, p. 3: “Kenya cigarette makers in trademark dispute”). “Sportsman v.

Horseman;”

Mothercare (UK) Ltd. v. Penguin Books Ltd. [1988] RPC 113 (in Bainbridge pp. 449, 467, 485).

Drum Publications (EA) Limited & Jared Benson Kagwana v. Media 24 Limited, Nation Media

Group Limited, East African Magazines Limited, The Registrar of Trade Marks & The Registrar

of Books and Newspapers, High Court of Nairobi Civil Suit No 561 of 2004, at Nairobi (Anyara

Emukule, J.).

“Sportsman v. Horseman;”“G4S;” “Pep Tang”...

7C. Domain Name in Kenya and Africa

(i) Nomenclature and conceptualisation of domain name in Kenya and Africa

(j) Juridical regime and administration of domain name in Kenya, South Africa,

Senegal and USA.

- Domain name regulation

- Kenya Network Information Centre (KeNIC)

- Internet Corporation for for Assigned names

(k) Registration of domain names

(l) Rights and obligations under domain name system

37

(m) Infringement of domain names

- Cyber squatting

- Cyber piracy

- Typo squatters

- Confusing use

- Meta-tagging

- Word stuffing, blacking and cloaking

- Spamming

(n) Defences, Remedies and Sanctions

(o) WIPO’s Uniform Domain Name Dispute resolution policy

(p) Challenges, opportunities and reforms to domain name system in Kenya and

Africa.

Readings

Ben Sihanya (2016) Intellectual Property and Innovation Law in Kenya and Africa:

Transferring Technology for Sustainable Development, IL & SM, Nairobi & Siaya. Chapter 16.



Ben Sihanya (2009) “Copyright in e-commerce and music industry in Kenya” in Prof Moni

Wekesa and Ben Sihanya (eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya, Konrad-Adeneur-Stiftung,

Nairobi, pp. 133-176. Printed on October 23, 2009 and launched on November 10, 2009, at

Panafric Hotel, Nairobi.

Ben Sihanya (2012) “Digital copyright in Kenya (2012)” Vol 8 No.1 Law Society of Kenya

Journal 119-148.

Ben Sihanya (2015) “Copyright and Broadcasting in the Digital Environment: Challenges and

Opportunities” presented at the ARIPO National Roving Seminar on Making Better Use of

Intellectual Property for Business Competitiveness and Development in Africa: Protection and

Promotion of Copyright and Related Rights, organised by the African Regional Industrial

Property Organisation & the Kenya Copyright Board held on March 16 2015 to March 17, 2015

at Sarova Stanley Hotel, Nairobi Kenya.

Sally M. Abel (1999) “Trademark issues in cyber: The brave new frontier,” 5 Mich. telecomm.

Tech. L. Rev 91.

Sheldon Burshtein (2005) “Is domain name property,” Vol. 1 No. 1, Journal of Intellectual

Property Law and Practice, 59.

WIPO Secretariat (2001) “Internationalised Domain Names: Intellectual property

considerations,” WIPO Briefing Paper, presented at the Multilingual Domain Names: Joint

ITU/WIPO Symposium, December 6 and 7, Geneva.

38





25-94.

Cases

London Overseas trading Co. Ltd v. The Raleigh Cycle Co. Ltd [1959] EALR 1012-18.

Parke Davis v. Opa Pharmacy [1961] EALR 556.

Beirsdorf Ag. v. Emirchem Products Ltd [2002] eKLR.

Kenya Airways v. Caroline Kariemu (2000) ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution

case No. AF-0313.

Daly & Figgis Advocates v. Dwayne Tilleman (2011) Case No. D2011-0153.

Barclays Bank PLC v. Jambo Cus (2010), WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Centre Case No.

D2010-0271.

8. Performer’s Rights, Rights of the Producers of Sound Recordings and Rights of

Broadcasting Organisations (of character merchandising; protecting and securing benefits from

the image of celebrities, etc

a) Definition of performer’s rights

rights of a performer s. 30 © Act 2001). Cf. Copyright Act of Uganda, Copyright and Related

Rights Act of Nigeria.

-rights in performance

-endorsement

-sponsorship

-character merchandising

b) Historical development of performer’s rights

c) Protection and administration of performer’s rights in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa.

-civil & criminal aspects (ss. 35, 38)

d) Rights and obligations under performer’s rights legal regime

-rights of the producer of sound recordings s. 28. The producer of the sound recording has the

exclusive right to control the reproduction, distribution of copies, hiring, loaning and

communication to the public or broadcasting of any part or the whole of the sound recording.

-rights of the broadcasting organizations s. 29. The broadcasting organisation has the right to

control the fixation and the rebroadcasting of the broadcast. The right of a broadcasting

organisation shall include the right to control the taking of still photographs there from.

e) Infringement

f) Remedies and sanctions

Reforms to the performer’s rights regime in Kenya and Africa.

39

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 11 (Rights in a Performance in Kenya and Africa) & 15 (Character

Merchandising, Endorsement and Sponsorship in Kenya and Africa).

Ben Sihanya (2015) “Character merchandising, endorsement and sponsorship in Kenya and

Africa,” University of Nairobi Law Journal, University of Nairobi, Nairobi.

Ben Sihanya (2013) “Rights in a performance in Kenya” South African Intellectual Property

Law Journal 59-85, (SAIPLJ), L. Tong and C. Ncube (eds), Juta Co Ltd (November) (Chapter

8).

Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 9: “Rights in performance” pp. 321-341; Bainbridge (2009) Chap.

9: “Rights in performances” see also: “Subsistence of copyright,” “Authorship and ownership of

copyright” “Moral rights” “Infringement and remedies” Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6 of Intellectual Property.

Bainbridge, D. (2009) “Authorship and Ownership of Copyright,” and “Infringement and

Remedies,” Intellectual Property pp. 65-85; 108-143.

Bently & Sherman (2009) Chap. 13: “Related rights: performers’ rights, database right,

technological protection measure, rights managed information, public lending right, and droit de

suite intel”

Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 14: “Copyright: Particular cases”; Cornish, Llewelyn

& Aplin (2010) Chap. 14: “Copyright: particular cases”

Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Intellectual Property Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chaps. 9,

10, 11, 12, 13.

Cornish & David Llewelyn (1996) Intellectual Property Sweet & Maxwell, London, Chaps. 9,

10, 11, 12, 13.


Kenya Ltd, Nairobi.

World Intellectual Property organisation (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assests by Creative

Enterprises, WIPO, Geneva, Creative Industries Booklet No. 7.






40


25-94.

Wambugu, B. (2012) “Safaricom seeks out-of-court deal in copyright dispute,” in Business Daily

on Tuesday, September 18, 2012, at http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-

News/Safaricom-seeks-out-of-court-deal-in-copyright/-/539550/1511258/-/noayaaz/-/index.html

(accessed 26/3/2013).

Breyer, S. (1970) “The uneasy case of copyright: a case study of copyright in books,

photocopies, and computer programs” vol. 84 No. 2 Harvard Law Review 281-351.

Kuloba, R. (1987) Principles of Injunctions, pp. 124-152 (contains materials and local case law

on ©, TM…).

McFarlane, G. (1986) Copyright through the Cases Waterlow Publishers Ltd., London.

Chege, J.W. (1978) Copyright Law and Publishing in Kenya Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi

(esp. chap. 3: “Copyright law in colonial and independent Kenya,” pp. 97-123)

Kumar, U. (1991) “Copyright law and its application in Lesotho: principles of copyright and

fields covered by copyright” (folklore addressed at pp 23-28?)

Githaiga, J.W. (1998) “Intellectual property law and the protection of indigenous folklore and

knowledge,” vol. 5 No. 2 E Law - Murdoch University Electronic Law J’nl.

Ben Sihanya (2006) “Copyright and related rights and their economic potential to performing

artists” paper presented to the Training Workshop for Performing Artists organised by the Kenya

Copyright Board and the Society for Performing Artists of Kenya (SPAK), The Kenya National

Theatre, Nairobi, April 20, 2006.

Nagla Rizk-Ben Sihanya debate & interview on “Reflections of open scholarship modalities and

the copyright environment in Africa,” debate at the Open Air conference on the launch of South

African Intellectual Property Law Journal (IPLJ), L. Tong and C. Ncube (eds) 2013, Juta Co Ltd

based on Nagla Rizk “From de facto commons to digital commons? The case of Egypt’s

independent music” 171-202 (chapter 8) and Ben Sihanya “Rights in a performance in Kenya”

203-330 (Chapter 9).

Legal instruments

Copyright Act No. 12 of 2001; Nigerian Copyright Act, 1990 as amended in 1992; 1999

(stronger on © administration and enforcement; e.g. inspectors have warrants. Act has details on

software and folklore.

Berne Convention, 1886; Rome Convention, 1961 (on performer’s rights).

WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), 1996; WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, (WPPT),

1996.

Case law

http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Safaricom-seeks-out-of-court-deal-in-copyright/-/539550/1511258/-/noayaaz/-/index.html

http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Safaricom-seeks-out-of-court-deal-in-copyright/-/539550/1511258/-/noayaaz/-/index.html

41

Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Services US Supreme Court 1991.

Sapra Studio v. Tip-Top Clothing Co. [1971] EA 489-92.

Kalamazoo Ltd. & Anor v. Systems Africa Ltd. [1973] EA 242-5.

Systems Africa Ltd. v. Kalamazoo Ltd. [1974] EA 21-31.

Microsoft v. Microskills (K) Ltd. HCCC No. 323 of 1999 (Nairobi).

John Boniface Maina v. Safaricom Limited, High Court of Kenya Civil Suit No 808 of 2010, at

Nairobi (Coram: G.K. Kimondo, J.).

NB. On authorship and ownership: (cf. work for Gov’t or international bodies, employee and

employer, consultant and client, reporter v editor/dictator v. speechmaker): in case of anonymous

(name not disclosed, or simply Anon, e.g. Primary Colors, a fiction novel later adapted into a

film) and pseudonymous (e.g. pen names, like poet Henry Barlow who began writing as Y.S.

Chemba; Yusuf Dawood?), the first owner is the publisher or entrepreneur. But once the identity

of author is known, author becomes owner, unless there is a contract to the contrary (see ss.

23(4), 25, 31).

9. Traditional Cultural Expression (TCE), or Folklore

1. What is TCE? What are the differences? What are the similarities?

Cf. Local knowledge, what is TK? indigenous knowledge, folklore or traditional cultural

expressions? traditional resource rights..

2. Historical development of TCE in Kenya and Africa

3. Criteria for protection of TCE

4. Documentation and administration of TCE in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa

5. Rights and obligations under TCE legal regime

6. Infringement to TCE rights

7. Defences

8. Remedies and sanctions: Administrative, ADR, TDR, Civil, Criminal.

9. Reforms

N/B- proposed amendment of Copyright Act, 2001 of Kenya in 2015, 2016, 2017.

There are concerns about protecting and promoting TCE or folklore, and orate innovators (who

may not reduce innovations into tangible media through writing, tape recording, etc. This is due

to the unauthorized exploitation of folklore by “foreigners”). Cf Rights of performers under

Section 30 of the Copyright Act No. 12 0f 2001.

-What is folklore and why should it be protected and promoted?

- Is the current IP framework suitable for the protection or promotion of folklore?

- Traditional knowledge approach (eg under international instruments on cultural heritage;

WIPO/UNESCO’s Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of Expressions of

Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions, 1982; UN Working Group on

the Rights of Indigenous (and Aboriginal?) Sui generis approach.

- © Act’s approach (definition of folklore (ss. 2 and 49 IPA 2001. cf. s. 18 1966 Act); A-G may

make regulations on use of folklore (i.e. determine the terms…) “except by a national public

entity for non-commercial purposes, or the importation of any work abroad which embodies

folklore” (i.e. these are excluded from A-G’s regulatory remit);

42

- in Ghana, folklore vests in the state and is protectable and promoted (for the people’s benefit)

in perpetuity; any person intending to use folklore must pay fees which are administered by the

Gov’t; is this a viable model? in the context of popular struggles for constitutional democracy,

allegations of official corruption, and Ghana’s and Kenya’s experience (e.g. with management of

public resources or national (cultural heritage)? NB. Kenya has a ministry responsible for

national heritage, and culture … is it only the commercial angle that is missing? Research this

issue ….

- Significance of folklore and challenges to dev of Kenya's cultural or folklore industry [eg. dev.

of tech to record and market it, but such tech may also be used to bootleg or counterfeit folklore;

problem of regulatory inertia; etc.]

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 12 (Folklore - “Copyright” made in Kenya and Africa?).


Cases and Materials, Innovative Lawyering and Sihanya Mentoring.

Ben Sihanya (2016) “Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in

Kenya,” Volume 12, 2016 No. 2 LSK Journal (1-38).


& Bookshop Ltd, Lagos.


Patents and Industrial Designs in Nigeria, Justinian Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria, Chapter 5.

Paul Kuruk (1998) “Protecting folklore under modern intellectual property regimes: a reappraisal

of the tensions between individual and communal rights in Africa and the United States,” Am.

UL Rev., 48, 769.



Durell Posey (1994) “International agreements for protecting indigenous knowledge”

Biodiplomacy Chap. 7, pp. 119-37 (see also 2 Chaps: “Are intellectual property rights useful?”

and “Can communities develop their own system for protecting traditional resource rights?” in

Posey & Dutfield (1996) Beyond Intellectual Property IDRC, Ottawa, Chaps. 8 and 9, pp. 75-

100.

A. Subramnain “Proprietary Protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge” in

Hoekman. B et al. (eds) Development Trade and the WTO pp. 382-389.

43

Traditional knowledge (focus on the TK questions-TK v. IP...)

10. What is traditional knowledge (TK)?

Cf. Local knowledge, indigenous knowledge, folklore or traditional cultural expressions?

traditional resource rights.. What is TCE? Folklore? What are the similarities? Differences?

11. Historical development of TK

12. Criteria for protection of TK

13. Registration and administration of TK in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa

14. Rights and obligations under TK legal protection regime

15. Infringement to TK rights

16. Defences

17. Remedies and sanctions: administrative, ADR, TDR, civil, criminal

18. Reforms

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 1 & 12 (Folklore - “Copyright” made in Kenya and Africa?).


Lagos, Nigeria.





Ben Sihanya (2016) “Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in

Kenya,” Volume 12, 2016 No. 2 LSK Journal (1-38).

Durell Posey (1994) “International agreements for protecting indigenous knowledge”

Biodiplomacy Chap. 7, pp. 119-37 (see also 2 Chaps: “Are intellectual property rights useful?”

and “Can communities develop their own system for protecting traditional resource rights?” in

Posey & Dutfield (1996) Beyond Intellectual Property IDRC, Ottawa, Chaps. 8 and 9, pp. 75-

100.

A. Subramnain “Proprietary Protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge” in B.

Hoekman et al. (eds) Development Trade and the WTO pp. 382-389.

Legal instruments including statutes

Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions Act, Kenya

Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, Uganda

Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, Cameroon

African Model Legislation for the Recognition and Protection of the Rights of Local

Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Access to Biological Resources.

44

Paris Convention, 1883; Harare Protocol, 1982; TRIPs, 1994.

Case Law Kenya

Nigeria

DRC

Ghana

Cameroon

Uganda

11. Utility Model Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria, DRC, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda and

Africa

(a) Utility Model, petty or utility patent [relate to political economy: informalisation of the

economy - jua kali sector]

-cf. Paris; Art. 4; TRIPs Art. 2(1) applies Arts 1-12 of Paris [includes utility models but no clear

guidelines on same; emphasis on patents, TM…)

1. - Definition of UM

2. - Historical development of UM in Kenya, Africa, European Union and relevant European

states.

3. - Criteria for protection and promotion of UM

4. -Registration of UM:

-focuses on utility in agric, industry, education, enviro conservation (s. 25 IPA) (cf.

patent, ©…)

-relates to shape, structure or assemblage of articles (ss. 81, 82, 83) (cf. industrial designs,

design rights).

Non registrable (s. 82(1): not novel (cf. patent)

- s. 34(5): if it is obvious to one having "ordinary technical knowledge in the field…"

- s. 46 in the context of patenting

- presumption of national novelty

5. Procedures:

-the first to file secures protection (s. 48)

-(if 2 apply same day, they either agree on who gets or neither gets; KIPO/KIPI not to

resolve dispute; is this fair? or administrative/regulatory inertia?)

-details and identity of inventor: name, nationality, date of submission, title of model (s.

34(3))

-specification (cf. patents): title of model; explanation of drawings & model; scope of

model

-request for exam of an application to the Managing Director (s. 66); who may request;

within what period; withdrawal of application

-rejection of application; examiner to give reasons (s. 67)

-publication, exam, registration fees payable (s. 65)

-utility model registration and certificate to be published (s. 63, s. 64)

45

Scale down (s. 51) (patent application may be converted into utility model application; may be

there is no inventive step; cf. scale up in Japan or Germany….

(EC Directive of 1997 meant to harmonise utility model protection in Europe; it created a new IP

in the UK; it came into force 31/12/1999. See Bainbridge, Intellectual Property Pitman

Publishing, London (4th ed., 1999) p. 439; cf. Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), pp. 140-143

Rights and duties (see also under patents)

-right to exclusively produce, use, sell, import or distribute the articles commercially or

industrially (s. 52(2))

-duty to seek licence where use would conflict with patented invention or protected

model (s. 52(3)).

Exploitation of right

-non-exclusive licence (s. 54; 55; 58; 60) (eg to several furniture shops…); eg where one

is already exploiting model in good faith at time of invalidation.

-compulsory licensing similar to patents (s. 56, 59)

Duration (s. 57) (5-12 yrs); cf. IP Bill, 1999 (a flat 10 yrs), IP Act of 2001

Infringement (s. 53)

-trial by examiner and appeal on various issues, e.g. to invalidate registration; confirm

scope; grant nonexclusive licence (s. 68; s. 69, s. 70)

-appeal (s. 71)

6. - Rights and obligations of UM rights holder

7. - Administration of UM

8. - Infringement of UM

9. - Defences to UM infringement

10. - Remedies

11. - Reforms to UM legal regime

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 6 (Utility, Petty or Design Model in Kenya and Africa: Jua Kali or

Informal Sector Innovation).





Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013), Chap. 3: “A second-tier right for Europe?” pp. 140-143;

Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010), pp. 11; 140-143: “A second-tier right for Europe?”

Calestus Juma et al. (1993) “State innovation policies,” in Calestous Juma, Cleophas Torori &

C.C.M. Kirima The Adaptive Economy: Economic Crisis and Technological Innovation, ACTS

Press & K-REP Nairobi, pp.155-186 (Chap.7).

46

Calestus Juma & JB Ojwang (1989) Innovation and Sovereignty: Patent Debate in African

Development ACTS, Nairobi.

Odhiambo Omondi, Austin (1992) LL.B. dissertation on jua kali.

Dan Prud’homme (2014) “Creating a “model” utility model patent system: A comparative

analysis of the utility patent systems in Europe and China” IP Key Project Working Paper Series,

Beijing, China.

Commission of the European Communities (1995) “Green paper on protection of utility models

in the single market” European Commission, Brussesls.

Annelise Holme (2012) “Strategic use of utility models in European Countries” World IP Review

Journal, September/October 2012.

I. Rutenberg Lilian Makanga (2016) “Utility model protection in Kenya: The case for substantive

examination” 19 The African Journal of International Communication, 19-37.

Uma Suthersanen (2016) “Utility models and innovation in developing countries” International

Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva.

Kenya Industrial Property Institute (2007) Guidelines for the Examination of Patents, Utility

Models, and Industrial Designs, KIPI, Nairobi, Kenya.

12. Industrial Design and Design Rights

(i) What is industrial design? Cf. design rights; mask works and various designs…): s. 84(1)

IPA 2001 1989: s. 72 (1) an industrial design “means any composition of lines or colours

or any three dimensional form whether or not associated with lines or colours, provided

that such composition or form gives a special appearance to a product of industry or

handicraft and can serve as a pattern for a product of industry or handicraft.”

(ii) Registrability and registration in Kenya: IPA does not protect “anything in an industrial

design which serves solely to obtain a technical result” (i.e. not merely functional? This is

the realm of design right?)3 (s. 84(2), s. 85 IPA 2001 IPA 1989: s. 72(2); s. 73).

(iii) Works not registrable: works of sculpture, architecture, painting, engraving, enamelling,

embroidery and photography and other inventions of a purely artistic nature.4 (Is it

because these are copyrightable?) inventions contra public order, safety… etc.; designs

whose features correspond to or are determined by the functions to be performed by the

products; designs that consist solely in a change in the colour of designs already

registered e.g. from green to blue….

(iv) Rights conferred and duties imposed by registered (industrial) designs (eg the exclusive

right to exploit the design; to sell or cause to be sold for commercial and industrial

3 Patent? UM? 4 or not aesthetic? But they can be aesthetic _ See Sat Nation? Std May 26/2012

47

purposes the goods in which the design is incorporated…” s. 85 (i) IPA 2001(s. 73(1)

IPA 1989.

(v) Rights and exploitation, licensing, assignment and transfer of industrial design: cf. ss.

81/82 IPA 1989

(vi) Duration of protection. ss. 88 IPA 1989; IPA 1989: s. 75 five years from deposit &

renewable for 2 five year terms?).

(vii) Infringement

(viii) Defences.

(ix) Reliefs and remedies (enforcement ss. 92 & 93 IPA 2001; cf. ss. 81, 82 IPA 1989)

(x) Protection of designs under copyright? Copyright Act 2001.

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 18 (Industrial Design in Kenya and Africa).





Bainbridge, D. (2012) Chap. 16, 17 and 18: “What is a design?” “Registered designs,” and

“Design right,”; Bainbridge (2009) Chaps. 16, 17, and 18: “What is a design?” “Registered

designs,” and “Design right,” respectively

Cornish Cases and Materials, Chap. 4

Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2013) Chap. 15: “Industrial design,” pp. 589-623; Cornish,

Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) “Industrial design,” Chap. 15 pp. 599-634.

Cornish, W. (1996) Intellectual Property Chap. 14: Industrial Design

Jacob, R. & D. Alexander (1993) A Guidebook to Intellectual Property: Patents, Trade Marks,

Copyright and Designs Sweet & Maxwell, London.

Case law

Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, DRC, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda

British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents [1986] 2WLR 400 (a © and design right case.

See Bainbridge, (4th ed., 1999) pp. 168/9 for a re-evaluation of this case, esp. the (judicial)

opinion to the effect that the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act provides statutory

defences and “non derogation from grant” or implied right or licence to repair the exhaust pipe…

must be treated with caution.

Sapra Studio v. Tip-top Clothing Co. [1971] EA 489-92.

48

13. Trade Secret or Technical Know-how and Confidential Information-

Cf Trade Secrets Act of Uganda; TRIPS Agreement; Competition Act, Kenya;

(i) What is a trade secret (TS)? - the parameters or ingredients: confidential; there is an

intention or obligation to keep the info confidential; it has commercial value… (e.g.

Diana's letters? And EABL’s unmalted barley beer processing technology?) the

protection of technical know-how transferred through management contracts… (NB

methods of doing biz not patentable but TS protectable)

(ii) TS, technical know-how and confidential information as property.

(iii) Requirement for protection; Confidentiality, have commercial value due to

confidentiality and proper measures should be taken to safeguard the secret, for example,

signing of confidentiality documents. Article 39 of TRIPs Agreement

(iv) Trade secrets vis-à-vis other IPs (e.g. patents) in terms of nature or scope of protection…

(cf. Coca Cola…)

(v) The confidential obligation (the role of contract, and business practice) TS and the work

relationship.

(vi) Rights conferred and duties imposed by TS (eg duty on TS owner to keep the info

secret…; compulsory licensing of know-how? State use of TS?)

(vii) Duration

(viii) Infringement

(ix) Defences (e.g. it wasn’t a secret? There was no confidential obligation or relationship?)

(x) Reliefs and remedies (enforcement)

(xi) Reforming TS law

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 19 (Trade Secret in Kenya and Africa).


Lagos, Nigeria.





Bainbridge (2012) Chap. 10: “The Law of breach of confidence,” pp. 345-385;

Bainbridge (2009) Chap. 10: “The Law of breach of confidence,” pp. 321-360

Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin (2010) Intellectual Property, Chap. 8: “Confidential Information,”

pp. 329-367; Chap 9: “Personal privacy,” pp.369-396

Goldstein & Reese (2010) “Trade secrets,” pp.77-122

Case Law and Anecdotes

Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, South Africa, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda

49

Aniello Giella v. Cassman Brown [1973] EA 358-61

EABL v. Castle Brewing Kenya Ltd. HCCC 848 of 1998

The Diana letters (to Major James Hewitt) (64 letters in issue)

Beckham sms

Tiger Woods

Statutes

-Trade Secrets Act, Uganda

The defend Trade secrets Act, 2016 of USA

Economic Espionage Act, 1996 of USA

14. IP as a Business Asset

14.1 valuation IP assets

14.2 Audit of IP assets

14.3 Commercialisation of intellectual property assets

14.4 Securitisation of intellectual property assets

14.5 Taxation of IP assets.

14.6 Competition and Consumer Aspects of IP: Comparative/misleading advertising: unfair

competition; injurious falsehood, trade libel. cf TM? Trade in Counterfeit protection?

(i) Is unfair competition an IP issue? (Art. 10 bis and 10 ter of Paris): protect traders or

innovators against unfair competition; i.e. competition contra honest practices - e.g. acts

which cause confusion… false allegations; those which discredit competitors' products…

allegations which mislead as to the nature, manufacturing characteristics, suitability for

purpose, quantity…. These are also economic torts.

(ii) State of competition and consumer law in Africa: competition from corporate perspective

v. consumer perspective (relate to political economy discussions).

(iii) Misleading v. comparative advertising: are they IP or Consumer Protection issues?

should they be regulated?

(iv) Pros and cons of (comparative) advertising: See class notes; persuasive or informative

ads; ad expenses in Africa exceed investment in R&D in Africa (per Chudnovsky, etc; cf.

Coca Cola…); ad limits or levels indicated by franchisor/IP owner (as percentage of

sales, profits…); franchisee keen to develop product or goodwill…; questions of brand

loyalty enhanced or attacked by ads; ads inform; give alternatives; ads sometimes take

into a/c local nuances or culture (issue of social or ethnic marketing) eg “Obey your

thirst” is “Vingi huigua. Kiu haigui; tii kiu yako” in TZ; ad industry facilitates tech

transfer (franchising or skill acquisition by locals); ad industry provides jobs; industry is

source of tax revenue; ads facilitate exploitation and transfer of tech eg TM or IP owner

exploits IP through ads….

(v) State v. self-regulation of advertising in Africa or Kenya: Issues in dev/regulation of ad

industry is a delicate balancing act and include:

-IP (eg TM exploitation/infringement); genericization; consumer concerns (eg health); revenue;

labour/employment (see Pros & cons above/class discussions/notes).

50

Institutional framework on dev/reg of ad: state and interstate cooperation: various gov’t agencies

or ministries (eg KEBS…); KIPI, etc; ARIPO, WIPO, etc. Self reg: individual media houses;

Marketing Society of Kenya; Int. Ad Association….

(vi) Reforming the regime on IP commercialisation.

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 2 (Conceptualisation and Political Economy of IP and ToT in Kenya

and Africa), Chap 13 (Trade Mark Law and Registration in Kenya and Africa) & Chap 14 (Trade

Mark Proprietorship, Infringement, Defences and Remedies in Kenya and Africa).

Bainbridge (3rd ed.): Chap. 21: “Passing off” (pp. 575-6 in 4th ed., 1999); “Passing off and

malicious falsehood,” pp 771-822 (2009) (7th edition; Chap 23)

Chudnovsky, D. (1979) “Foreign trademarks in developing countries” World Development pp.

663-82.

Dean, O.H. (Oct 1995) “Intellectual property and comparative advertising,” at http://www.spoor-

co.za/lib/iec.html. (Very important; comparative ad from TM, ©, etc. perspectives; 8 pages).

Mbato, R.N. (1999) Comparative advertising: IP Perspectives Unpublished University of

Nairobi LLB dissertation.

Nehf, J. (1999) “The advertising and marketing mandates of the A-G tobacco settlement,” Paper

presented at IACL Conference, Helsinki.

WIPO (2007) Rights, Camera, Action!: IP rights and the film making process, Creative

industries – Booklet No. 2, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva Switzerland.




David Stopps (2013) How to make a living from music, Creative industries – Booklet No. 4,

World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2nd ed.

WIPO (2013) Managing Intellectual Property in the advertising industry, Creative industries –

Booklet No. 5, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.

http://www.spoor-co.za/lib/iec.html

http://www.spoor-co.za/lib/iec.html

51

WIPO (2011) From Script to Screen: The Importance of Copyright in the Distribution of Films,

Creative industries – Booklet No. 6, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva,

Switzerland.

David Greenspan (2013) Mastering the game: Business and legal issues for video game

developers, Creative industries – No. 8, World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva,

Switzerland.

Gordon V. Smith & Vladimir Yossifov (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assets By Creative

Enterprises, Creative Industries – Booklet No.7, World Intellectual Property Organisation,

Geneva, Switzerland.

Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property audit, valuation, commercialization, securitisation and

taxation in Kenya,” JKUAT Law Journal, 41-86.

Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property and innovation audit, valuation, and

commercialisation in Kenya,” University of Nairobi Innovation Research Symposium held on

March 6, 2018 at the University of Nairobi.


Kenya Ltd, Nairobi.

WIPO (2013) Monetization of Copyright Assests by Creative Enterprises, Creative industries-

Booklet No. 7, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva.


Moi University Press, Eldoret, Kenya.

WIPO (2007) National Studies on Assessing the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based

Industries, Creative industries- Booklet No. 4, World Intellectual Property organisation, Geneva.





25-94.



Ben Sihanya (2004) “Intellectual Property and Innovation in Kenya: Legal and Regulatory Issues

in Business Incubation,” a paper presented to the National Workshop in Commemoration of the

Scientific Revival Day of Africa, organised by the Kenya National Academy of Sciences, June

2004.

52

Jerome, F. “Trade practices and sales methods,”

Intellectual Property and Comparative advertising, at http://www.spoor.co.za/lib/iec.html

Draft Media Bill 1998 (drafted by B. Sihanya & L. Mute for KUJ & FES)

Model Law for Consumer Protection in Africa, 1996, Art. 16, “Regulation of advertising”

EC Directive 97/55/EC (6/10/1997) amending Directive 84/450/EEC concerning misleading

advertising so as to include comparative advertising.

Case law

Compaq v. Dell Computers (1992) FSR 93 (cited in Bainbridge (2012), pp. 907).

News Group v. The Mirror (The Sun masthead used in the Mirror…).

Traditional knowledge (cf. Indigenous Knowledge), Traditional Cultural Expression (TCE),

Genetic Resources and The IP regime

- TK and TCE have become topical issues in the IP arena especially due to their

contribution to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

- The case of CSIR, the San and KoiKoi on the Hoodia plant. The San and Koi Koi

people of southern Africa have used the hoodia plant for eons to stave off hunger.

CSIR isolated the active ingredient and came up with an anti-obesity drug which they

have patented and licensed a UK firm to manufacture. CSIR and the San people came

to an agreement on benefit sharing of the profits to be made from the drug.

- Issue of patentability, does the above fulfil the criteria for patentability?

- Issues of benefit sharing

- Biotechnology enhances the value of TK and genetic resources

- Conservation of the genetic resources is important

- Public goods

- Distinction between TK and genetic resources

- Protection of TK under the existing IP regime or through a sui generis system?

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 2 (Conceptualisation and Political Economy of IP and ToT in Kenya

and Africa), Chap 13 (Trade Mark Law and Registration in Kenya and Africa) & Chap 14 (Trade

Mark Proprietorship, Infringement, Defences and Remedies in Kenya and Africa).

Peter Wasamba & Ben Sihanya (2012) “What do Kenyan artists get for their skill? Reforming

compensation under copyright,” 24:2 Journal of African Cultural Studies 171-183.

Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property audit, valuation, commercialization, securitisation and

taxation in Kenya,” JKUAT Law Journal, 41-86.

Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual property and innovation audit, valuation, and

commercialisation in Kenya,” University of Nairobi Innovation Research Symposium held on

March 6, 2018 at the University of Nairobi.

53

A. Subramanian (2002) “Proprietary Protection of Genetic Resources and Traditional

Knowledge,” Hoekman, B. et al. (eds) in Development, Trade and the WTO World Bank,

Washington DC, pp. 382-402.

D. Posey and G. Dutfield (1996) Beyond Intellectual Property: Toward Traditional Resource

Rights for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (1996) IDRC, Ottawa, Chapter 3 pp. 33-

41, Chapter 8, pp.75-92.

15. Trade in Counterfeit Products and Parallel Importing

(i) Parallel importing: what is it? Issue of exhaustion of IP; TRIPs (Art. 6); Kenyan

legislation (cf. IPA 2001) … rationale (innovator/corporate v. consumer arguments)

(ii) Regional, international and national exhaustion

(iii) Case study on parallel importing: the Silhouette case; HIV/AIDS drugs in S. Africa,

Thailand… [parallel importing v. traditional IP infringement or infraction]

(iv) What's counterfeiting or trade in counterfeit products?

-forms of counterfeiting (the products; the package or label; misleading allegations of

potency, etc.…; all or a combination of these…)

-counterfeit trade. v. traditional IP infringement v. passing off

-pros of counterfeit trade (supporters of Robin Hood)

-cons of counterfeit trade

(v) Addressing counterfeit trade in Africa/Kenya

-criminal and civil law

-traditional IP (s. 38(2) IPA- border measures under TRIPs; IP administration

-sui generis measures

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 20 (Parallel Importation in Kenya and Africa) & 21 (Trade in

Counterfeit Products in Kenya and Africa).

Ben Sihanya (2009) “Combatting counterfeit trade in Kenya” in Moni Wekesa and Ben Sihanya

(eds) Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya; Konrad Ademaner Stifting, Nairobi, pp. 207-266

(chap. 8).

Ben Sihanya (2005) “Patents, parallel importation and compulsory licensing of HIV/AIDS drugs

in Kenya,” in Peter Gallagher, Patrick Low, and Andrew L. Stoler (eds) Managing the

Challenges of WTO Participation, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. Chapter 19; a study

under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and Adelaide University.

Sihanya (2000) “Intellectual property confronts counterfeiting in Africa: protecting innovators

and consumers in the cybersociety” in T. Wilhemsson, et. al. (eds.) Consumer Law in the

Information Society Kluwer Law International, London.

54





Kenya Ltd, Nairobi.





Sihanya (1999) “Negotiating IP in Seattle and beyond”….

Lux (1998) “Parallel imports…” (cited under TMs).

Mutuku, F. (1999) Regulating Counterfeit Trade in Kenya: The Challenge of IT and Trade

Liberalisation unpublished University of Nairobi LLB dissertation.

Chudnovsky (1979) “Foreign trademarks in developing countries” (under TMs).

Bainbridge “Parallel imports”, pp. 215-17 (pp. 589-92 in 4th ed., 1999).

Statutes and case law

Beecham v. International & Another (cited under patents).

Counterfeit Bill 2005, 2007 (Kenya)

Anti-Counterfeit Act, 2008 (Kenya)

16. Technology Transfer in Africa: conceptual parametres

(i) North-South divide (digital divide?); N-S debate on differential dev; tech in dev;

technology and resource transfer/resource use.

(ii) Does intellectual property aid or inhibit technology transfer?

(iii) NIEO; CERDS

(iv) UNCTAD and Development of ToT Code and Code of Conduct on TNCs (OECD

working on draft, 2000)

-major elements of ToT Code: Competition (mkt) v. development or consumer approach

- West, South, East issues…

17. Transfer of Technology: Forms of ToT

(i) Consensual or market oriented approach (including by operation of law): Assignment;

contractual licensing, (international) subcontracting, franchising, FDIs, JVs/SAs; turnkey

or push button contracts….

55

(ii) Involuntary, statist forms: compulsory licensing; “crown” use … (cf. public interest

limitation to protection of innovations….: Peter Wright’s Spycatcher; Mary Bell's Cries

Unheard; D. Mailu’s & C. Mangua’s After 4. 30; Son of Woman…, respectively);

compulsory licensing on what basis? Refusing to license; licensing on unreasonable

terms; not working the innovation (i.e. industrially and commercially availing the product

in satisfactory quantity or prices… (ss. 17 © Act; 56/59, 95-101 IPA); crown or state use

products or processes of vital importance for defence, economy, health, S&T

advancement not available, or other overriding public interest (war…).

NB: Innovator still must be paid reasonable sum; licensee must comply with terms of

licence; compulsory licence may only be transferred “within the industrial undertaking”

and with the consent of the Tribunal.

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapters 22 (Technology Transfer in Kenya and Africa & 23 Technology

Transfer in Health and Security in Kenya and Africa.

Edwin Mansfield (1994) “Intellectual property protection, foreign direct investment, and

technology transfer” World Bank & International Finance Corporation, Discussion paper No.

19.

Roffe, P. (1977) “International Code of Conduct on Transfer of Technology” JWTL vol. 11 (2),

186-191.

Roffe, P. (1980) “UNCTAD: Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology: progress and

issues under negotiation” JWTL 160-172.

Roffe, P. (1984) "UNCTAD: Transfer of Technology Code: fifth session of the UN Conference,”

JWTL vol. 18(2), 176-182.

Roffe, P. (1985a) “Transfer of Technology: UNCTAD's Draft Code of Conduct” International

Lawyer vol. 19 (2) 689-707.

Roffe, P. (1985b) “UNCTAD: Code of Conduct on Transfer of Technology: sixth session of the

UN Conference” Vol. 19(6) JWTL, pp. 669-672.

C. Yeutter (1988) “Negotiating Intellectual Property Rights Protection” in C. Walker and M.

Bloomfield, (eds) (1998) Intellectual Property Rights and Capital Formation in the Next

Decade, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Ayamunda, J. (1999) Intellectual Property as a Corporate Asset: Issues in IP Valuation in Kenya

Unpublished LLB dissertation, University of Nairobi.

56

Wairimu Kariuki, B. (1999) The Anti-trust Barrier to Technology Transfer: Africa in Context

Unpublished LLB dissertation, University of Nairobi.

UNCTAD (1990) Recent Developments in the Areas of Technology to the Negotiations on the

Draft Intentional Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology TD/CODE TOT/55,

UNCTAD.

UNCTAD (2001) Transfer of Technology,UNCTAD series on issues in international investment

agreements, United Nations, UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/28.

Daniel W. Elfenbein (2009) “Contract structure and performance of University-Industry

technology transfer agreements,” Social Science Research Networks.

Albert N. Link, Donald S. Siegel & Barry Bozeman (2007) “An empirical analysis of the

prosperity of academics to engage in informal university technology transfer,” Vol. 16 Industrial

and Corporate Cahange, Issue 4, 641-655.

James T. Tsai (2008) “Not tripping over the pebbles: Focusing on overlooked TRIPS Art. 66 for

technology transfer to solve Africa’s AIDS crisis,” 11 Michigan State University Journal, 447.

Suerie Moon (2008) “Does TRIPS Art. 66(2) encourage technology transfer to LDCs? An

analysis of country submissions to the TRIPS Council (1999-2007)” International Center for

Trade and Sustainable Development.

Cameron Hutchison (2006) “Does TRIPS facilitate or impede climate change technology transfer

into developing countries?” 3 University of Ottawa Law and Technology Journal, 517.

Bernard M. Hoekman, Keith E. Maskus & Kamal Saggi (2004) Transfer of technology to

development countries: Unilateral and multilateral policy options, World Bank.

Daniel Gervais (2005) “Traditional knowledge & intellectual property: A TRIPS-compatible

approach,” Michigan State Law Review.

Sahar Aziz (2003) “Linking intellectual property rights in developing countries with research and

development, technology transfer, and foreign direct investment policy: A case study of Egypt’s

pharmaceutical industry,” International Law Students Association Journal of International and

Comparative Law.

Mombert Hoppe (2005) “Technology transfer through trade,” Social Science Research Networks.

See materials on exploitation of rights under the other headings, e.g. those relating to assignment,

(contractual) licensing, etc.

Case law & anecdotes

Nyakundi Nyamboga’s report on KBL cited under TM;

57

McDonald’s Corporation v. Joburgers Drive-Inn Restaurant Supreme Court of South Africa

Case No. 547/95; LandRover in Brazil;

Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation [SAAC] v. Saudi Kenya Enterprises Ltd. [SKEL] (1982-88)

1KAR 917-28 (under TM).

Maranga v. Kenya Shell High Court of Kenya Civil Case No. 643 of 1998, at Nairobi (Coram:

Mbogholi Msagha, J.).

Beecham v. International Products [1968] EA 398-306 (patent licensing).

Performing Rights Society Ltd. v. Grand Theatre Ltd. [1973] EA 576-84 (© assignment, licence,

subsistence of © in author).

International Greetings v. Kenya Litho Ltd. 1 KAR 902-5.

Draft International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology (UNCTAD, 1985).

IPA 2001: Part x (ss. 64-79)- “contractual licences,” Part XI (ss. 80-83): “ Exploitation of

patented inventions by Govt or by third persons authorised by the Govt.” cf. IPA, 1989, ss. 92-

106; Copyright Act (ss. 14, 17); TM Act (ss. 25-28: For the avoidance of doubt, a TM is a

transferrable assignable or licensable in connection with the goodwill of a business or not (s.25).

see also TRIPs Agreement

Foreign Investments Protection Act (FIPA), Cap. 518.

Companies Act, Cap. 486

Law of Contract Act (and general contract law).

18. IP Prosecution, Administration and Enforcement (see also specific chapters)

Case Study in Technology Transfer (to be circulated; students to be referred)

Important areas include: ToT in health (e.g. HIV/AIDS); agriculture and food security

(irrigation; access to food; food safety); environmental protection and the conservation and

sustainable use of biodiversity; ToT in ICT/e-commerce: security, defence or military

technology. [On agric, biodiv and food security, see Sihanya, “Technology transfer, IP…

strategies for implementing CBD” (handout).] We focus on security technology.

Transferring security or military technology in Africa (Cf: military industry, university

complex....)

(i) What is security, defence, military technology? Typology of peace and security

challenges in Africa.

(ii) Dual nature of security tech: may be used for war/peace or other dev purposes (e.g. high

tech such as telecoms, computer tech, chemicals and nuclear tech. Nuclear tech used to

generate energy; arms used for defence and aggression).

(iii) Typology of needs for security, defence or military technologies; who needs security

tech? for what?

(iv) Suppliers or sources of security technology (eg McDonnell Douglas, General Dynamics,

Lockheed Martin (USA), Sandline (UK); SA; ammunition factory in Eldoret? (to serve

who?); any other established sources? robbing police stations/military installations….

Acquirers of security tech: states; security firms; cyberwarriors; terrorists; petty criminals

(see (i) supra).

(v) Significance of regulation of security tech in a unipolar, post Cold War world undergoing

liberalisation: the issue of export control of security tech; constructed advantage, etc.;

role of UN arms embargoes in: Angola; apartheid S. Africa (led to dev of indigenous

58

armament industry in SA); Sierra Leone, etc. NATO's role… What's the role of the

following in security tech transfer? Geneva Conventions? AU?/IGAD? EAC, COMESA,

ECOWAS/ECOMOG?

(vi) Deregulation of military/security tech (part of liberalization of political economy/ToT…)

(eg arguments by TZ gov’t). The case for managed trade/ToT in security tech - what are

the regulatory issues?

The foregoing are related to the following:

(i) Typology of peace and security challenges in Africa, historically and currently;

(ii) Security and economic competitiveness

(iii) Acquisition/Supply of Security tech

NB: Consider the modes used in transferring security tech to and in Africa.

(a) Hardware.

(b) Software .

(iv) Who is transferring security tech (eg selling arms, transferring software …)?

.(v) Regulating and liberalising transfer of security tech

Readings



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapters 24 (IP and Innovation Administration in Kenya and Africa) & 25 (IP

and Innovation Lawyering and Enforcement in Kenya and Africa).



Stephan, III, P.B. et. al. (1993) International Business and Economics: Law and Policy “The US

- Japanese FSX fighter aircraft dispute”, 1st ed., 1993: pp.2-3; “National security intellectual

property”, pp. 421-36 especially pp. 421-3); (see also pp. 2-6, and 522-25 of the 2nd ed., 1996).

Agina, B. (2000) “EAC to combat small arms flow” East African Standard (Nairobi) Tue.

14/3/2000.p. 32 (1 p.).

Brew, J. (1996) “South Africa: Sale of Arms for Survival,” Africanews, at

http://peacelink.it/africanews/8_issue/p3.html

Dallmeyer, D.G. (1992) “The problem of extraterritoriality in US export control policy”, pp.

148-68.

Buwembo, J. (1996) “Technology, not armed men, in Uganda” EastAfrican (Nairobi), Feb. 12-

18, p. 6. (1 page).

Anglican Communication News Service (ACNS) (1997) “South Africa: Church speaks out on

arms sales,” at http://www.quest.org.uk/acns/acns1318.html

59

East African Standard (Nairobi) (1997) “Another French firm seeks deal with Iran,” Thursday,

Oct. 2, p. 9.

Mail & Guardian (1999) "Outcry over arms trade in Tanzania" Mail & Guardian (Jo’burg) June

4, at http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/99jun1/4jun-tanzania.html (read it; 3 pp).

Batchelor, P. (1988) "Arms and the ANC" Bulletin, Sept/Oct Vol. 54, No. 5 at

http:/www.bullatomsci.org/issues/1998/so98/so98batchellor.html (this is serious! 9 pp)

Kivaa, A. (1999) Transferring military technology in Africa: The quest for international peace

and security Unpublished LL.B. dissertation, University of Nairobi.

Muga, C. (1999) Defence in the legal framework of regional integration: East African

Cooperation (EAC) and European Community (EC) in Context Unpublished LL.B. dissertation,

University of Nairobi.

Legal and Policy Instruments

Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START)

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Production, Stockpiling and Transfer of Anti-

personnel Mines and on their Destruction, came into force 1/3/99 (Also known as Mine Ban

Treaty)

Helms Burton Law (US)

Ominibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, 1988 (US; esp. super 301; cf. its efficacy in the

context of WTO’s multilateralism).

19. Reliefs & Remedies: IP Innovation and ToT administration and enforcement

These have been dealt with under the substantive topics. Our interest here is in the generic or

crosscutting administration and enforcement issues:

-IP & ToT administration in Africa/Kenya: State v. innovator initiatives

-Capacity in the Bar

-Capacity in the Bench

-Attitudes of various interest groups (e.g. “theft” of IP not as serious as stealing a soda bottle?

bottle of soda?)

- TRIPs Agreement Part III

- Dispute settlement under TRIPs

Case Law

Giella v. Cassman Brown [1973] EA 358-61 (also applied to trade secrets, ToT, etc.)

E.A. Industries v. Trufoods [1972] EA 420-3 (also ToT; TM/passing off)

Cut Tobacco v. BAT Ct of Appeal Civil Application No. 245 1999 (Nairobi, 96/99 UR)

Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd. [1976] 1 Ch. 55

Microsoft v. Microskills (K) Ltd. HCCC 323 of (1999) (Nairobi).

http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/99jun1/4jun-tanzania.html

60

Maranga v. Kenya Shell HCCC No. 643 of 1998.

20. Reforming IP Innovation and ToT in Kenya and Africa

(i) Reforms in the political economy generally (international & national)

(ii) Constitutional reforms

(iii) Legislative reforms

(iv) Policy & institutional reforms

Reading

Ben Sihanya (2018) “Teaching Intellectual Property and Innovation Law in Kenya and Africa,

Syllabus Content, Methodology and Reforms” paper presented at the WIPO-WTO Regional

Colloquium for IP Teachers and Researchers at the University of South Africa in Pretoria, South

Africa from April 9-12, 2018 and the IP Scholars Africa Conference on April 13, 2018.

Ben Sihanya (2018) “Intellectual Property, Innovation, Transfer of Technology and Licensing in

Kenya and Africa,” paper presented at the WIPO-WTO Regional Colloquium for IP Teachers

and Researchers at the University of South Africa in Pretoria, South Africa from April 9-12,

2018 and the IP Scholars Africa Conference on April 13, 2018.



Nairobi & Siaya, Chapter 26 (Reforming IP, Innovation, and ToT in Kenya and Africa:

Emerging Issues).



Adejoke O. Oyewumni (2015) Nigerian Law of Intellectual Property, Unievrsity of Lagos Press

and Bookshop Ltd, Lagos, Chapters 21-25.


Lagos, Nigeria.

Joseph Jar Kur (2015) Intellectual Property Law and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: Principles

and Practice, Aboki Publishers, Nigeria.

Some of the very good CAT essays from the previous years are being circulated. Exam will have

5 questions.

Exam Guidelines:

1. Write legibly, even if it means in CAPITAL letters.

2. Cite authority as appropriate - e.g. academics, writers, case law, statute or transnational legal

instruments; evaluate the authority eg do you agree? Why (not?)

3. Provide practical context - e.g. anecdotes i.e. indicate experience and practice. This and the

previous guideline indicate that cramming is not a virtue.

61

4. You may use common or notorious abbreviations or acronyms (IP, ©, TRIPs, ARIPO,

KIPI…).

5. In legal opinion or advisory questions, consider whether a suit, appeal… is necessary; what

of ADR? And why? and what the legal issues are; how the party should address them; you

may anticipate the other party’s case… Relate the answer closely to the hypothetical.

6. Brevity is a virtue! To attract or retain attention/interest and to delineate the issues you may

use a brief intro: In this question I will address the following 3 issues: first… Second, third…

(without details, then embark on discussion. See some of the past CAT essays.

*** the discourse continues in appropriate fora5 ***

THE PEOPLE REST (their case)

I have enjoyed discussing with you the issues (including your comments). To adapt poet Yusuf

Kassam’s work, “the drummer inspired the dancers; [then] the dancers inspire[d] the

drummer.” Let’s make Kenya and Africa work through IP, innovation and technology transfer

(ToT). Success in your exams and happiness in life.







Telefax (+254-20) 3741769; +254-20 2128272; +254726020082 (O)





Revised 23/8/2018; 17/9/2018; 8/2/2019; 14/2/2020; 19/2/2020

5 See my work in books, articles, conferences, workshops, website, blog spot, and in other print, electronic and

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