international journal of composite materials and matrices vol 2 issue 1

Composite Materials

& MatricesIJCMMJAN – JUNE 2016

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Electrical Engineering

Material Sciences and Engineering

Chemistry

Nursing x International Journal of Immunological Nursingx International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursingx International Journal of Neurological Nursingx International Journal of Orthopedic Nursingx International Journal of Oncological Nursing

x International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviourx International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturingx International Journal of Biomechanics &Biodynamicsx International Journal of Fluid Dynamics andMechanicsx International Journal Structural Mechanics andFinite Elements

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Dr. S. C. Sahoo Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training

Institute, Kolkata (West Bengal), India

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University, Varanasi (U.P.) India

Dr. Bijan Deb Department of Physics, Ambedkar College,

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From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices. This journal is part

of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite Materials and

Matrices issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the

validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Composite Materials and

Matrices as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific

and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Composite Materials and Matrices,

addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices in JournalsPub is to

propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and

professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Composite Materials and

Matrices in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers

at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Composite Materials and Matrices

focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Elastic instability, Gross plastic deformation,

Tensile instability, Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction, Low and high cycle fatigue damage,

Brittle/elastic damage, Ductile/plastic damage, Strain softening and strain-rate, sensitivity damage,

Impact damage, Modeling and numerical simulation, Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics, Crack incubation

and propagation, Crack and fracture repair techniques, Damage tolerance and fracture control etc. The

Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite

Materials and Matrices and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the

creation and the success of the Composite Materials and Matrices. We are very thankful to everybody within

that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will

be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Composite Materials and Matrices.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Composite Materials and

Matrices readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Composite Materials and

Matrices

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate with Various Boundary Condition Using FEM Pushpendra Kushwah, Pankaj Srivastav, Harsh Bhardwaj, Vimal Tiwari 1

2. Effect of Addition of Phosphates on Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Phenolic and Amino Bonded Wood Composite B.S. Mamatha, D. Sujatha, D.N. Uday, A. Nandanwar 8

3. Effect of Fly Ash Cenosphere on Electric Properties of PolypropyleneJ. Sharma, M.N. Bapat 15

4. An Efficient and Simple Higher Order of Shear Deformation Theory for Static and Free Vibration of Laminated Composite PlatesBelkacem Adim, Tahar Hassaine Daouadji, Abderezak Rebahi, Abdelouahed Tounsi 23

5. Study of Composite MaterialShikha Tripathi 43

Contents

IJCMM (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate with

Various Boundary Condition Using FEM

Pushpendra Kushwah1*

, Pankaj Srivastav2, Harsh Bhardwaj

3, Vimal Tiwari

4

1Aditya College of Technology and Science, Satna, M.P, India

2AKS University Satna, M.P, India

3IIMT, Meerut U.P, India

4Aditya College of Technology, Satna, M.P, India

Abstract

The vibration analysis of laminated composite plates is analyzed using finite element method.

A suitable finite element model is proposed and developed based on first order shear

deformation theory using ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) code. The model has

been developed using an appropriate eight node isoparametric element (SHELL281) from the

ANSYS element library. In this paper Numerical results have been computed for the effect of

material properties, thickness ratio of plate, different boundary conditions, different aspect

ratio, and different angle of fiber orientation of laminated composite plate. The analysis for

rectangular plate is carried out for thickness (h/b= 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) and

different aspect ratios (a/b=1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5). The problem of free vibration analysis of

composite square plates having material properties (E11/E22= 10, 20, 30 and 40) is also

considered. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are compared for different boundary

condition. Comparisons are made with the result for thin and thick composite laminated

plate.

Keywords: boundary condition, free vibration, laminate composite plate

INTRODUCTION

A composite material is defined as a

material system which consists of a

mixture or a combination of two or more

distinctly different materials which are

insoluble in each other and differ in form

or chemical composition. There are two

phases of composite exists namely,

reinforcing phase and matrix phase. The

reinforcing phase material may be in the

form of fibers, particles or flakes and the

matrix phase materials are generally

continuous such as polymer, metal,

ceramic and carbon.[1]

Laminated

composite plates are mostly used in many

engineering applications such as

mechanical, aerospace, marine,

automobile, sports, biomedical, heavy

machinery, agricultural equipment and

health instrument due to their high strength

to weight ratio, low specific density, long

fatigue life, high stiffness to weight ratio,

low weight, high modulus, good electrical

and thermal conductivity and other

superior material properties. Latheswary[2]

studied the linear and non-linear free

vibration analysis of laminated composite

plates using a finite element model, based

on third-order shear deformation theory.

This study has been motivated by the lack

of open literature on large amplitude

dynamic analysis of laminated plates based

on higher-order shear deformation theory.

The effect of various plate parameters on

the linear and non-linear fundamental

frequencies of vibration is brought out.



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Effect of Addition of Phosphates on Thermal, Physical and

Mechanical Properties of Phenolic and Amino Bonded Wood

Composite

B.S. Mamatha*, D. Sujatha, D.N. Uday, A. Nandanwar Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute, An Autonomous body of Ministry of Environment

and Forests, Government of India, Bangalore, India

Abstract

Properties of fire retardant particle board made by treating the particle (populous deltoids)

with mono ammonium phosphate/diammonium phosphate (MAP/DAP) composition were

studied. Two concentrations of (0, 1, and 2%) of fire retardants were incorporated to the

particles on oven dry weight of the particles. Melamine Urea Formaldehyde resin (MUF) and

phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) were used to manufacture the experimental panels. The

flame retardancy and thermal stability of the composites was studied by using limiting

oxygen index test (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The fire

retardant particle board, samples have been tested for fire retardancy as per Indian standard

IS: 5509/IS 1734(part-3) for flammability, and rate of burning tests. Physical and mechanical

properties of the board were evaluated as per the standard IS: 3087. The fire retardancy of

the samples indicated time duration higher than the required for the fire retardant test as per

IS: 5509 with increased LOI values for PF bonded boards. TGA studies confirmed the

thermal stability of the particle board. The study indicates that the addition of fire retardant

chemicals by particle treatment depends on the percentage level and also the type of adhesive

used to make wood composite to yield excellent fire properties without deteriorating the

physical and mechanical properties of the boards.

Key words: fire retardant, phenol formaldehyde resin, wood composite

INTRODUCTION

At present, development in the wood-

based composites industry is rapid and its

application field is wide. Because of the

high strength, ease of production and low

cost, particleboard is found to be suitable

for applications in the fields of building

decoration, furniture and transportation.

However, since the raw materials for

particleboard are flammable the wood

particles and resulting particleboard panels

need to be treated with fire retardants.

Most of the fire retardant chemicals

suggested for wood are water-soluble

inorganic salts, a number of which have

been in use for many years. The focus is

still mainly on compounds or mixtures

containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and

boron, which can be used in as a water

soluble solution. Fire retardant chemicals

can be added to either to the particles or to

the adhesives or as coating in wood

composites.

Previous studies revealed that treating

particleboards with flame retardants were

effective to reduce the combustibility and

heat release of the panel. Most of the

strength and physical properties of the

treated particleboards however, were



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Effect of Fly Ash Cenosphere on Electric Properties of

Polypropylene

J. Sharma*, M.N. Bapat Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Bhopal, MP, India

Abstract

Present work deals with findings on electrical properties of cenosphere filled polypropylene

composites. Frequency dependence of the dielectric constant (ε’) of the composite samples

was carried out at ambient temperature. A theoretical model is proposed for the electrical

conductivity of porous polypropylene/cenosphere composites. Role of addition of these

cenosphere particles on electrical properties such as dielectric constant, tanδ, dc

conductivity land ac conductivity were investigated. Increase of fly ash cenosphere has

decreased the dielectric constant while dissipation factor increased and the dc conductivity

decreases with increasing content of fly ash cenosphere. Theoretical results were compared

with experimental data.

Keywords: electrical properties, particle-reinforced composites, polymer, porosity

INTRODUCTION

Polypropylene (PP) is a polymer prepared

catalytically from propylene having an

isotatic replacement of a hydrogen atom

by a methyl group on alternate carbon

atoms in the main chain. It is used due to

its high temperature resistance which

makes PP suitable for items such as trays,

funnels, pails, bottles, carboys and

instrument jars that have to be sterilized

frequently for use in clinical environment.

It is a translucent material with excellent

mechanical properties. A new class of

materials has emerged as conducting

polymers due to their excellent electrical,

optical and chemical properties.

Conductivity of these materials can be

varied by properly chosen filler material

which offers a new concept of charge

transport mechanism.[1]

Fly ash (FA) is a coal residual product

generated from natural coal fired in

thermal power stations. Huge quantity of

FA is disposed by large number of coal

fired power plants all over the world,

causing serious environmental problems.[2]

Less than half of the ash is used as a raw

material for concrete industrialization and

construction; the remaining is openly

deserted on land side. Due to

environmental convention, new traditions

of utilizing FA have to be explored in

order to uphold the environment and

afford useful habits for its dumping. The

main advantages of using cenospheres are:

reduced raw materials cost, improved flow

ability, reduced resin demand, improved

insulation values, reduced end product

weight, resistant to resin absorption.[3]

Hence, there is considerable interest in

utilization of FA cenosphere as filler.

Dielectric spectroscopy is a valuable

experimental technique for understanding

the phenomenon of charge transport in

conducting polymers. Low frequency

conductivity and dielectric measurements

have proven to provide information on the



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An Efficient and Simple Higher Order of Shear Deformation

Theory for Static and Free Vibration of Laminated Composite

Plates

Belkacem Adim1, Tahar Hassaine Daouadji

1,2*, Abderezak Rebahi

1, Abdelouahed Tounsi

2

1Département de Génie Civil, Université Ibn Khaldoun, Zaaroura, Tiaret, Algérie

2Laboratoire des Matériaux et Hydrologie, Université de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algérie

Abstract In the present study, the static and free vibration of laminated composite plates is examined

by using a refined shear deformation theory and developed for a bending analysis of

orthotropic laminated composite plates. These models take into account the parabolic

distribution of transverse shear stresses and satisfy the condition of zero shear stresses on the

top and bottom surfaces of the plates. The most interesting feature of this theory is that it

allows for parabolic distributions of transverse shear stresses across the plate thickness and

satisfies the conditions of zero shear stresses at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate

without using shear correction factors. The quantity of independent unknowns in the present

theory is four, as against five in other shear deformation theories. In the investigation, the

condition of motion for simply supported thick laminated rectangular plates is obtained

through the use of Hamilton’s principle. The accuracy of the analysis presented is

demonstrated by comparing the results with solutions derived from other higher-order

models and with data found in the literature. The theory proposed is not only accurate, but

also efficient in predicting the natural frequencies of laminated composite plates.

Keywords: higher-order theories, laminated composite plate, shear deformation theory of

plates

INTRODUCTION The use of composite material for the

structure/component design has grown

significantly over the last few decades

because their response characteristics can

be tailored to meet specific design

requirements. Furthermore, composite

structures possess high specific stiffness

and high specific strength which leads to

overall reduction of weight, thereby

increasing the efficiency of the structure.

Laminated composite plates are widely

used in industry and new fields of

technology. Due to the high degrees of

anisotropy and the low rigidity in

transverse shear of the plates, the

Kirchhoff hypothesis as a classical theory

is no longer adequate. The hypothesis

states that the normal to the midplane of a

plate remains straight and normal after

deformation because of the negligible

transverse shear effects. Refined theories

without this assumption have been used

recently. The free vibration frequencies

calculated by using the classical theory of

thin plates are higher than those obtained

by the Mindlin theory of plates,[1]

in which

the transverse shear and rotary inertia

effects are included. A number of shear

deformation theories have been proposed

to date. The first such theory for laminated

isotropic plates was apparently.[2]


International Journal of Composite Material and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Study of Composite Material

Shikha Tripathi* Aditya College of Technology and Science, Satna, MP, India

Abstract

Polymeric composition compound with a plasticizer or very low proportion of pigment or

processing aids are nonordinary consider as a composition the goal is to improve strength

stiffness or toughness or dimensional stability by embedding particles in matrix or binding

phase.

Keywords: polymer of composite material

INTRODUCTION

The linking of small molecules

(monomers) to make larger molecules is a

polymer. Polymerization requires that each

small molecule have at least two reaction

points or functional groups. There are two

distinct major types of polymerization

processes, condensation polymerization, in

which the chain growth is accompanied by

elimination of small molecules such as

H2O or CH3OH, and addition

polymerization, in which the polymer is

formed without the loss of other materials.

There are many variants and subclasses of

polymerization reactions.[1]

The polymer chains can be classified in

linear polymer chain, branched polymer

chain, and cross-linked polymer chain. The

structure of the repeating unit is the

dysfunctional monomeric unit, or “mer.”

In the presence of catalysts or initiators,

the monomer yields a polymer by the

joining together of n-mars. If n is a small

number, 2–10, the products are dimmers,

trimers, tetramers, or oligomers, and the

materials are usually gases, liquids, oils, or

brittle solids. In most solid polymers, n has

values ranging from a few score to several

hundred thousand, and the corresponding

molecular weights range from a few

thousand to several million. The end

groups of this example of addition

polymers are shown to be fragments of the

initiator.

If only one monomer is polymerized, the

product is called a homopolymer. The

polymerization of a mixture of two

monomers of suitable reactivity leads to

the formation of a copolymer, a polymer in

which the two types of mer units have

entered the chain in a more or less random

fashion. If chains of one homopolymer are

chemically joined to chains of another, the

product is called a block or graft

copolymer.

COMPOSITES

Composite is any material made of more

than one component. There are a lot of

composites around you. Concrete is a

composite. It's made of cement, gravel,

and sand, and often has steel rods inside to

reinforce it.

Those shiny balloons you get in the

hospital when you're sick are made of a

composite, which consists of a polyester

sheet and an aluminum foil sheet, made

Composite Materials

& MatricesIJCMMJAN – JUNE 2016

SUMBIT

YOUR A

RTICLE

201

5

Mechanical Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,

Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering

Nanotechnology

Biotechnology

Physics

x International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercializationx International Journal of Environmental Chemistryx International Journal of Process Control andInstrumentationsx International Journal of Prevention and Control of IndustrialPollution

Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Material Sciences and Engineering

Chemistry

Nursing x International Journal of Immunological Nursingx International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursingx International Journal of Neurological Nursingx International Journal of Orthopedic Nursingx International Journal of Oncological Nursing

x International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviourx International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturingx International Journal of Biomechanics &Biodynamicsx International Journal of Fluid Dynamics andMechanicsx International Journal Structural Mechanics andFinite Elements

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