international journal of composite materials and matrices (vol 2 issue 2)

Composite Materials

& MatricesIJCMMJul–Dec 2016

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From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices. This journal is part

of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite Materials and

Matrices issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the

validation of emerging technologies.

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Matrices as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific

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professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Composite Materials and

Matrices in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers

at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Composite Materials and Matrices

focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Elastic instability, Gross plastic deformation,

Tensile instability, Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction, Low and high cycle fatigue damage,

Brittle/elastic damage, Ductile/plastic damage, Strain softening and strain-rate, sensitivity damage,

Impact damage, Modeling and numerical simulation, Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics, Crack incubation

and propagation, Crack and fracture repair techniques, Damage tolerance and fracture control etc. The

Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite

Materials and Matrices and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the

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be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Composite Materials and Matrices.

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editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Composite Materials and

Matrices readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Composite Materials and

Matrices

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Sugar Manufacturing and Process Performance Analysis – A Study Nikhil Dev 1

2. Effect of Some Physical Properties on the Swelling Behaviour of Biomass Membranes S.A. Osemeahon, E.A. Agala, A.M. Kolo, A. Akinterinwa 8

3. Toxic Effect of Titanium (TiO ) on Wistar Rat2

Shantanu Gosh 16

4. Experimental Analysis on the Characteristics of Gas Turbine Blade MaterialsSadananda Chakraborty, Rayapati Subbarao 19

5. Execution and Evaluation of Glass-Epoxy-TiC Hybrid CompositesShivi Sharma 24

Contents

IJCMM (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Sugar Manufacturing and Process Performance Analysis – A

Study

Nikhil Dev*

Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT Sugar is one of the most desirous commodity in every part of the world. It production

requires a lot of planning from crop to final product development. In the present work it is

analysed that sugar production is passed through a lot energy intensive processes. These

energy intensive processes are necessary at every level of sugar production. Therefore, to

plan any energy conservation policy it is rudiment to understand all these processes.

Technology is making its way through human development with new inventions in science

and engineering. A lot of new inventions are taking place day by day. The parameters to

evaluate process performance are also numerous. These parameters may be inter-reliant or

independent. Therefore, performance analysis of sugar manufacturing makes it necessary to

look into the performance parameters and their interdependence so that their role in

technology development may be fully understood.

Keywords: analysis, performance, processes, sugar

INTRODUCTION Sugarcane and sugar are known to India

since Vedic times. The first mention of

sugarcane in the world literature is found

in ATHARVA VEDA. In the legends in

Hindu mythology many references of

sugarcane, syrup and crystalline sugar are

found.

The words for sugar in most languages of

world are derived from the Sanskrit word

“Sharkara”. It is from India that

knowledge of sugarcane culture,

production and use of sugar spread to

different parts of world. During

Alexander’s invasion of India, Greeks

learnt about sugarcane and sugar in 325

B.C. In 600 AD. Chinese learnt art of

sugar manufacture from Indians. The

cultivation of sugar was introduced to

western world by the Spanish and

Portuguese in 16th century.

Sugarcane being a C4 crop is capable of

fixing more CO2 by efficient processes of

photosynthesis and translocation. The

sugars, synthesized in the leaves are

translocated to the stem in the form of

‘sucrose’ and are converted into glucose

and other sugars. The glucose molecules

are used for the development of plant parts

(structural units) in the growth phase. As

soon as the processes related to growth and

development start ceasing, the sugar

accumulation starts and sucrose is formed

by glucose and fructose after dehydration.

There are about 140 types of sugars.

Among these there is a family of sugar

with whose name the suffix ‘ose’ is

associated, for example sucrose, dextrose,

maltose, mannose, etc. The suffix indicates

that whole family is built up from

components of carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen in different proportion. Inside this

IJCMM (2016) 8-15© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8


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Effect of Some Physical Properties on the Swelling Behaviour of

Biomass Membranes

S.A. Osemeahon1, E.A. Agala

1, A.M. Kolo

2, A. Akinterinwa

1*

1Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria

2Department of Chemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The membranes of Detarium microcarpum seeds (DMS) and Alfzelia africana seeds (AAS)

were developed. The water uptake capacities for DMS and AAS were found to be 500% and

390% respectively. The percentage of water uptake by Detarium microcarpum membrane

and Alfzelia africana membrane, both increased with increased in the concentration of DMS

and AAS as well as pH. The effect of contact time on water uptake showed that the water

uptake increases gradually from 30 minutes to 2 hours and rapidly from 2 hours to 4 hours

which mark the saturation point of the bio-sorbent. The water uptake of both membranes

decreased with increase in ionic strength and temperature. This study revealed that Alfzelia

africana and Detarium microcarpum membranes have high water uptake capacities,

therefore, the study presents both DMS and AAS plant seeds as potential bio-sorbents for

industrial use.

Keywords: Alfzelia africana seeds, Detarium microcarpum seeds, membrane, water uptake

capacities

INTRODUCTION Water pollution is a worldwide problem

and its control has become increasingly

important in recent years. Aqueous heavy

metal pollution represents an economical

environmental problem due to their toxic

effects and accumulation throughout the

food chain.[1]

Heavy metal contaminants

exist in aqueous wastewaters of many

industries, such as metal plating facilities,

mining operations and tanneries. The

contamination of water with substances

which have adverse effect on human

beings, animals and plant is called water

pollution.[2]

Removal of heavy metal ions from

effluents can be achieved by various

methods such as: chemical precipitation,

ion exchange, electrochemical treatment,

reverse osmosis, solvent extraction, lime

coagulation, adsorption on activated

carbon, etc.[3]

These existing technologies for wastewater

treatment have major problems, costs

involved in the construction of waste water

treatment plants are un-economical, it

consumes lot of space, and commercially

they are unattractive and have disposal

problems.[4]

The technologies are divided into three

types namely biological, chemical and

physical.[5]

The technologies like electro

floatation, electro kinetic coagulation,

coagulation combined with floatation and

filtration, conventional oxidation methods

by oxidizing agents irradiation and electro-

chemical processes are the technologies

which fall under chemical methods. These

chemical technologies are having many



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Toxic Effect of Titanium (TiO2) on Wistar Rat

Shantanu Gosh* Department of Chemistry, Kurushetra University, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (<100 nm) has been generally utilized as a part of the creation of

paints, paper, and plastics, and additionally in sustenance added substances and colorants.

It has been named naturally inactive in both people and creatures. Here we concentrated the

harmfulness of TiO2 on Wister rodent. Primary introduction zone of NPs is caudal vein of

Wistar rodent. In the field of nanomedicine, intravenous infusion can convey TiO2

nanoparticulate transporters straightforwardly into the human body. Upon intravenous

introduction, TiO2 NPs can initiate neurotic injuries of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and

cerebrum. We have likewise appeared here that the vast majority of these impacts might be

because of the utilization of high measurements of TiO2 NPs. Ultrafine estimate and

morphological properties of NPs was dictated by TEM, SEM and X beam diffraction where

the span of NPs were 5-20nm, discovered morphologically as total frame. Because of high

dosage of NPs the body weight was decreased however the coefficient of liver, kidney and

spleen were altogether expanded yet no adjustment in cerebrum. Receptive Oxygen Species

(ROS) increment because of high measurements which harmed DNA. Serum protein and

catalase catalyst action additionally expanded with expanding NPs fixation yet SOD

diminished.

Keywords: titanium, toxic, wistar rat

INTRODUCTION

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (<100 nm) has

been broadly utilized as a part of the

creation of paints, paper, and plastics, and

in nourishment added substances and

colorants. It has been delegated

organically idle in both people and

creatures. Here we concentrated the

poisonous quality of TiO2 on Wister

rodent. Fundamental presentation zone of

NPs is caudal vein of Wistar rodent. In the

field of nanomedicine, intravenous

infusion can convey TiO2 nanoparticulate

bearers specifically into the human body.

Upon intravenous presentation, TiO2 NPs

can prompt obsessive sores of the liver,

spleen, kidneys, and cerebrum. We have

additionally appeared here that the greater

part of these impacts might be because of

the utilization of high dosages of TiO2

NPs. Ultrafine estimate and morphological

properties of NPs was dictated by TEM,

SEM and X beam diffraction where the

span of NPs were 5~20nm, discovered

morphologically as total frame. Because

of high dosage of NPs increment of body

weight was decreased however the

coefficient of liver, kidney and spleen

were essentially expanded yet no

adjustment in mind. Responsive Oxygen

Species (ROS) increment because of high

measurements which harmed DNA.

Serum protein and catalase catalyst action

additionally expanded with expanding

NPs fixation yet SOD decreased [1–5].



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Experimental Analysis on the Characteristics of Gas Turbine

Blade Materials

Sadananda Chakraborty*, Rayapati Subbarao Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research

(NITTTR), Kolkata, India

ABSTRACT

Gas turbine technology is gaining importance and has become viable option in most of the

applications in view of depleting fossil fuels. Material research has widened the scope and

life of gas turbines with improved performance. Present work experimentally studies about

the characteristics of different materials that can be used in gas turbines and in particular,

turbine/compressor blades. Nickel, titanium and steel alloys of different metal compositions

are selected. Hardness test is performed and index is compared. Metallurgical microscope is

used for studying the grain structure. Surface roughness test is carried out after grinding and

the values of Ra and Rz are compared. Later, heat treatment is carried out and tests are done

after the heat treatment as well. Study reveals that suitable alloy can be identified ensuring

safer and long withstanding of gas turbine components and blades giving more options in

order to meet future power generation requirement.

Keywords: gas turbine materials, material testing, microscopic studies, surface roughness

test, turbine blade

INTRODUCTION

Gas turbine (GT) technology is getting

prominence these days because of its wide

range of applications and advantages it

offers on working and performance.

Progress in materials research has paved

the way for further improvement of gas

turbine performance [1]. The continuous

flow of the working fluid requires

performing processes like compression,

heat input and expansion that take place in

separate components. So, material

selection is very importance that brings all

the components working together in a

coordinated way to achieve higher power

output. Gas turbine components are

subjected to extremely high temperatures

causing significant mechanical and

thermal stresses. In order to overcome

such barriers, gas turbine blades are made

using advanced materials and modern

consent alloys (super alloys) that contain

significant alloying elements [2]. If

suitable materials are selected, there are

higher chances of withstanding elevated

temperatures and thus higher efficiency.

Lighter materials like Al alloys would

help in reducing weight of the overall

engine or system. High performance

materials like special steels, titanium

alloys Nickel alloys and other super alloys

are used for the construction of gas

turbines. Different combinations of

materials are useful in different

components. Metals like Nickel,

Chromium, Cobalt and Tungsten are the

primary metals necessary for all the

components of the GT system. Titanium

and Tantalum are also used [3]. Based on

the suitability of GT materials, present

work chooses Ti, Ni alloy and steel alloys

for testing. Ti based alloys have been used



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Execution and Evaluation of Glass-Epoxy-TiC Hybrid

Composites

Shivi Sharma* CSIR, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

ABSTRACT

The present paper reports the handling and strong molecule disintegration conduct of a

multiphase composite comprising of epoxy sap strengthened with E-glass fiber and TiC

particles. The TiC powder incorporated from ilmenite utilizing DC amplified warm plasma

procedure has been utilized as the filler as a part of these glass epoxy composites. It is

watched that with expanding rate of filler particles, there is critical change in hardness and

disintegration wear execution. It is additionally watched that, among every one of the

components, affect speed is the most critical element took after by TiC rate and impingement

edge, while erodent estimate has minimal centrality on disintegration of the strengthened

composite. Taguchi's orthogonal clusters have been utilized to distinguish the controlling

variables affecting the disintegration wear rate.

Keywords: composites, glass, TiC

INTRODUCTION

These days much consideration is centered

around the investigation of strong

molecule disintegration conduct of fiber

strengthened polymer composites. This is

because of the high potential utilization of

these materials in mechanical and

auxiliary applications in car, marine, and

aviation enterprises. Thus disintegration

resistance of polymer composites has

turned into a critical material property,

especially in choice of option materials.

Polymer composites are frequently

utilized as designing and also auxiliary

segments where these are subjected to

wear. Wear is harm to a strong surface for

the most part including dynamic loss of

materials, attributable to relative

movement between the surface and a

reaching surface or substances [1]. A few

examinations on contact and wear

properties of PEEK and its composites

loaded with filaments, natural and

inorganic fillers have been done [2, 3].

Yen and Dharan [4] have examined the

rough wear conduct of unidirectional fiber

strengthened polymer composites. Chang

et al. [5] have concentrated the tribological

properties of fiber strengthened polymer

composites like polyetheretherketone

(PEEK) and polyetherimide (PEI). It has

been watched that by consolidating filler

particles into fiber-fortified composites,

synergistic impacts can be accomplished

as higher modulus and diminished

material cost, yet went with diminished

quality and effect strength [6–13].

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Preparation of TiC Powder

Ilmenite is one of the vital metals of

titanium. In the present examination, TiC

powder has been blended from the

ilmenite focus by an indigenously created

developed circular segment plasma

reactor. The reactor is a pot sort reactor

where graphite cathodes are organized in a

Composite Materials

& MatricesIJCMMJul–Dec 2016

SUMBIT

YOUR A

RTICLE

201

7

Mechanical Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,

Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering

Nanotechnology

Biotechnology

Physics

x International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercializationx International Journal of Environmental Chemistryx International Journal of Process Control andInstrumentationsx International Journal of Prevention and Control of IndustrialPollution

Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Material Sciences and Engineering

Chemistry

Nursing x International Journal of Immunological Nursingx International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursingx International Journal of Neurological Nursingx International Journal of Orthopedic Nursingx International Journal of Oncological Nursing

x International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviourx International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturingx International Journal of Biomechanics &Biodynamicsx International Journal of Fluid Dynamics andMechanicsx International Journal Structural Mechanics andFinite Elements

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