international relations revision book 1kji3zl

8/2/2019 International Relations Revision Book 1kji3zl

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The Mcauley Catholic High School

History Department

Modern World

History Revision

Paper 1International Relations 1918 -

1939


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Revision Booklet Paper 1: International Relations

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Contents

Table of ContentsModern World History Revision Paper 1 .................................................................................. 3Checklist for International Relations ......................................................................................... 5THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES ........................... 7THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS................................................................................................. 8

GERMAN REARMAMENT & FOREIGN POLICY 1933-39.......................................... 9APPEASEMENT................................................................................................................ 10

KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING ............................................................................................ 11THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND ................................................................................ 11THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES ...................................................................................... 11

KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING ............................................................................................ 12

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ............................................................................................ 12KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING ............................................................................................ 13

GERMAN REARMAMENT & FOREIGN POLICY ......................................................... 13KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING ............................................................................................ 14

APPEASEMENT ................................................................................................................. 14Past questions ........................................................................................................................... 15


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Modern World History Revision Paper 1

IMPORTANT

1. PLANNING - be organised, make a realistic plan you can stick to and STICK

TO IT

2. BE REALISTIC - do not attempt to revise for more than 45 minutes at a

stretch - break up your revision with breaks and rewards. If you give yourself a

10 minute break between two 45 minute sessions you will be amazed how

much more you will achieve

3. BE PURPOSEFUL - Don't give up - even a mountain of work gets smaller and

more manageable once you start to revise

4. KEEP IN ALL IN PROPORTION Your GCSE's are important, but in terms of life

the universe and everything they are not THAT important. Work hard but don't

make yourself ill over it, you can live with the consequences if you don't get

what you want first time!

5. SUPPORT each other in your revision - if you can find someone to revise with

and to test you it is often a big help. it is also useful to have someone to talkto about it.

TOP REVISION TIPS

1. Sort out the environment you are going to work in. MINIMISE STRESS make

sure you have everything you need - files, books , pens, paper etc. readily to

hand. Make sure it's a quiet place, not stuffy, enough light, refreshments close

to hand - a place where you are comfortable.

2. Plan your time - make a revision timetable and stick to it as much as youcan

3. Plan your folder - divide into sections that are ordered and structured - use

the Medicine revision planner given. Divide Germany work into logical

sections.

STRATEGIES

Use "Memory Maps" for complicated topics - use pictures and symbols

that spring to your mind. Place finished memory maps above your deskjust above eye level


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Regularly test yourself in exam conditions

When taking additional notes remember to try and interact with your

notes. Consider the topic title, ask yourself what the notes made you

think of, make connections.

Give yourself regular breaks - the average attention span is about 15

minutes!!. give yourself regular five minute breaks when you do

something completely different e.g. listen to music, make a cup of

tea -- you might want to use rewards e.g. I can have a chocolate

biscuit if I learn this Memory map -- you'll get fat but it might help you

learn

Many people concentrate better with a little background music on -

experiment - does it help you? if yes then DO IT

Mobilise a friend - revise together - use each other to brainstorm how

you approach certain questions, test each other orally

Always make sure there is a range of activities and aids to your revision.

Auditory - things you can listen do - other people, you could makerevision tapes if you find the spoken word more helpful than written

revision cards

Visual - things you can see - revision cards, memory maps etc.

kinaesthetic- Don't just sit still all the time. many people learn well when

they are moving - In the First Place game is very useful

MOST IMPORTANTLY START REVISING NOW!

What you need to know for Paper 1For this you need to revise Germany and International Relations.It is a mixture of source questions and extended writing question.

Examples of these questions will appear at the end of the book.

Remember you need to organise your revision. On the next page is a checklist of what you

need to know.


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Checklist for International Relations

Please check your file to make sure you have completed this

unit of work.Havent

got a clue!

Nearly

there.

Got it

sussed!

Key Question Focus PointsContent Focus Please

Please Please

1. Were the PeaceTreaties of

1919-23 fair?

What were themotives and aims of

the Big Three at

Versailles?

Why did all of thevictors not get

everything they

wanted? What was the

immediate impact of

the peace treaty onGermany up to

1923?

Could the treaties bejustified at the time?

The peace treaties of 1919-23(Versailles, St. Germain,

Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres and

Lausanne);

the roles of individuals suchas Wilson, Clemenceau and

Lloyd George in the

peacemaking process; the impact of the treaties on

the defeated countries;

contemporary opinions aboutthe treaties.

2. To what extentwas the League

of Nations a

success?

How successful wasthe League in the

1920s?

How far didweaknesses in the

Leaguesorganisation make

failure inevitable?

How far did theDepression make thework of the League

more difficult?

Why did the Leaguefail over Manchuria

and Abyssinia?

The League of Nations;strengths and weaknesses in

its structure and organisation;

Successes and failures inpeacekeeping during the

1920s;

other work of the Leaguerefugees; the impact of theWorld Depression on the

work of the League after1929;

the failures of the League inManchuria and Abyssinia.


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3. Why hadinternational

peace collapsed

by 1939?

What were the long-term consequencesof the peace treaties

of 1919-23?

What were theconsequences of the

failures of theLeague in the

1930s?

How far wasHitlers foreign

policy to blame forthe outbreak of war

in 1939?

Was the policy ofappeasement

justified?

How important wasthe Nazi-Soviet

Pact?

Why did Britain andFrance declare war

on Germany in

September 1939?

The collapse of internationalorder in the 1930s;

the increasing militarism ofGermany, Italy and Japan;

Hitlers foreign policy to1939;

the Saar, remilitarization ofthe Rhineland, Austria,

Czechoslovakia and Poland;

the Nazi-Soviet Pact,

appeasement and the outbreakof war in September 1939.


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GCSE HISTORY REVISION FILE

INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1918 - 1939

THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

BACKGROUND

By 1918 Russia was out of the war and the Germans were able to transfer all their troops to theWestern Front. The Americans had entered the war against Germany at the end of 1917 but it wouldbe some time before US troops arrived in France in large numbers. In April 1917, the Germans begana massive attack on the western front in a final effort to break through.

At first, they succeeded and advanced to within 60km of Paris. By July, they were halted and theallies pushed them back. Over a million US troops were now in Europe, the British naval blockadewas causing serious shortages of food and war materials in Germany and Germanys allies were onthe verge of collapse. By November it was clear Germany could not win the war.

On November 8 1918 the Kaiser abdicated and fled to Holland. A Provisional Governmentwas set up and they had to negotiate an armistice with the Allies.

The Germans were promised that they would be treated fairly and that the final peace treatywould be based on PRESIDENT WILSONS 14 POINTS.

At the peace conference at Versailles it soon became clear that the allies had very differentviews about how Germany should be treated

Wilson wanted a fair settlement for all - national self-determination; internationaldisarmament; a League of Nations to prevent future wars; no more secret treaties.

Clemenceau of France wanted revenge. He wanted Germany to lose territory and much ofher industry; pay for war damage; and be completely disarmed.

Lloyd-George did not want to see Germany totally ruined, but he was forced by public opinionto go along with the idea of punishing Germany and making them pay.

Under the Treaty of Versailles the German army was reduced to 100,000 men. No tanks, noair force and no submarines.

Alsace-Lorainne was returned to France, all German colonies were taken away, Poland wasgiven German territory and the Rhineland was demilitarised.

Germany had to accept all blame for the war and pay REPARATIONS of 6.6 billion tocompensate the allies for war damage.

The Germans were not allowed to take part in the discussions about the treaty. They werevery bitter about how they were treated. Even the Allies were not satisfied.


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THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

BACKGROUND

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, the Allies agreed to form an international organisation to providepeace and security for all countries. This was one of President Wilsons 14 Points. The League ofNations was set up in 1920. It met in Geneva and was very popular with the people of Europe. TheLeague had three main aims. To provide -

1. COLLECTIVE SECURITY - all countries to help any member who was attacked.2. PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES - an international court at The Hague.3. INTERNATIONAL DISARMAMENT - all members were to reduce their armed forces.

The League was made up of a number of bodies. THE COUNCIL / THE ASSEMBLY / THE

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE and AGENCIES such as the ILO.

The League did much good work in resettling refugees, stopping the drugs and the slavetrade, international traffic signs and settling minor border disputes.

The League failed in its main aims because. Important countries such as the USA and Russiadid not join. Germany joined in 1926 but did not trust the League.

The League had no armed forces, which made it difficult to make aggressive countries backdown. Collective security was a very vague idea.

The League could apply trade and economic sanctions but these took a long time and werevery difficult to enforce.

International disarmament proved impossible in the 1920s. Each country was determined tolook after its own interests the League could not get agreement even to have a conference.

In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. China appealed to the League, which sent the LyttonCommission to investigate. In 1933, it recommended that Japan should withdraw andManchuria become a semi-independent state. Japan rejected this and left the League.

The Leagues failure in Manchuria revealed how weak the League was and that Britain andFrance would not support economic sanctions if this threatened their national interests.

In 1932, the League organised the Geneva Disarmament Conference but this broke up in

1934 largely due to Hitlers demands for equality for Germany, which France rejected.

In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. The League applied economic sanctions but excludedimportant supplies such as oil. Mussolini threatened war if Italian trade was blockaded.

Britain and France wanted to keep Mussolini as an ally against Germany and attempted to doa secret deal (Hoare Laval) that would give Mussolini most of Ethiopia. News of this wasleaked and there was public outrage. In 1936, Italy left the League.

In 1937, the League adopted a policy of non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War. This wasignored by Italy and Germany who helped Franco and the USSR who helped theRepublicans. After 1937, the League was virtually ignored by the major powers.


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GERMAN REARMAMENT & FOREIGN POLICY 1933-39

BACKGROUND

When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he was determined to make Germany theleading military power in Europe and conquer territory in Eastern Europe. His plan involved; -Rearming Germany with modern weapons and increasing the size of Germanys armed forces.Creating a Greater Germany by bringing all German-speaking people in Europe into the Nazi state.A war of conquest in the East to provide lebensraum (living space for the German people)

The main obstacle to Hitlers plan was the Treaty of Versailles. In 1919, Germany had been forced to

agree to reductions in her armed forces, loss of territory, and was forbidden to unite with Austria.Britain and France were responsible for making sure Germany did not break the treaty. Hitler wasvery careful to avoid provoking Britain and France until he had made Germany strong again.

German rearmament began immediately in 1933. At first, this was done secretly with the helpof industrialists who supported Hitler. Production of new tanks, aircraft and other weaponsbegan.

In 1934, Hitler went to the Geneva Disarmament Conference. He asked for equality with theFrench army. The British agreed but the French refused. Hitler walked out and Britain andFrance blamed each other for the failure to reach agreement.

In 1935, the Anglo-German Naval agreement allowed Germany to increase her Navy beyond

the limits set at Versailles. The French were furious and believed the British were too soft withGermany. This further divided Britain and France to Hitlers advantage.

Later in 1935 Hitler declared that he was increasing the German Army to 500,000. He alsoannounced the existence of a German Air Force. These things had been forbidden atVersailles.

In March 1936, Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland. This made Germany safe from a Frenchinvasion and strengthened his position in Germany.

In 1938, Hitler threatened to invade Austria and Britain and France refused to help. TheAustrian government was forced to agree to the Anschluss or Union with Germany.

The British did not stop Hitler because: - Britain did not have a big enough army / a belief thatTreaty of Versailles was too harsh / the public did not want another war / mistrust of theFrench / fear of bombing raids on Britain / a belief that ending Versailles would satisfy Hitler.

After 1936, Hitler could not have been stopped without a major war. By 1937, Germany hadthe largest air force and the largest army outside of Russia. In Britain serious rearmament hadnot even started.

Hitler was always careful to make it seem he only wanted fair treatment for Germany self-determination for all German people, equal armed forces for Germany and an end to theunfair Treaty of Versailles.

By 1938, Germany was in a very strong position and when Hitler moved againstCzechoslovakia, he was ready for war. Britain was not and would have a long way to go tomatch the German armed forces.


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APPEASEMENT

BACKGROUND

After the Anschluss with Austria, Hitler was in a very strong position. Germany had the largest armedforces in Europe and Hitler was convinced that Britain and France would not be willing to go to warwith Germany. His next target was Czechoslovakia. The Czech state was created at Versailles andcontained 3 million Germans in the area known as the Sudetenland. Hitler wanted this area to behanded over to Germany. The Czechs had a good army, alliances with France and Russia and werewilling to fight if necessary. However, they were betrayed and forced to give in to Hitlers demands.

Everyone knew that Hitlers next move would be against Poland, as he wanted the Polish Corridorreturned to Germany. In an attempt to prevent this Britain and France gave a guarantee to help

Poland if Germany attacked. Hitler made a secret deal with Stalin and went ahead with his invasion ofPoland. On September 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany.

In May 1938, Hitler told his Generals, It is my unalterable decision to smash Czech oslovakia.At a meeting with the Czech President Benes, he demanded the Sudetenland be given toGermany.

The Sudeten Nazi Party led by Konrad Henlein began to claim that Sudeten Germans werebeing persecuted. In fact, Czechoslovakia treated minority groups fairly and respected theirrights.

The Soviet Union offered to help the Czechs provided the French were willing to fight. TheCzechs and the French began to mobilize their armies. German troops were moved to the

Czech border.

War seemed inevitable until the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain intervened. On 15Sept at Berchtesgatan Hitler agreed to a peaceful handover of the Sudetenland. On 22 Septat Ogdensburg Hitler told Chamberlain that he intended to occupy the area on October 1.

Chamberlain returned to Germany for a third meeting in Munich. The British, French, Italiansand Germans. They agreed to Hitlers demands and the Czechs were forced to give up theSudetenland. In March 1939 Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia

It was clear that Poland would be Hitlers next target. Britain and France were determined tomake a stand and on 30 March, they promised to assist Poland if Germany attacked.

In the summer of 1939 the German newspapers and radio stations began to put out antiPolish propaganda claiming that the Poles were persecuting Germans living in the PolishCorridor.

Hitler believed that France and Britain would not move against him without the support ofRussia. In August 1939, he made a deal with Stalin that contained secret plans for Poland tobe divided between Germany and Russia.

On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland. Britain and France sent an ultimatumto Hitler demanding that the German army withdraw. Hitler refused and on 3 Sept Britain andFrance declared war on Germany.


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KEY POINTS FOR LEARNING

THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

QUESTION ANSWER NOTES

Why was Germany

close to collapse by

November 1918?

Explain the events that

led to the armistice of

November 1918.

How did the allies

differ in their views

about how to deal with

What were the main

proposals in President

Wilsons 14 Points?

What were the main

terms of the Treaty of

Versailles?

Why were many

Germans bitter and

angry with the Treaty

INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1900-1949


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THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS


Why was the League of

Nations set up and

what were its aims?

Describe how the

League of Nations was

organised.

What powers did the

League have to deal

with aggressive

What were the main

weaknesses of the

League of Nations?

Why was disarmament

important in the 1920s?

Why did the League

fail to bring about

disarmament in the


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GERMAN REARMAMENT & FOREIGN POLICY


Why were the German

armed forces very weak

in 1933?

Explain why Hitler was

determined to increase

German military

Describe how Hitler

made Germany

stronger during the

Why did the growing

strength of Germany

cause tension in

Why did Britain and

France fail to stop

Germanys growing

Explain what was

meant by a policy of

appeasement towards


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INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1900-1949


APPEASEMENT


Why did Hitler want to

destroy

Czechoslovakia?

Why did the British

government agree to

Hitlers demands for

What happened to

Czechoslovakia after

the Munich

Why did Hitler claim

Polish territory should

be given to Germany?

Why did Britain and

France offer to help

Poland if Germany

Why did Hitler ignore

Britain and France and

attack Poland in Sept


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Past questions

KQ 1: Were the peace treaties of 1919-23 fair?

1)(a) What did Lloyd George hope to achieve from the Treaty of Versailles? [4](b) Explain why Germany was made to pay reparations. [6](c) The following were all equally important reasons why Germany hated the Treaty ofVersailles:(i) limitations on its armed forces;(ii) the loss of raw materials and industries;(iii) the loss of land.Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer, referring only to (i), (ii) and (iii). [10]

June 05

2)(a) What land did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles? [4](b) Explain why the Allies punished Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. [6](c) How satisfied were the Allied leaders with the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer.[10]June 2006

3(a) What were Lloyd Georges aims at Versailles? (4)

(b) Explain why Clemenceau wanted the Treaty of Versailles to punish Germany severely.

(6)(c) The following were all equally important reasons why Germany was dissatisfied with the

Treaty:(iv) the reduction in armed forces;(v) the loss of territory;(vi) the imposing of war guilt and reparations.

How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring only to (i), (ii)and (iii).

(10)(june 2008)

KQ 2 To what extent was the League of Nations a success?1)(a) What was the structure of the League of Nations? [4](b) Explain how the League of Nations tried to solve social problems during the 1920s and1930s. [6](c) How successful was the League of Nations at keeping peace in the 1920s and 1930s?Explain your answer. [10] June 06

2)(a) What were the main aims of the League of Nations? (4)(b) Explain how the League of Nations achieved some successes in the 1920s. (6)

(c) How far can the failure of the League in the 1930s be blamed on the GreatDepression? Explain your answer (10)


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KQ 3 Why had international peace collapsed by

1939?1)(a) What was agreed at the Munich Conference in 1938? [4](b) Explain why Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939. [6](c) The following were all equally important reasons why there was a world war in 1939:(i) Hitlers aggressive foreign policy;(ii) the failure of the League of Nations;(iii) the policy of appeasement.Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer, referring only to (i), (ii) and (iii). [10]June 05

2)(a) Describe the events in the Rhineland in 1936. (4)(b) Explain why Britain followed a policy of appeasement. (6)(c ) How far was the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 responsible for causing war in Europe?Explain your answer. (10)(June 2007)

4(a) What were the aims of Hitlers foreign policy? (4)

4(b) Explain how Hitler destroyed the Treaty of Versailles in the years up to 1938. (6)

4(c) The following were equally important reasons for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939:(iv) the policy of appeasement;

(v) the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939;(vi) the invasion of Poland.

How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring only to (i), (ii) and (iii). (10)

June 2008

international relations revision book 1kji3zl

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