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Sustainable High-Rise Buildings Designed and Constructed in Timber (HiTimber)

International study on best practices and knowledge gaps for construction of high-

rise timber buildings

Tallinn, 2018

ERASMUS +, Action KA2: Cooperation for Innovation and The Exchange of good practices. Strategic Partnerships


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 5

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6

1.1. Estonia ............................................................................................................................. 6

1.2. Lithuania .......................................................................................................................... 8

1.3. Denmark .......................................................................................................................... 9

1.4. Portugal ......................................................................................................................... 11

1.5. United Kingdom ............................................................................................................. 13

2. National wooden/timber buildings’ market review ............................................................. 14

2.1. Estonia ........................................................................................................................... 14

2.1.1. Overview of the market ......................................................................................... 14

2.1.2. Outdoor climate ..................................................................................................... 14

2.1.3. Description of the labor market ............................................................................. 15

2.1.4. Laws or acts regulating the construction sector .................................................... 15

2.2. Lithuania ........................................................................................................................ 16


2.2.2. Outdoor climate ..................................................................................................... 18



2.3. Denmark ........................................................................................................................ 21


2.3.2. Outdoor climate ..................................................................................................... 21



2.4. Portugal ......................................................................................................................... 23


2.4.2. Outdoor climate ..................................................................................................... 23



2.5. United Kingdom ............................................................................................................. 25


2.5.2. Outdoor climate ..................................................................................................... 25





3. National technical requirements for construction of timber buildings ............................... 27

3.1. Estonia ........................................................................................................................... 27

3.2. Lithuania ........................................................................................................................ 29

3.3. Denmark ........................................................................................................................ 32

3.4. Portugal ......................................................................................................................... 34

3.5. United Kingdom ............................................................................................................. 35

4. Overview of high rise timber buildings ................................................................................ 36

4.1. World’s highest already implemented timber buildings .............................................. 36

4.1.1. Treet in Bergen, Norway ........................................................................................ 36

4.1.2. Origine in Quebec, Canada ..................................................................................... 38

4.1.3. Forte in Melbourne, Australia ................................................................................ 40

4.1.4. Brock Commons in Vancouver, Canada ................................................................. 41

4.2. Buildings under construction ........................................................................................ 43

4.2.1. Mjøstårnet near Oslo, Norway ............................................................................... 43

4.2.2. HoHo tower in Vienna, Austria .............................................................................. 45

4.2.3. Skellefteå Cultural Centre in Skellefteå, Sweden ................................................... 46

4.3. Proposals ....................................................................................................................... 47

4.3.1. Oakwood Tower in London, England ..................................................................... 47

4.3.2. Oakwood Timber Tower 2 – The Lodge in Amsterdam, The Netherlands ............ 48

4.3.3. Terrace House in Vancouver, Canada .................................................................... 49

4.4. Highest buildings in/related to the partner countries .................................................. 50

4.4.1. Estonia .................................................................................................................... 50

4.4.2. Lithuania ................................................................................................................. 57

4.4.3. Denmark ................................................................................................................. 61

4.4.4. Portugal .................................................................................................................. 66

4.4.5. United Kingdom ...................................................................................................... 68

5. Knowledge gaps in high-rise timber building education ...................................................... 70

5.1. Estonia ........................................................................................................................... 70

5.2. Lithuania ........................................................................................................................ 70

5.3. Denmark ........................................................................................................................ 71



5.4. Portugal ......................................................................................................................... 71

5.5. United Kingdom ............................................................................................................. 72

6. References ............................................................................................................................ 73

6.1. Estonia ........................................................................................................................... 73

6.2. Lithuania ........................................................................................................................ 75

6.3. Portugal ......................................................................................................................... 76

6.4. United Kingdom ............................................................................................................. 78

Annexes .................................................................................................................................... 81

ISBN 978-9949-7274-6-9 (pdf)



PREFACE

A tall wood building is typically much lighter than a building using traditional materials, which reduces the cost of a building’s foundations. Also, using wood products can help cities meet their urban density targets while reducing their environmental footprint and mitigating the effects of climate change.

The aim of output 1 (O1) of the project “Sustainable High-Rise Buildings Designed and Constructed in Timber (HiTimber)” is an international study on best practices and knowledge gaps for construction of high-rise timber buildings. It will give an overview of the market of timber buildings in the partner countries, a summary of national technical requirements for construction of timber buildings, knowledge gaps in high-rise timber building education and highest implemented buildings related to the countries of participants of this project. Also, an overview is given of the world’s highest already implemented timber buildings, buildings under construction and building in the proposal phase.

It will directly contribute to implementation of the first specific objective of the project – to strategically research at which level sustainable design, construction and management of high-rise timber buildings are to be planned and implemented in the project partner countries.

The study will help to assess current capacities of education on sustainable design, construction and management of high-rise timber buildings among partner universities; will provide understanding of the gaps and stakeholders’ needs. This may reveal knowledge areas that can be improved. Findings of this study will serve as the basis for common study module development.

The study will be open source, thus easily accessible to students, academics, businesses and wider community.

This report is compiled by TTK University of Applied Sciences.

Authors: Pille Hamburg, Karin Lellep and Martti Kiisa.

Co-authors: all partners of the project.

Version date: 04.09.2018

http://www.hitimber.eu/

http://www.hitimber.eu/

http://www.tktk.ee/en/

https://www.etis.ee/CV/Pille_Hamburg/est?tabId=CV_ENG

https://www.etis.ee/CV/Karin_Lellep/est?tabId=CV_ENG

https://www.etis.ee/CV/Martti_Kiisa/est?tabId=CV_ENG

http://www.hitimber.eu/partners/



1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Estonia

Estonians have long-term traditions in producing homes from round logs – for centuries they have built Estonian farmhouses from local pine or spruce. In Estonia there are log houses that are more than 300 years old and in the Nordic countries some, that are even 800…1000 years old.

It can be assumed, that log houses were built already in the Neolithic Age. The main tool was an axe, but the use of other tools is not known. The dimensions of buildings from that period were probably 3…5×10 m, with small openings and a low slope roof. Intermediate columns were also used in corner tenon joints to make walls sturdier. Moss was mostly used to caulk walls at the end of prehistory, but there are also traces of using clay. Two main different traditions of log construction existed up to the outset of the 20th century: the simple structure made of horizontal round timber logs and the structure made of squared timber. The dwellings of farms and newly established towns continued to be smoke-filled rooms of small size, with dimensions approximately 4×6 m.

One of the oldest surviving wooden buildings is a wooden church on the Island of Ruhnu, that was built in 1643…1644 of hewn logs on a low stone foundation. 15…18 cm wide logs were used, which had lengthwise grooves hewn in them. The oldest known surviving wooden log house in Tallinn was built at the end of the 17th century. It is a two-storey building with two mantle chimneys and have lengthwise grooves hewn in them over their entire width, thus achieving a smooth exterior wall resembling a stone wall. There are also Setu tsässons, small orthodox village chapels made of timber – one of them was built in 1694 (Mikitamäe). Also, the repeatedly reconstructed Sutlepa chapel, located at the Estonian Open Air Museum has the year 1699 on its doorpost. In the 20th century, horizontal logs in walls were replaced with vertical joist framed walls.

The manufacturing of glue laminated timber began in Põlva in 1979. Athletics arenas, production buildings, bridges and much more were built of laminated timber. The longest span made of timber is Tondiraba Ice Hall, that was completed in 2014. It has laminated timber trusses with spans up to 62 m to support the roof. Cross-laminated timber is also manufactured in Estonia.

Estonian enterprises produce various products like modular houses, element houses, garden houses and log houses from planed or round timber. Estonia is one of Europe´s largest exporters of prefabricated houses. E.g. the modular elements of the tallest timber building in the world (as of 2014) were manufactured in Tartu.

Nowadays the manufacturing of wooden houses has developed to one of the key industries in Estonia with 140 enterprises. The sector’s turnover is approximately 350 M€ per year and approximately 85-90% of wooden houses produced in Estonia are exported. Most Estonian manufacturers have long term traditions in producing wooden houses and are competitive in foreign markets. The main export countries of Estonian wooden houses are the Scandinavian



countries, Germany and the United Kingdom. Important export partners are also Japan, South Africa and South Korea.

The advantages of factory-built wooden houses from Estonia:

high quality is ensured by using certified materials and controlled production processes in indoor conditions;

the on-site construction of the factory built houses is fast and efficient and the possible negative influences from the weather are minimized;

the houses are produced and built by highly skilled specialists, who are properly trained and have extensive experience in the field;

the proper project documentation ensures a high quality production process and all possible problems with the houses are avoided.

Estonia also has a well-functioning Woodhouse Association, that is also a partner in this project.



1.2. Lithuania

For centuries Lithuania was known as a land of endless lush forests, interrupted only by rivers. As such, the traditional architecture in Lithuania is wooden. In most smaller towns, almost every building that had been constructed before the 20th century is built of wood. Wooden churches (both Catholic and Orthodox) are common in villages, there are even wooden mosques and synagogues. Some of the wooden buildings are very elaborate and with intricate details.

Most (∼90%) of the buildings constructed in Lithuania before the year 1940 are built of wood. In the 20th century, they were regarded as inferior.

There are numerous nice wooden residentials in the Žvėrynas borough of Vilnius. In the 1990s Žvėrynas became a rich neighborhood and many new buildings were constructed there post-1990 somewhat altering its face. However, Šnipiškės borough of Vilnius remains an intact and authentic example of a 19th-century wooden suburb where even some streets aren’t paved yet. In Kaunas, there are many wooden buildings in Žaliakalnis borough. A must see for every fan of wooden architecture is the open-air museum in Rumšiškės where many old village buildings were transported from all over Lithuania.

In the 2001…2002 edition of Heritage at Risk, the Lithuanian National Committee of ICOMOS mentioned wooden architecture in historic suburbs as the most endangered of several groups of cultural heritage items in Lithuania.

Recently, like elsewhere in Europe, natural and eco-friendly wooden houses are raising merits in Lithuania, so the woodhouse industry is experiencing a stage of growth: new enterprises are established and business is expanded not only in the Lithuanian market but in foreign markets as well.



1.3. Denmark

In Europe and North America, multi-storey high-rise wooden buildings are shooting up, the number of projects increases exponentially from year to year, and the established "World's tallest wooden building" changes owner with a haste that makes it hard to keep up with. In Denmark, on the other hand, clients as well as consultants and contractors are still orientating themselves to concrete and steel. Denmark still is waiting for its first multi-storey wooden building to be built.

It is important to point out that there are no legal restrictions for building wooden buildings in Denmark that are higher than 4 floors.

Several of the projects abroad have been fully or partially initiated due to the focus from the authority side or from private sector in the construction industry, with the purpose of proving that wood can also be used in multi-storey building construction. The same cannot be seen from the local authorities or private organizations in Denmark. However, among the building and construction industry sector, especially from architects and contracting companies, there is an increased interest in finding sustainable and renewable building materials solutions for multi-storey high-rise buildings.

The debate regarding multi-storey timber buildings is focused on the possibilities and challenges of implementing wood in multi-storey buildings through the use of workshops, interviews with industrial partners, conferences, go-home meetings as well as study trips to relevant buildings around Europe. The purpose of these activities has been to identify the potential for the construction industries in making wood a natural sustainable choice for new high-rise wooden buildings.

Timber houses higher than 4 floors is often perceived as the maximum height that can be legally built with wood in Denmark today, but it is important to point out, that there are no legal restrictions for building wooden houses in Denmark that are higher than 4 floors.

Wood's millennial history as building material makes it one of the oldest building materials we have. In comparison, steel has only been used for buildings since the 1880s and modern concrete since the 1850s. It may therefore seem paradoxical that wood is not selected as major material for high-rise buildings due to lack of experience with wood compared to steel and concrete. The explanation is, among other things, that the large industrial-processed solid wooden elements that have made it technically possible to build high rise wooden buildings, are a relatively new invention. For example, CLT (Cross-Laminated Timber) was first introduced in the 1980s, and the experience base for wood construction is only being established.

However, the experience and development has grown rapidly and is quite extensive, when looking beyond Denmark's borders. In Europe and North America, multi-storey high-rise buildings are shooting up in wood and in recent years the number of projects has been rising exponentially. There is almost an architect’s competition for who can build the tallest timber



building in the world. In Sweden, the proportion of multi-storey wooden houses in 2015 was 8,7%. A share that has been around 10% in the past 10 years.

In Denmark, however, the main builders, consultants and contractors still focus on concrete and steel and Denmark still has its first large multi-storey wooden house to build. The explanations are diverse, but it as a special role that the Danish building tradition for centuries has been carried out in stone and bricks, which has been the preferred material for facades and roofs. Wood has generally been a shortage in Denmark over the past 400 years. Around 1700 the Danish forest-area was only approx. 2% of the country's area. Danish building tradition has been characterized by "wood shortage" until today. 15% of Denmark's area is today covered with forest and the area is increasing. There is currently a net growth in the forests in both Denmark and the rest of the northern hemisphere. Wood is therefore no longer a shortage either in Denmark or in the countries we import most of our wood from.

Comprehensive wooden house projects in several countries with similar small forest resources (such as Denmark, England and the Netherlands) show, that national access to large forest resources and the accompanying timber industry is not a prerequisite for building high wooden buildings.

The lack of Danish focus on wood can thus be explained not only by the lack of tradition but also other factors such as the regulatory frameworks, lack of recognition and understanding of environmental benefits, uncertainty as to economic sustainability. Also, a lack of technical know-how in the construction industry due to inadequate or lack of education at universities and technical schools, plays a part.



1.4. Portugal

Although the use of timber in construction has a long tradition in Portugal, there is no practice of building entirely from wood. When timber structures are referred in Portugal, as in most countries of the southern Europe, it refers to roofs and floors, and also to old buildings constructed in mixed wood-stone masonry.

Somewhat everywhere, growing concerns about the environment and the sustainable use of resources have recently brought a new impetus to the wood construction market. After more than three decades in this state of affairs, timber, particularly in the form of glued laminated wood, regained some prominence and occupied a relevant position in some construction niches, such as sports pavilions, shopping centers, footbridges and others.

Wooden houses are associated with the idea of comfort, of environmentally responsible behavior and of a differentiated product. There are also other reasons to prefer them: sustainability (including carbon capture), the high level of industrialization and prefabrication, the ease and speed of assembly, among others. Ecology, or in other words, the protection of the environment, has been responsible of the development of several examples of wooden constructions. It should be noted that, on this path to sustainable construction, wood emerges as the only renewable material in nature.

The use of wood in structures and, in particular, the greater or lesser implantation of wooden houses in the various countries has always depended on the availability of wood in the face of the supply of other alternative materials, of the climate as well as cultural and social issues.

The low market penetration of timber construction in Portugal can be partially explained by the high temperatures of the hot season and hence, the higher propensity for biological at-tack and the shortage of quality wood as opposed to the availability of other materials in abundance and of good quality. These reasons include the low mobility of families and the preference for current construction processes, the shortage of specialized technicians and the absence of specific regulations.

However, there are other difficulties:

the small size and low technological capacity of the industries;

the forest has been decreasing due to successive years of catastrophic fires;

there is no known forestry strategy for the production of trees with characteristics suitable for production of structures;

low income and high risk discourage private investment (85% of the Portuguese forest);

falling of trees of good characteristics has increased the ratio of less qualified trees;

Portuguese sawmills are typically small or family units, with limited financial capacity and technological innovation. According to an article published in the press (Pinto, 2009), there were 250 sawmills in Portugal, against about 300 that closed in the last decade, leading to the loss of 6 200 jobs.



In addition to struggling with growing subsistence difficulties, these companies have no practice or ability to classify wood for structures. 15 years after its publication, the Portuguese Standard NP4305, which establishes Pinho Bravo quality classes for structural application, remains practically ignored by a large number of national sawmills.

The combination of all the mentioned obstacles results in the lack of local producers, reducing companies in the sector. Consequently, until the 1990s, there were almost no technicians able to design in wood, and the Forest Engineers were the only ones who retained some knowledge of this material. Currently, specific training is offered on wooden structures in several Portuguese schools. It is estimated that there are presently about 50 graduate stu-dents with basic skills in this area. This offer is complemented by the completion of post-graduation courses for graduates and technicians. Summarizing, the total training in this field seems to fit the size and needs of this sector, which is still a niche market.



1.5. United Kingdom

The UK has an old housing stock with almost 8,4 million homes out of 25 million built before 1945 (4,8 million built before 1919) and a fifth of homes (4,7 million) have been built since 1980. Semi-detached house, mid-terraced house, detached house and purpose built flat are the most common home types in England. English houses have become more adaptable and smaller because of population lifestyle change and demographic shifts.

With relativly cold climate and dependance on importing fossil fuels, the UK is committed to implementing ‘nearly-zero carbon’ standards for all new domestic buildings by 2020 on the basis of ‘fabric first’ approach through increased and improved insulation and reducing thermal losses by eliminating thermal bridging and increasing air tightness. The performance targets of the ‘nearly-carbon’ standard are to be implemented through strengthening of the UK Building Regulations.



2. NATIONAL WOODEN/TIMBER BUILDINGS’ MARKET REVIEW

2.1. Estonia

2.1.1. Overview of the market

The percentage of timber houses comprised 19,5% out of all houses (according to the net area, as of 2015). An overview of the Estonian timber market is given in table 1.

The total area of Estonia is 45 227 km2 and 51% of it (2,3 million hectares) is covered by forest.

Table 1. Overview of the Estonian timber market

No. Indicator 2014 2015 2016

1 Turnover of the construction sector 2014…2016 (€/year)

3 910 M€ 3 939 M€ 4 178 M€

2 Turnover of the building (houses only) sector 2014…2016 (€/year)

2 453 M€ 2 521 M€ 2 774 M€

3 Turnover of timber house sector 2014…2016 (€/year)

264 M€ 318 M€ 349 M€

4 Turnover of timber house sector of GDP 2014…2016 (%)

1,35% 1,55% 1,67%

5 The volume of timber house export 2014…2016 (€/year)

216,6 M€ 286,4 M€ 302,9 M€

6 Three major export markets 2014…2016

Norway, Germany, United

Kingdom

Norway, Sweden, Germany

Norway, Germany, Sweden

7 The volume of timber house import 2014…2016 (€/year)

1,283 M€ 2,107 M€ 4,713 M€

2.1.2. Outdoor climate

The average annual temperature in Estonia is +5°C. The average temperature in February, the coldest month of the year, is −5°C. The average temperature in July, which is considered the warmest month of the year, is +18°C. Estonia is located in a humid zone in which the amount of precipitation is greater than total evaporation. The average precipitation is between 550 to 880 mm per year and is heaviest in late summer. There are between 102 and 127 rainy days a year. Snow cover, which is deepest in the south-eastern part of Estonia, usually lasts from mid-December to late March.



2.1.3. Description of the labor market

Approx. 3 000 people work in the Estonian wooden houses sector, which provides motivating and challenging jobs with salary above average. Estonian handcrafted log house producers are highly skilled and with good quality. In connection with the importance of the export of wooden houses, there is a need for designers, developers, engineers etc. The main problem is the lack of engineers, project managers and CNC-operators and the construction companies and wooden houses producers are competing to hire employees with good quality.

2.1.4. Laws or acts regulating the construction sector

Laws or acts regulating the construction sector in Estonia are:

Building Code [Ehitusseadustik];

Fire Safety Act [Tuleohutuse seadus];

Planning Act [Planeerimisseadus];

Heritage Conservation Act [Muinsuskaitseseadus];

Nature Conservation Act [Looduskaitseseadus];

Land Improvement Act [Maaparandusseadus];

Water Act [Veeseadus];

Ports Act [Sadamaseadus];

Earth's Crust Act [Maapõueseadus];

Public Water Supply and Sewerage Act [Ühisveevärgi ja -kanalisatsiooni seadus].

https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/520062017015/consolide












2.2. Lithuania


There are 295 463 timber residential houses and 21 971 non-residential buildings registered in Lithuania. These buildings account about 13% out of all houses (homestead and auxiliary houses are not included). An overview of the Lithuanian timber market is given in table 2.

The total area of Lithuania is 65 300 km2 and 33,5% of it (2,187 million hectares) is covered by forest.

Table 2. Overview of the Lithuanian timber market

No. Indicator 2014 2015 2016


2,675 M€ 2,673 M€ 2,533 M€

2

Turnover of the building (houses only) sector 2014…2016 (€/year)

Residential buildings only

299 M€ 423 M€ 477 M€

3

Turnover of timber house sector 2014…2016 (€/year)

Construction works not included

72,004 M€ 89,832 M€ 101,817 M€


GDP statistics for timber houses is not provided by Statistics Lithuania

5

The volume of timber house export 2014…2016 (€/year)

Prefabricated wooden houses only

99,59 M€ 118,01 M€ 145,37 M€

6

Three major export markets 2014…2016

Prefabricated wooden houses only

Norway, UK, France

Norway, UK, France

Norway, UK, France


2,340 M€ 2,913 M€ 6,819 M€

About 50% of the 120 producers of log houses manufacture machine-profiled log houses, 30% of them “handcrafted” log houses and 20% glued log houses.

About 80% of the 100 producers of timber-framed houses make and construct panel or modular houses which components are prefabricated, and the rest of the companies build framework houses on construction sites.



Forests cover 33% of the territory in Lithuania. Therefore, the wood industry is by tradition one of the largest and strongest in Lithuania. Lithuanian producers of wooden houses consume approx. 300 000 m³ of top-quality timber, mainly pine logs, per year. This accounts for roughly 8% of the total quantity of wood consumption in Lithuania per year. About 30% of wood is imported from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Before 2004, most companies relied upon cheap labour force and little invested into production technologies. The situation fundamentally changed after Lithuania is accessing the EU followed by the rising cost of labour force. Industries turned to investing into new technologies, and this process is still continuing. They constantly look for new production methods, more advanced technologies and take efforts to assure production quality, as this is the only way for them to extend their markets.

Construction of wooden homes includes not only supplies of woodhouse structures, but also their component parts such as windows, doors, roofing structures and materials, furniture, etc. While specialising in the production and construction of wood homes, the producers are partnering with suppliers of individual house components.

There are two universities in Lithuania training future scientists and highly skilled experts for the wood industry. In addition, there is a quite well developed system for education and training of less skilled experts and workers. Not expensive and high-quality labour force is characteristic in Lithuania. The average wage is one of the lowest in the European Union.

Most log house producers are Lithuanian-capital companies and some of them are established and managed together with foreign partners. Yet, among producers of timber-framed houses there are quite many companies which are 100% foreign capital owned. In most cases foreign producers relocated production to Lithuania for lower production costs. The biggest foreign investors into the Lithuanian woodhouse industry are Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Swedish and German companies.

Producers of wood houses export about 75% of their products to Scandinavian and Western European countries. The biggest export markets for wooden houses are Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, France and the Netherlands. Some Lithuanian producers of wooden houses carry out their business in foreign countries only.

Lithuanian producers of wooden houses are successfully competing in foreign markets for several reasons. First of all, it's because of deep-rooted traditions of wood homes and strong wood industry in Lithuania. Quite cheap labour force and high qualifications are big competitive advantages in foreign markets. Labour costs account for a fairly big share in the structure of cost price of log houses. In addition, local resources of high-quality wood are also big. With a view to extending to foreign markets, producers of wooden houses implement advanced technologies and innovations, develop new products and improve corporate specialisation. This will serve as a basis for successful competing in global markets in the future.

The decision of log house producers to collaborate in dealing with various sector-related problems was finalised in 2005, when the Association of Log Houses Producers (ALHP) was



established in Lithuania. Starting from a few members, today this association joins more than 30 Lithuanian producers of log houses.

The ALHP has developed infrastructure for public service business and is providing specific services to the Association members. The Association helps the Lithuanian producers of wood houses to find partners abroad and also assists potential foreign investors to find producers in Lithuania. In addition, the Association issues publications on log houses, holds seminars and other events, provides consultations on production standards, foreign business offers and other relevant information. With a view to increasing competitiveness of the Lithuanian log home producers, facilitating corporate specialisation and thus improving work efficiency, the ALHP has initiated the formation of the wood construction cluster.

The ALHP is a member of the International Log Builders Association (ILBA) and Standardisation Technical Committee of the Lithuanian Standards Board, LST TC 17 "Mediena" since 2006.

Lithuanian prefabricated wooden house cluster – PrefabLT unite Lithuanian wooden panel, timber-frame and modular house manufacturers, engineering companies and suppliers. Cluster members – well-known and trusted market leaders that offer high quality, client oriented products, services and solutions. All member products meet top-end international quality standards. PrefabLT companies are export oriented and in total more than 90% of manufactured products are being exported to foreign countries. The main export markets for cluster companies are Norway and Sweden.


Lithuania has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification). The population density is lower than in the Western Europe, therefore most of Lithuania is covered by forests and agricultural pastures.

The Lithuanian climate is comparable to that in the cities such as Moscow and Toronto. In capital Vilnius, the average highest daily temperature in July is +22,1°C, the average lowest daily temperature in July is +12,3°C. Average highest daily temperature in January is –3,5°C whereas lowest average daily temperature in January is −8,7°C.

Typically, there are several very hot weeks in summers (with daytime temperatures surpassing +30°C) and one or two very cold weeks in winter (night time temperatures going under -20°C).

Close to the sea in Klaipėda the winters are milder and the summers are cooler, but the difference between Vilnius and Klaipėda weather does not exceed a couple of degrees.

Lithuanian terrain is extremely flat (all country under 300 m), meaning there are no altitude-induced climate differences.

The precipitation is never a major issue and varies little. July is the wettest month with 77 mm of rain. Snow occurs every year, it can be snowing from October to April. In some years sleet can fall in September or May.



There are no natural disasters like volcanoes, earthquakes or tornadoes in Lithuania. Forest fires do happen, but they are minor compared to the ones raging in Australia or Southern Europe. Severe storms are rare in the eastern part of Lithuania and common nearer the coast.

The growing season lasts 202 days in the western part of the country and 169 days in the eastern part.


The wood processing sector (Includes forestry and logging and manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials accounts for about 2,0% of GDP, employing around 32 200 workers or 3,5% of total employment.

2 257 companies were active in the sector at the beginning of 2016, 99,8% of them were SMEs.

According to the Association of Log Houses Producers (ALHP), today there are about 120 producers of log houses and about 100 producers of timber-framed houses in Lithuania. Most of them are small-sized enterprises with up to 50 employees, while the others can be attributed to the category of medium-sized and large enterprises.

Industry's key competitive advantages:

efficient application of modern technologies and innovative business solutions;

strategic proximity to major markets;

good availability of raw materials;

high flexibility to handle non-standard orders.

Staff annual turnover in the wood sector amounts to 39%. It is determined by the following reasons: work conditions (low salaries, working hours and location, seasonality of work), personal qualities (alcoholism, absence, non-compliance with the internal rules of the company) and emigration. The highest turnover is observed among the low-skilled and highly-skilled worker groups and the lowest among the administration specialists.

Even though the employment rate of workers on the market twice exceeds the number of specialists (including civil servants), the part of the young generation in vocational education and training is twice as low as that of those who choose to study in universities.

The demand of employees in the wood sector exceeds the supply in the group „Engineering specialists“. With regard to the employees, in an ideal case, if all the relevant graduates of the vocational education and training programmes opted for the wood sector, there was a balance between the demand and supply, however, the qualification for the above mentioned employees is suitable to work in the construction sector as well and there the salaries are one of the highest on the market. Therefore, the turnover of the employed in the analysed sector may increase in the future, which will increase the lack of specialists and workers. It is noted that due to big annual turnover of employees the high demand for qualification development and requalification exists. This may give rise to the serious problems for the development of the business.




At present, requirements in the field of civil engineering acting in Lithuania can be classified into 5 separate levels:

1) The Law on Construction establishes all essential requirements for construction works which are being built, reconstructed and repaired within the territory of the Republic of Lithuania, and inter alia the minimum requirements for energy performance of buildings.

2) Construction technical regulations (STRs) subdivided in three principal groups (organizational, technical, economical) are the next laws according to the importance of legal acts and they are the basic regulation documents for a practicing engineer. Currently there are 64 valid standards (link). The most important standard that regulates design of timber buildings is STR 2.05.07:2005 “Design of wooden structures”.

3) Technical standards requirements, which can neither be disputed nor changed by alternative ones (to this level belong only documents mentioned in the construction technical regulations).

4) Standards selectively used for materials, methods of analysis, products, technological processes, control methods etc.

5) All standards not mentioned above are of recommendatory type (internal institution rules, recommendations issued by professional associations, aids published by research institutes, textbooks, guidelines etc.).

Three upper document levels are compulsory while the two lower ones are not compulsory.

The Law on Territorial Planning regulates territorial planning of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania, its continental shelf and exclusive economic zone in the Baltic Sea and establish the rights and duties of persons involved in the process. The objective of this Law is to to ensure sustainable territorial development and rational urbanisation by establishing requirements for systematic solutions in the process of territorial planning and compatibility and interaction between different levels of documents, to facilitate the sustainable natural and anthropogenic environment and the quality of urban development by preserving valuable landscape, biodiversity and natural and cultural heritage values.

https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.F31E79DEC55D/bQAUbzCAlt

http://www.am.lt/VI/index.php#a/16982

https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/dde75b13095011e78dacb175b73de379?jfwid=wny8rfncr



2.3. Denmark


The total area of Denmark is 42 932 km2 (without the Faroe Islands and Greenland) and today, 15% of it's area is covered with forest (and the area is increasing). Of this, 69% was located in Jutland while 31% was located on the islands. 63% was coniferous forest while 37% was broadlef forest. There is currently a net growth in the forests in both Denmark and the rest of the northern hemisphere.

An overview of the Danish timber market is given in table 3.

Table 3. Overview of the Danish timber market

No. Indicator 2014 2015 2016


28,5 B€ 28,5 B€ 29,6 B€


14,4 B€ 15,8 B€ 16,8 B€


No data No data No data










Due to its location as a peninsular between several seas, Denmark's weather is mild and climate temperate year-round, with western winds blowing warm air across most of the country. Additionally, Denmark's day and night temperatures don't fluctuate that much, so if you're planning to travel to this Nordic country, you won't need to pack separate outfits for day and night activities.

Denmark's mean temperature in the coldest month, February, is 0°C and in the warmest month of July is +17°C, although wing gusts and shifts in wind direction can drastically change the weather any time of year.

https://www.tripsavvy.com/population-in-nordic-countries-1626872



Rain in Denmark comes on a regular basis year-round, and there are no true dry periods, although September through November brings the wettest season. The annual rainfall in Denmark averages 61 cm of precipitation with Copenhagen having an average of 170 rainy days.


The description of the labor market of the timber house sector (advantages, disadvantages, problems, etc) can be found in Annex III.


Laws or acts regulating the construction sector in Denmark are:

General building code BR18;

Law about enviromental protection;

Law about listed buildings;

Law or rules about making contracts.



2.4. Portugal


The total area of Portugal is 92 212 km2 and 34,74% of it (3,2 million hectares) is covered by forest (as of 2015).

An overview of the Portugese timber market is given in table 4.

Table 4. Overview of the Portugese timber market

No. Indicator 2014 2015 2016


18 134,4 M€ 17 953,3 M€ 17 036,4 M€














Portugal has a temperate climate with significant influence of the Atlantic Ocean, with clear division in terms of winter and summer time. The climate varies from north to south and from coast to mountain. The south experiences Mediterranean weather with particularly mild winters and hot summers. Further north, the coast is warmed by the Gulf Stream, so winters are still mild and summers are warm.

Winter, from December to February, has an average temperature in the coldest month (January) from +9°C (north) to +12°C (south). Summer (from June to September) is sunny and warm in the centre and south, where the heat becomes more intense and temperatures can even exceed +35°C, while being quite cool on the northern coast. The daily average temperature in July is +20°C. In Lisbon and in the central part, the average in summer is higher, and reaches +23,5°C, while on the south it reaches +28°C.



The rainiest season is winter. The annual precipitation exceeds 1 150 mm in the north, while dropping to around 700 mm in the central area and to about 500 mm in the south.


The sector of construction of wooden houses represents a small percentage of the Portuguese housing market. Portugal has no tradition of building timber structures or glued laminated wood and it is necessary to import the material for the majority of structures with significant cost and/or size, that are scarce.

Therefore, the market is small and there is no national production. Thus, since the companies do not have experience in the sector, their activity is in the initial phase of the work and elaboration of the project and, subsequently, the assembly and after-sales technical assistance are almost non-existent. Therefore, these works are made by reputable service companies, with production in factories located in Spain, France or even in Central Europe or Scandinavia.

Summing up, the wood contractor (general or subcontractor) is usually foreign in the small number of construction works of large scale and cost. These justify the attention of international companies and are clearly beyond the capacity and know-how of the Portuguese companies of the sector, as happened with the Atlantic Pavilion or with the National Velodrome.


Laws or acts regulating the construction sector in Portugal are:

Building Code [RGEU];

Buildings and Bridges Safety Regulation [RSA];

Public Water Supply and Sewerage Regulation [Regulamento Geral dos Sistemas Públicos e Prediais de Distribuição de Água e de Drenagem de Águas Residuais];

Energy regulation [RSIUEE];

Gas installation regulation [Regulamento Técnico Relativo ao Projecto, Construção, Exploração e Manutenção das Instalações de Gás Combustível Canalizado em Edifícios];

Heritage Conservation Act [Legislação sobre património];

Nature Conservation Act [Legislação sobre preservação sobre natural];

Land Improvement Act [Programa Nacional da Politica de Ordenamento do Território];

Water Act [Plano Nacional da Água];

Ports Act [Plano Nacional Marítimo-Portuário];

Earth's Crust Act [Seismic and Fire protection].

https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/282093452038907/RGEU.pdf

http://www.oern.pt/documentos/legislacao/d_dl_dr/DL235_83.pdf

https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/431873






http://www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/pt/patrimonio/legislacao-sobre-patrimonio/

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/pn/biodiversidade

http://www.dgterritorio.pt/ordenamento_e_cidades/ordenamento_do_territorio/pnpot/

https://www.apambiente.pt/?ref=16&subref=7&sub2ref=9&sub3ref=833

http://www.plage.com.pt/iptm.html

http://www.prociv.pt/pt-pt/RISCOSPREV/RISCOSNAT/SISMOS/Paginas/default.aspx#/collapse-1



2.5. United Kingdom


An overview of the UK timber market is given in table 5 and the share of new housing 2008…2016 in figure 1.

The total area of the UK is 242 495 km2 and 13% of it (3,079 million hectares) is covered by forest.

Figure 1. Timber frame market, share of new housing from 2008 to 2016

Table 5. Overview of the timber market in the United Kingdom

No. Indicator 2014 2015 2016


268 299,1 M€ No data No data














In the UK, the highest annual sunshine hours recorded was 1 750 hours (in the south) and the lowest recorded was 1 000 hours. Rainfall varies widely, the average annual exceeds 2 000 mm. The highest temperature recorded was +38,5°C and the lowest recorded was +26,1°C in 1982. The mean annual temperature in England varies from +8,5°C to +11°C with



highest occurring in the South West. Generally, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are cloudier than England. The mean annual air temperature in Scotland ranges from +7°C to +9°C, in Wales, is +9,5°C to +10,5°C and in Northern Ireland is almost similar to Wales.


Timber-frame is the second most commonly used housing construction technique in the UK, used for 7% and 29% of residences in England and Scotland respectively. It is typically composed of factory-made panels and it might receive a range of different cladding. Based on the type and thickness of insulation used, which is usually mineral wool, optimal thermal performance could be achieved.


Laws or acts regulating the construction sector in United Kingdom are:

Structure: Approved Document A;

Fire safety: Approved Document B;

Site preparation and resistance to contaminates and moisture: Approved Document C;

Toxic substances: Approved Document D;

Resistance to sound: Approved Document E;

Ventilation: Approved Document F;

Sanitation, hot water safety and water efficiency: Approved Document G;

Drainage and waste disposal: Approved Document H;

Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems: Approved Document J;

Protection from falling, collision and impact: Approved Document K;

Conservation of fuel and power: Approved Document L;

Access to and use of buildings: Approved Document M;

Electrical safety: Approved Document P;

Security in dwellings: Approved Document Q;

High speed electronic communications networks: Approved Document R;

Material and workmanship: Approved Document 7.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/structure-approved-document-a

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fire-safety-approved-document-b

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/site-preparation-and-resistance-to-contaminates-and-moisture-approved-document-c

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toxic-substances-approved-document-d

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/resistance-to-sound-approved-document-e

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ventilation-approved-document-f

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sanitation-hot-water-safety-and-water-efficiency-approved-document-g

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/drainage-and-waste-disposal-approved-document-h

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/combustion-appliances-and-fuel-storage-systems-approved-document-j

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-from-falling-collision-and-impact-approved-document-k

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/conservation-of-fuel-and-power-approved-document-l

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-to-and-use-of-buildings-approved-document-m

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electrical-safety-approved-document-p

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/security-in-dwellings-approved-document-q

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/high-speed-electronic-communications-networks-approved-document-r

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/material-and-workmanship-approved-document-7



3. NATIONAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF TIMBER BUILDINGS

3.1. Estonia

The national technical requirements for construction of timber buildings in Estonia are given in table 6.

Table 6. National technical requirements for construction of timber buildings in Estonia

No. Topic Description

1 Mechanical resistance and stability

Calculations are based on EN 1995 "Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures"

2 Fire safety

No of floors: If timber structures are covered with fire resistant materials, then there is no height restriction.

If timber structures are not covered, then a building can generally be max 2 floors and max 9 m high. In case of a residential or office building, the building can be maximum of 8 floors (max height 26 m), but the following criteria must be met:

a 5...8 storey building must have an automatic fire extinguishing system;

the height of a 3...4 storey building can be max. 14 meters;

when uncovered wood is used in the staircase of a 3…4-storey building, then the staircase must have an automatic fire extinguishing system.

Area: Generally, no limitations, but:

In the case of a building with up to 2-storey (welfare and detention facilities, III building use category) with timber constructions, the closed net area of such building may be up to 2 400 m2.

In the case of a 3- or 8-storey residential or office building with timber construction, the closed net area of such building may be up to 12 000 m2.

Interior materials:

Welfare and detention facilities may have wood if the building has one floor, a height of up to 9 m, a closed net area of up to 1 200 m2 and a number of bed-places up to 10. In other cases, the use of exposed timber is not allowed.

https://www.evs.ee/shop?SearchTerm=%22EVS-EN+1995%22&SectionFilterID=0&ICSCode=&DocumentTypeValid=1&DocumentTypeCorrigendum=1&DocumentOnlyEst=0&FilterCommittees=0&IsISO=1&IsIEC=1&IsNational=1





In assembly buildings, exposed wood may be used if the fire load density is up to 600 MJ/m2 and the area up to 300 m2. In other cases, using exposed wood is not allowed.

Office buildings may have exposed wood, except for a 3-4-storey building.

In industrial and warehouses, where the activity is fire safety/fireproof, exposed wood may be used. In other cases, exposed wood is not allowed.

In garages, the use of uncovered wood is not allowed.

The use of exposed wood (uncovered wood) for evacuation route is not allowed in any cases.

Other: -

3 Energy efficiency

No specific requirements compared to other building materials

4 Sustainable use of natural resources


5 Other All standards concerning timber structures are available on the homepage of the Estonian Centre for Standardisation.

https://www.evs.ee/groups/14729/timber-structures



3.2. Lithuania

The national technical requirements for construction of timber buildings in Lithuania are given in table 7.

Table 7. National technical requirements for construction of timber buildings in Lithuania



Calculations are based on EN 1995 "Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures" and national technical regulation STR 2.05.07:2005 “Design of wooden structures”.

2 Fire safety

No of floors: No restrictions

Area: No restrictions

Interior materials:

No restrictions

Other: It is permitted to design wooden structures only for the environment, which does not exceed +35°C for glued elements and +50°C for solid wood elements.

3 Energy efficiency



According to the Lithuanian Forestry Act (1994), cutting areas are reforested within two years after final felling. All silvicultural measures are aimed at the establishment of productive and resistant stands and protection of biologic and genetic diversity in forests. While carrying out reforestation, planting is successfully combined with natural forest regeneration. About 1/3I of cutting areas are left for natural regeneration.

Forestry and Forest Industry Development Programme has been approved by the Government in 1994 and updated in 1996. This programme is closely related to Lithuanian national sustainable development strategy. The Action Plan, which is annexed to the program, foresees the actions to be undertaken up to the year 2023. In this Programme and Action Plan, the principles of sustainable forest management were introduced in a broader sense.

Forestry and Forest Industry Development Programme also promotes the use of wood based energy what is closely related to the National energy strategy. Afforestation of abandoned agricultural lands, which is a part of the rural development strategy, is reflected in Forestry and Forest Industry Development

hhttps://shop.bsigroup.com/Browse-By-Subject/Eurocodes/Descriptions-of-Eurocodes/Eurocode-5/

hhttps://shop.bsigroup.com/Browse-By-Subject/Eurocodes/Descriptions-of-Eurocodes/Eurocode-5/

https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.250623




Programme as well. The Programme annually assesses the short-term and long-term trends in supply and demand for wood.

5 Other See Standard of log houses described below

There have been no standards of the construction of log homes adopted in Member States, and this area has been little regulated so far. Log home standards have been adopted and applied for several decades by the countries of North America and in 2006 such standards came into effect in Lithuania and Norway. As for the EU Member States, these processes are only gaining acceleration there.

The appearance of the standard for the production and construction of log homes in Lithuania was influenced by the increasing popularity of log homes and close international co-operation of companies. Foreign buyers more and more often claimed quality certificates from Lithuanian manufacturers and this, to a certain extent, facilitated the development of the Lithuanian standard.

One of the reasons for the prolonged absence of the standard for the production of log homes is a great variety of log homes. There are handcrafted log homes, machine-profiled (milled or turned) log homes and glued laminated timber homes as well as timber beam summer houses (cottages). In addition, there are about 50 different types of hand or machine corner jointing. Logs can also differ in their profiles, i.e., logs can be round-shaped, rectangular-shaped, have different cant proportions, grooves, etc. Every manufacturer has mastered their own manufacturing technology applied in the manufacturing of log homes. Consequently, there is a great variety of log homes. As for architectural solutions or cultural heritage of log homes, these aspects cannot be standardised at all.

Yet, despite all these differences, there are common quality criteria applied to all log homes, and these criteria serve as a basis for the log homes standards. First of all, it is the quality of timber used in the production of log homes. The timber processing, i.e., drying, storing and impregnation, is very important in the production of log homes. The second group of requirements relates to the structural solutions of a building.

A standard is an agreement-based document, approved by a notified body, defining the rules, general principles or characteristics intended for a common and and aimed at introducing an optimal procedure in a certain area. Usually, each company manufactures and builds log homes in accordance with own technology. The standard defines the general production and construction requirements conformity, to which, ensures the quality of a log home.

Having summarised all the quality criteria and taking into consideration the experience of foreign countries, the Association of Log Houses Producers drafted the standard "Log houses. Production and construction". On November 2006, the Standard was submitted to the Lithuanian Standards Board, Standardisation Technical Committee “Mediena” (LST/TC 17 "Wood"), which approved the Standard. The ALHP Standard is based on Good Manufacturing



Practice and can be implemented by all companies. Implementation of the Standard is a voluntary process, but implementation of the Standard obligates the concerned companies to manufacture log homes in accordance with the requirements laid down in the Standard.

Standard "Log houses. Production and construction" is applied for the construction of all types of log homes and defines the methods of manufacturing and building the structural elements of walls, floors/ceilings and roof systems. It contains the requirements as to the quality of timber, building structure and its assembly, sealing of gaps, settlement of buildings, and protection against biological damage, and etc. To prepare the Standard, the ALHP has used experience of the International Log Building Association (ILBA), where the ALHP enjoys membership, and has also consulted Lithuanian scientists and Norwegian experts. The members of the Association have formed a working group to deal with the relevant issues, so the Standard contains the collection of the best manufacturing practices.

Log homes require particularly high-quality skills and specific knowledge, as wood is a living organism and log homes keep settling for several years. Gaps may appear between logs, settlement of a house may be uneven, mildew may develop in logs, etc. The Standard for log homes stipulates a number of different provisions and requirements to be met by a log home. In order to ensure high quality of houses built according to the Standard, the ALHP regularly visits the manufacturers of log homes and monitors their conformity to the Standard.

When entering into contracts with manufacturers, customers are unable to know all the peculiarities of the production and construction of log homes. The Standard is intended to defend consumers and to protect them from substandard quality. The requirements laid down in the Standard ensure that a house built in conformity to the Standard will be a high quality one. When entering into contracts with customers, manufacturers should stipulate that log homes are manufactured in conformity to Standard "Log houses. Production and construction". This prevents future misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the customer. In addition, the ALHP helps foreign partners acquiring wooden houses from Lithuanian manufacturers to evaluate the quality of the manufactured log homes.

The Standard for the production and construction of log homes is expected to improve the quality of houses as well as to increase trust in the Lithuanian production.



3.3. Denmark

The national technical requirements for construction of timber buildings in Denmark are given in table 8.

Table 8. National technical requirements for construction of timber buildings in Denmark



Calculations are based on EN 1995 "Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures"

2 Fire safety

No of floors: No specific requirements compared to other building materials

No prescriptive regulations, however performance based regulation. Firesafety may however be done according to older prescriptive regulations. If designed according to prescriptive regulations buildings in category 6 may contain combustable materials in buildings where topmost floor is no more than 22 m above ground and this for the top floor only. For buildings where topmost floor is max 9,6 m above terrain timber may be used in combination with additional fire precautions.

Area: Every 600 m2 must be fire sectioned

Interior materials:


Other: No specific requirements compared to other building materials

3 Energy efficiency



Reducing energy consumption through increased energy efficiency and energy savings has traditionally been a priority for Denmark and is still an important part of Danish energy policy. The Danish Government has a long-term objective of being free of fossil fuels by 2050, and an important element in this objective is improving energy efficiency. In March 2012, the Danish Government’s objective was followed up by an energy agreement for the period up to 2020 in which energy efficiency and savings are a crucial element in the transition towards a society based on 100% renewable energy sources. Initiatives in the energy agreement entail a fall in energy end use by almost 7% in 2020 compared with 2006. This means that gross energy consumption in 2020 will be reduced by 12% compared with 2006. In the energy agreement, emphasis is put on, among other things, energy renovation of existing buildings and energy






saving by energy companies as two of the primary national instruments to drive energy efficiency forward in Denmark. The latest calculations show that actual energy consumption in Denmark fell by 4,2% between 2011 and 2012, while the adjusted energy consumption fell by 3%. At the same time, the level of economic activity as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) fell by 0,5%. This means that energy efficiency improved by 2,6% in 2012. Compared with 1990, adjusted gross energy consumption fell by 4,1%. In the same period, GDP has grown by 38,3%. In Denmark, the share of renewable energy rose in 2012, by 5,4% to 184 PJ, with, among other things, increases in the use of wind power, wood pellets, wood waste and forestry wood chips. Calculated according to the EU’s method, renewable energy accounted for 25,8% of energy consumption in 2012 compared with 23,1% in 2011. At the same time, production of electricity based on renewable energy accounted for 43,1% of domestic electricity supply in 2012, of which wind power contributed 29,8%. Danish energy production and self-sufficiency have also changed. Danish production of crude oil, natural gas and renewable energy etc. fell by 7,9% in 2012, to 801 PJ. In 2011, Denmark was the only country in the EU that was self-sufficient in energy. Denmark’s degree of energy self-sufficiency was 102% in 2012, compared with 108% the previous year. This means that energy production was 2% higher than energy consumption in 2012.

5 Other -



3.4. Portugal

There are no national requirements for construction of timber buildings, fire safety, energy efficiency and sustainable use of materials. The rules adapted for the timber buildings in Portugal are presented in Eurocode 5. However, there is the national voluntary LiderA system that helps to assess the performance of a structure in relation to sustainable use of resources and energy.



3.5. United Kingdom

There are no specific national requirements for timber buidlings. However, In the UK, BS 8605 standard lists all performance requirements for external timber cladding in the UK and offers relevant methods of specifying requirements relevant to the UK’s climate and construction practices.

As UK weather conditions are mostly exposed to strong winds and rain, BS 8605-2 suggests that external timber cladding must be well ventilated. ISO 6946 set the minimum cavity gap for a well-ventilated cavity at 1500 mm2/m2 of the horizontal surface area.

If a ventilated wall cavity is considered, the thermal resistance of the cavity is reduced which could make a difference between meeting or not meeting the essential U-value in some marginal cases. Also, it is important to note that timber has lower thermal conductivity and lower density compared to some commonly used materials in construction.



4. OVERVIEW OF HIGH RISE TIMBER BUILDINGS

4.1. World’s highest already implemented timber buildings

4.1.1. Treet in Bergen, Norway

As of April 2018, the highest building made structurally from only timber is named Treet (figure 2) and it is located in Bergen, Norway. The design process took place in 2011…2013, the first ground-works begn in April 2014 and the building was ready in December 2015. With a height of 49 meters it has 14 stories and is built of glue-laminated and cross-laminated timber and modular units (figure 3). More information can be found in the video explaining the building system (link).

An overview of the design and assembly of Treet is given in the article “Structural Design and Assembly of “Treet” – a 14-storey Timber Residential Building in Norway” (link). The construction process can be seen in a time lapse video (link).

Figure 2. Treet in Bergen, Norway (source)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5XsqauBCX4

http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/Strucural-Design-and-assembly-of-Treet.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jI0U36x3D4

http://www.kodumaja.ee/



The glulam trusses are the main load-carrying system and give the building its’ stiffness (figures 3 and 4). The elevator shaft, internal walls and balconies are made of CLT, but do not contibute to the horizontal stiffness of the building. Floors 5 and 10 are so called „power floors“ – strengthened glulam floors, that have a concrete slab on top, that acts as a foundation for the modular units on top. The modular units comprise the apartments – they are made of timber framework and are stacked on top of each other, up to 4 floors at a time.

As for the fire design, then the main load-bearing system has to resist 90 minutes of fire without collapse and the secondary one 60 minutes. Also, the whole building is sprinkled, has elevated pressure in escape stair shafts and escape routes are fire painted.

Figure 3. Structural model of Treet (source)

Figure 4. Glulam trusses inside the building (source)


http://treetsameie.no/om-leilighetene/



4.1.2. Origine in Quebec, Canada

In Quebec, Canada, we can find a building named Origine (figure 5), which has a total of 13 floors and a height of 40,9 m. The first floor is made of concrete and the rest 12 floors, of glue-laminated and cross-laminated timber. The project launch was in 2016 and it was finished in 2017. A very good overview of the design and construction of the building is given on their homepage (link).

CLT panels are used in Origine extensively – for stair enclosures, elevator shafts, shear walls, exterior walls and floors (figures 6 and 7). They have up to 9 layers of timber and are up to 291 mm thick. The construction process can be seen in the time lapse video (link).

In order to prove, that the CLT building was safe, a series of tests was conducted. One of the tests was done to show how a heavily loaded wall (1st floor CLT wall of a high timber building) would behave when exposed to fire – the result exceeded the required 2 hours significantly. Another test was carried out to evaluate the safety performance of a CLT stair/elevator shaft when severe fire conditions occur in an adjacent room. The result was again positive, showing no temperature increase or smoke leaking into the shaft, thus the staircase would be safe before, during and after the fire. An overview of this fire test is given in the video by Nordic Structures (link).

Figure 5. Origine in Quebec, Canada (source)

https://www.nordic.ca/en/projects/structures/origine

https://www.nordic.ca/en/documentation/publications/origine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=OrMD0u_SBNQ




Figure 6. Origine during construction (source)

Figure 7. Origine during construction (source)





4.1.3. Forte in Melbourne, Australia

As of April 2018, the next highest building, for which the load-bearing structure is only from timber, is Forte in Melbourne, Australia (figure 8). It is a 10 story and 32 m high apartment building made of cross laminated timber. Only the ground-floor and the slab on it are made of concrete, all the rest is made of CLT-panels, including the cores for staircases and elevators, exterior and interior walls. The building is comprised of 759 CLT panels that were manufactured in Austria and then shipped to Australia in 25 containers.

A comprehensive overview of the design and construction is given in a case study (link) and it also has a time lapse video of the construction process (link).

Regarding fire design, the CLT panels are 5 layers thick, of which 3 layers are needed structurally and 2 are for fire resistance. The initial fire resistance is achieved in addition to the charring of timber, using fire graded plasterboard.

Figure 8. Forte in Melbourne, Australia (source)

https://www.woodsolutions.com.au/inspiration-case-study/forte-living

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QR8Z-5cyzrI

https://www.victoriaharbour.com.au/live-here/forte-living



4.1.4. Brock Commons in Vancouver, Canada

Although Brock Commons in Vancouver, Canada (figure 9) has 18 storyes and is 53 m high, it cannot be compared to the previous buildings, because it is a hybrid system. The foundation, ground floor and second floor slab and cores for stairs and elevators are made of cast-in-situ reinforced concrete (figures 10 and 11). Steel is also used in the building – for the structure and decking of the roof and also the envelope elements (prefabricated steel-frame wall panels).

As for the timber, there are three different materials used – CLT panels for floors and glue-laminated and parallel strand lumber for the columns. The CLT panels act as two-way slabs, thus no beams are needed. Each floor also has a steel beam in its perimeter to stiffen the edge and support the envelope.

Construction of the building started in November 2015 and was completed in May 2017. The mass timber components were installed with a crew of nine workers in a pace of two floors per week, thus the mass timber structure was erected in about 9 weeks. The construction can be seen in the time lapse video (link).

Brock Commons brought with itself an extensive promotion of tall wood buildings – many case studies and researches were done regerding both the design and construction and these are available to the public (link).

Figure 9. Brock Commons in Vancouver, Canada (source)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHtdnY_gnmE

https://www.naturallywood.com/emerging-trends/tall-wood/brock-commons-tallwood-house

http://vancouver.housing.ubc.ca/residences/brock-commons/



Figure 10. The hybrid structure of Brock Commons – cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure and the

wood structure components (source)

Figure 11. Brock Commons during construction (source)

https://www.naturallywood.com/emerging-trends/tall-wood/brock-commons-tallwood-house

https://www.interwood.tw/news/news-detail.php?ID=1146&ln=eng



4.2. Buildings under construction

4.2.1. Mjøstårnet near Oslo, Norway

The gluelam structure of Mjøstårnet (figure 12) near Oslo, Norway, is similar to Treet, but it does not have modular boxes. It is also 30 m higher – a total of 18 storeys and 81 m. The construction of the timber structures started in September 2017 (ground works in April the same year), it is planned to be topped out in June 2018 and completed in March 2019. An overview of the construction is given in the paper “Mjøstårnet – Construction of an 81 m tall timber building” (link).

The structure consists of glulam trusses, which are the main load-bearing system and give the building it’s stiffness, internal columns and beams (figures 13 and 14). Elevatos and staircases are made of CLT-panels. Since building modules, like the ones used in Treet, limit the flexibility of the floor plans, then for Mjøstårnet, the floor and wall elements are prefabricated planar elements. And because timber is such a light material, then floors 2…11 are made of timber, but floors 12…18 are 300 mm thick concrete slabs.

Regarding fire design, then the man load-bearing structure is intended to resist 120 minutes and the floors 90 minutes. In order to achieve that and also the glulam structures to be visible in the building, they have been calculated to the remaining cross-section after charring. Also, several fire tests were done to learn how the glulam elemets behave. In addition to smaller fire preventative measures, the whole building is spinkled.

More information of the building can be found on the homepage (link).

Figure 12. Mjøstårnet near Oslo, Norway (source)

http://www.moelven.com/Products-and-services/Mjostarnet/Paper-about-the-construction-of-Mjostarnet/

http://www.moelven.com/Products-and-services/Mjostarnet/

https://mediabank.moelven.com/mediaroom.html?keywords=Mjostarnet&company=MoelvenLimtreAS



Figure 13. Lifting of one of the first elements of Mjøstårnet (source)

Figure 14. The glulam structure of Mjøstårnet as of March 2018 (source)





4.2.2. HoHo tower in Vienna, Austria

The goal of the HoHo tower (figure 15) in Vienna, Austria is to show what can be done with wood and be a showcase project for wood construction today. The structure is ∼84 meters high with 24 floors and it is a hybrid system – the core is of reinforced concrete and 75% of the building will be made of wood. The timber structure consists of prefabricated columns, main beams, deck slabs and facade elements. The assembly of one floor is estimated to take 1,5 weeks and the progress as of the beginning of 2018 can be seen in figure 16.

Figure 15. HoHo tower in Vienna, Austria (source)

Figure 16. Construction of HoHo tower in Vienna (source)

https://www.e-architect.co.uk/vienna/hoho-tower-in-vienna

http://www.cti-timber.org/content/worlds-tallest-timber-building-hoho-tower-taking-shape-vienna



4.2.3. Skellefteå Cultural Centre in Skellefteå, Sweden

Skellefteå Cultural Centre (figure 17) in the municipality of Skellefteå in Sweden (just below the Arctic Circle) is planned to be a 19 story and 79 meter tall timber building. It will house a series of cultural facilities and a hotel. The higher part of the building will be of premanufactured CLT modules, with a CLT core and glue-laminated timber columns and beams. It will have a glass facade, so the timber structure can be seen also from the outside. The lower part of the building will be a hybrid system using either timber and concrete or timber and steel in order to provide open spaces. The building is set to be completed in 2020.

Figure 17. Skellefteå Cultural Centre in Sweden (source)

https://whitearkitekter.com/project/skelleftea-cultural-centre/



4.3. Proposals

4.3.1. Oakwood Tower in London, England

The concept of the Oakwood Tower (figures 18 and 19) in London, England was presented to the mayor of London in April 2016. It is planned to have 80 stories and be ∼300 meters high.

Among other things, the proposal stated, that the timber frame will lock in 50 000 tons of CO2 and it would be 4 times lighter than an equivalent concrete building. If approved, then this building would be the second highest in London.

PLP Architects are working with researchers from Cambridge Univerity’s Department of Architecture, to develop the idea. E.g. they have already visualized the building sequence (link).

Figure 18. Oakwood Tower in London, England (source) Figure 19. Oakwood Tower in London, England (source)

http://www.plparchitecture.com/oakwood-timber-tower.html


https://www.dezeen.com/2016/04/08/plp-architecture-cambridge-university-london-first-wooden-skyscraper-barbican/



4.3.2. Oakwood Timber Tower 2 – The Lodge in Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Oakwood Timber Tower 2 – The Lodge (figures 20 and 21) planned to be built in Amsterdam, The Netherlands is another proposal by the same authors as Oakwood Tower (PLP Architects). However, this one is planned to be 130 meters high and 24×48 m in floor area.

The facade consists of glulam columns, that cross each other causing a woven effect. The columns also twist about their longitudinal axis remaining parallel to the facade.

The structural system can be seen in the video of the building sequence (link).

Figure 20. View of the top of Oakwood Tower 2 – The Lodge (source)

Figure 21. Oakwood Timber Tower 2 – The Lodge (source)

http://www.plparchitecture.com/oakwood-timber-tower-2.html.





4.3.3. Terrace House in Vancouver, Canada

Terrace House (figure 22) in Vancouver, Canada is planned to be 71 meters high and have 19 stories. It will be a hybrid structure where the outer frame is of timber and the core of concrete and steel. The approval for this high timber structure was achieved by analysing the fire risks and conducting performance-based fire and structural engineering tests. The building is planned to be finishd in 2020.

Figure 22. Terrace House in Vancouver, Canada (source)

https://www.designboom.com/architecture/shigeru-ban-terrace-house-vancouver-coal-harbour-portliving-canada-06-02-2017/



4.4. Highest buildings in/related to the partner countries

4.4.1. Estonia

Since Estonia is a very big exporter of timber and timber products and the main markets are in Scandinavia, then the examples of the highest buildings are all situated outside of Estonia. The four highest ones are all situated in Norway and they are described in tables 9…12.

Table 9. Estonia, building 1

Figure 23. Treet in Bergen, Norway (source: Kodumaja AS, photo by Maris Tomba)

1 Location Bergen, Norway

2 Height 51 m

3 Floors 14 floors

4 Area

Gross: 400,5 m2 (1st floor)

Net: 5 830 m2

5 Short description of the load-bearing structures

The main load bearing structure is handled by glulam alone. Timber frame modules are produced in Estonia by Kodumaja AS. Design of the load bearing glulam structure is made by Norwegian engineering company Sweco Norge AS. The glulam structure was produced and installed by Moelven Limtre AS.



Structure:

highest compression force in a glulam column is 4 287 kN;

the max. horizontal deflection of the building on 14th floor is 71 mm (required ≤90 mm).

Architecture:

on the north and south sides of the building glulam beams are visible through the glass facade;

east and west facades are covered with 3 mm corten steel sheets.

6 Date of completion 2015

7 Price (if possible) -

8 Additional information

Video of the construction process: link.

Each building module/apartment complies with the passive house standard enacted by the Norwegian Standard NS 3700:2010.

In total, the net heating energy demand for space heating and heating of ventilation air is 7,5 kWh/m2 per year.

Total energy usage of the building: 71 kWh/m2 per year.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=45&v=1om0ZS2JK7E




Figure 24. Residential building in Oslo, Norway (source: Kodumaja AS)

1 Location Oslo, Norway

2 Height 19,75 m

3 Floors 5 floors

4 Area

Gross: 255,4 m2 (1st floor)

Net: 2 138 m2 (closed bruto area)


Residential housing project made of prefabricated building modules with timber frame structures. The building modules are erected on top of site-built concrete structures at the basement and ground floor, which include industrial rooms and traffic areas. The modules are erected as three 5- and 3-storey units



around a courtyard. All the storeys of the two main buildings are visually joined with access balconies and roof terraces.




The building is designed to perform better than the energy efficiency demands prescribe in Norwegian building regulations, which is one of the strictest in Europe in terms of energy standards. The precise energy consumption values are as follows:

1. transmission loss of construction: 102,7 kWh/m2 per year;

2. heat loss of infiltration: 12,5 kWh/m2 per year;

3. heat loss of ventilation: 15,8 kWh/m2 per year.

The compensating energy:

1. energy from people and equipment: 34,5 kWh/m2 per year;

2. passive solar energy: 41,8 kWh/m2 per year.

In total, the heating energy consumption is 54,7 kWh/m2 per year.

Total energy usage of the building: 113,4 kWh/m2 per year.




Figure 25. Slottet residential buildings in Norway (source: Matek AS)

1 Location Norway

2 Height 23,5 m

3 Floors 7 floors (4 floors from timber)

4 Area

Gross: -

Net: 2 385 m2


Prefabricated external wall panels, internal wall palnels, internal wall panels between different apartments with fire resistance REI60 and sound reduction requirements, inserted ceilings with fire resistance REI60 and sound reduction reqirements, roof panels, roof-terrace panels, balcony and gangway elements with fire requirements REI30/REI60 for the house and partly for stairwell.

Concrete load-bearing structure including inserted ceiling panels and partially walls between apartments.

Lot of CLT used (balcony and gangway structures).






U-values (W/m2K):

external walls 0,17;

roof 0,13;

doors/external doors 1,2.

Normalized thermal bridge 0,06 W/mK.

Leakage figures [n50] [h-1] ≤ 1,5 m3/(hm2).

Temperature efficiency heat recovery 85%.




Figure 26. Residential building in Norway (Source: Harmet OÜ, photo by Maris Tomba)

1 Location Norway

2 Height -

3 Floors 4 floors

4 Area

Gross: -

Net: 2 748 m2


Prefabricated module house on wooden bearing structure. Fire class 2 with sprinklers in apartments, gangways and balconies. Modules from factory connected to concrete gangways through on site casted concrete platforms. Wooden bearing structures for balconies. Steel/wooden bearing structures for gangways.




Balanced ventilation units in each apartment. Water based floor heating combined with El comfort heating. TEK 10 requirements

25 cm insulated wooden frame with U-value for walls ≤0,18 W/m2K, U-value for the roof ≤0,13 W/m2K. Normalized cold-bridges ≤0,06 W/mK. The height of penthouse modules 4,8 m. Roof cover: 2 layer bituminous felt.



4.4.2. Lithuania

Currently there are no modern high rise timber buildings in Lithuania. The highest ones contain two, rarely three floors and are usually recognised as cultural heritage. However, Lithuanian companies design, fabricate and build higher (up to 4 flours) buildings abroad, mostly in Scandinavian countries. Some examples are given in tables 13…15.

Table 13. Lithuania, building 1

Figure 27. Klocktornet in Uddevalla, Sweden (source)

1 Location Uddevalla, Sweden

2 Height -

3 Floors 4 floors

4 Area

Gross: -

Net: 850 m2


Timber frame / CLT panels


http://www.domusexport.eu/en/igyvendintiprojektai/klocktornet-19-apartment/id-21




8 Additional information Four-storied nineteen apartments wooden panel house “Klocktornet” was built by Lithuanian company JSC “Domus export”.

This house meets all sound, heat and fire proof standards and values. Sand colour facade looks nice in the whole ensemble of old town architecture.

„Cedral” cement panelling was used on the exterior and “Veka” profile plastic windows were built in. “Paroc” mineral rock wool was used for heat insulation. Oak parquet and high quality expert class paint decorate the interior. The house was made ready to receive its first residents. “Ikea” furniture was fully installed in bathrooms and kitchens. The first floor has fully prepared warehouses. The house has fully installed ventilation, heating and electric systems. It also has an elevator.

More photos: link.

https://www.facebook.com/pg/Mediniai-r%C4%85stiniai-ir-karkasiniai-namai-286906751305/photos/?tab=album&album_id=10154084603091306




Figure 28. Residential building in Strømmen, Norway (source)

1 Location BB1, BB2, BB3 Henrik Ibsen vei 96, 123, 125 Strømmen, Norway

2 Height -

3 Floors 4 floors

4 Area

Gross: 3 005 m2

Net: -


Timber frame / CLT panels. Building system – modular.




Four-storied 39 apartments wooden modular house was built by Lithuanian company JSC “Kegesa”. Static calculations and structural solutions prepared by Lithuanian structural design company “Timber design LT”.

http://www.eges.lt/article/archive




Figure 29. Cultural heritage building in Kaunas, Lithuania (photo by A. Raškevičiūtė, 2013)

1 Location Pušų str. 2, Kaunas, Lithuania

2 Height No information

3 Floors 2 floors

4 Area

Gross: 338,14 m2

Net: 179,88 m2


Timber


7 Price (if possible) 21 610 €


Cultural heritage



4.4.3. Denmark

Examples of Denmark’s highest timber buildings are given in tables 16…18.

Table 16. Denmark, building 1

Figure 30. Housing on Lisbjerg Hill, Aarhus, Denmark (source)

1 Location Lisbjergvej, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark

2 Height -

3 Floors 4 floors

4 Area

Gross: 4 100 m²

Net: -

http://vandkunsten.com/en/projects/non-profit-housing-of-the-future




Building system: Solid wood with facades of untreated wood.


7 Price (if possible) 7,5 M€


Client: AL2bolig, Architect: Vandkusten, Landscape: Vandkusten Architect: Vandkusten, Landscape: Vandkusten




Figure 31. Birkehøj Care Center in Taastrup, Denmark (source)

1 Location Birkehøj Plejecenter, Lindehaven 2, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark

2 Height 10 m

3 Floors 3 floors

4 Area

Gross: 5 000 m²

Net: -


Shear panel walls and floors




The demands with respect to energy consumption in new buildings has increased as introduced in the building regulations BR15, however many of the new constructions using Taasinge Elements has already been prepared to future rise in demands and has been constructed according to the new low energy class 2015.

Taasinge Elements are already now ready to supply elements according to building class 2020, in which the demands for insulation and tightness are even higher.

http://www.taasinge.dk/




Figure 32. Housing in Copehagen, Denmark (source)

1 Location Amager Fælledvej 199, 2300 København S, Denmark

2 Height 12 m

3 Floors 4 floors

4 Area

Gross: -

Net: -


Shear panels walls and floors

6 Date of completion



Taasinge Elements has from the beginning participated in the development of multi storey buildings made from timber and has supplied elements for both attached houses, block houses

http://www.taasinge.dk/



and tower blocks, 3 and 4 storeys. Due to this Taasinge Elements has developed a great expertise and knowhow about how the elements contributes to the stabilising system and other building components and how it protects the building against wind, rain and fire.

Building using timber elements ensures a great freedom in laying out the plan without tight constraints and increases the architectural options without increase in cost.

Furthermore, the use of timber elements ensures a dry construction from the beginning, a good indoor climate and good noise and sound conditions in the buildings.



4.4.4. Portugal

Examples of Portugal’s highest timber buildings are given in tables 19…20.

Table 19. Portugal, building 1

Figure 33. Historic building in Baixa Pombalina (source)

1 Location Lisbon, Baixa, Nova de Carvalho Street, No. 43-51

2 Height 24 m

3 Floors 7 floors

4 Area

Gross: 1 408 m²

Net: -


Structural internal timber framed walls in elevated floors, constituted of a timber frame with vertical and horizontal elements, braced with diagonal elements (Saint Andrew's crosses) and masonry infill. These timber elements are connected to the floors’ beams, forming a three-dimensional timber frame structure with improved stiffness.

6 Date of completion 1840-50’s (rehabilitation 2004-2007)



-

https://cdn.ostrovok.ru/t/1024x768/mec/92/5c/925ce25cce816e1fc2e241bd21554b544aaa5d97.jpeg



Table 20. Portugal, building 2

Figure 34. ISQ Pavilion (source)

1 Location Castelo Branco, Portugal

2 Height 10 m

3 Floors 8 floors

4 Area

Gross: 7 000 m²

Net: -


Cross laminated panels, manufactured with right dimensions and with precision cut-outs for doors, windows and building services, were assembled on site creating a solid structure for the walls and roof. The loads are transferred uniformly to the concrete mat foundation, which follows the perimeter of the walls.




-

http://www.tisem.pt/portfolio/pavilhao-isq-castelo-branco



4.4.5. United Kingdom

Examples of UK’s highest timber buildings are given in tables 21…22.

Table 21. United Kingdom, building 1

Figure 35. Source: Reynolds et al., 2015

1 Location Norwich, England

2 Height 32 m

3 Floors 8 floors

4 Area -

Gross: -

Net: -


The building is constructed with the first storey in in-situ cast concrete and the upper floors with a combined Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and stud-and-rail load bearing timber system. Both CLT and stud-and-rail walls contribute to the lateral load resistance of the structure.

6 Date of completion August 2014

7 Price (if possible) 10 M€


-



Table 22. United Kingdom, building 2

Figure 36. Source: Thompson, 2009

1 Location Hackney, London

2 Height 26 m

3 Floors 9 floors

4 Area

Gross: -

Net: 2 890 m2


Cross laminated solid timber panels form a cellular structure of timber load bearing walls, including all stair and lift cores, with timber floor slabs.




-



5. KNOWLEDGE GAPS IN HIGH-RISE TIMBER BUILDING EDUCATION

5.1. Estonia

Knowledge gaps in education in Estonia are:

lack of engineers and project managers;

insufficient knowledge and skills in conducting and ordering the examination of the condition of the building (audit);

insufficient knowledge of acoustics and noise;

skills in using modern automated tools do not meet the needs of the labor market.

5.2. Lithuania

Knowledge gaps in education in Lithuania are:

insufficient general knowledge about high-rise timber buildings, lack of awareness in society;

no particular attention on high-rise timber buildings’ design and construction in higher education;

engineers lack creativity, analytical skills, work in a team and the knowledge in technologies and technological processes;

wood industry specialists mostly lack personal qualities, i.e. language skills, manufacturing organisation, quality management and initiative taking skills;

workers lack personal and special skills, such as, taking the initiative, honesty and work with the most recent technologies;

technical and safety at work as well as punctuality skills;

for highly-qualified employees work with the software machinery their maintenance and programming skills are needed;

sales and marketing specialists in wooden industry need to strengthen general skills, especially, communication, negotiation and foreign language.

Skills that are necessary for wood industry specialists were highlighted by Methodological Centre for Vocational Education and Training in 2008 (figure 37).



Figure 37. Pyramid of skills needs in wood sector

5.3. Denmark

There is neither education in high-rise timber buildings nor building models in Denmark.

5.4. Portugal

As mentioned in the introduction, until the 1990s, there were almost no technicians able to design in wood, and the Forest Engineers were the only ones who retained some knowledge of this material. Currently, the situation has changed and some specific training is offered in wooden structures in Portuguese schools. The market needs are fulfilled with the total training in this field, since it is still a niche market.

However, because of the quite short time of implementation of timber structures and several obstacles, there are still some knowledge gaps in this field of study.

Primarily, a general characterization of the market and its needs does not encourage students to take a specialization in this direction. Usually the courses about timber are optional and attendance is negligible, with more interest from architecture students than engineering ones.



Additionally, the course does not address all the important issues of timber structures (e.g. Instituto Superior Técnico provides studies only about the horizontal elements, and no studies about the vertical timber plates’ strength).

There is little information about long-term behavior of Cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures. The acoustic, thermal, environmental (including carbon capture) and economic performance of timber buildings are also fields without significant study, as well as earthquake resistance.

5.5. United Kingdom

Knowledge gaps in education in United Kingdom are:

insufficient resources for holisitic evaluation of how other materials are integrated with timber to improve building performance;

lack of guidance on design detailing for high rise buildings designed in timber;

less usage of prefabricated components compared to other EU countries.



6. REFERENCES

6.1. Estonia

12-storey wood condo, project Origine, in Quebec celebrates capping, Canadian Consulting Engineer: https://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/buildings/1003405388/1003405388/

Eesti Statistika AS https://www.stat.ee/ee

Eesti Puitmajaliit http://www.puitmajaliit.ee/et

“Puit Eesti arhitektuuris” Eesti Metsa- ja Puidutööstuse Liit, 2016

Kodumaja AS http://www.kodumaja.ee/

Matek AS https://www.matek.ee/et/

Treet: the tallest timber-framed building in the world, Timber Design and Technology: http://www.timberdesignandtechnology.com/treet-the-tallest-timber-framed-building-in-the-world/

Some structural design issues of the 14-storey timber framed building “Treet” in Norway: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1022-5

Structural Design and Assembly of “Treet” – a 14-storey Timber Residential Building in Norway: http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/Strucural-Design-and-assembly-of-Treet.pdf

14 Story TREET project under construction in Norway: http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/TTWB-2014-Abrahamson-14-story-TREET.pdf

Origine, 13-storey building, Nordic Structures: https://www.nordic.ca/en/projects/structures/origine

Quebec firm takes on wood high-rise challenge, The Globe and Mail: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/property-report/quebec-firm-takes-on-wood-high-rise-challenge/article26453443/

Forte Living, Wood Solutions: https://www.woodsolutions.com.au/inspiration-case-study/forte-living

Introduction to Brock Commons – UBC Tall Wood Building, naturally:wood: https://www.naturallywood.com/resources/introduction-brock-commons-ubc-tall-wood-building

Brock Bommons Tallwood House, Think Wood: https://www.thinkwood.com/our-projects/brock-commons-tallwood-house

Mjøstårnet, Moelven Limtre: http://www.moelven.com/Products-and-services/Mjostarnet/

HoHo Wien homepage: http://www.hoho-wien.at/

https://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/buildings/1003405388/1003405388/

https://www.stat.ee/ee

http://www.puitmajaliit.ee/et

http://www.kodumaja.ee/

https://www.matek.ee/et/

http://www.timberdesignandtechnology.com/treet-the-tallest-timber-framed-building-in-the-world/

http://www.timberdesignandtechnology.com/treet-the-tallest-timber-framed-building-in-the-world/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1022-5



http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/TTWB-2014-Abrahamson-14-story-TREET.pdf

http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/TTWB-2014-Abrahamson-14-story-TREET.pdf


https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/property-report/quebec-firm-takes-on-wood-high-rise-challenge/article26453443/

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/property-report/quebec-firm-takes-on-wood-high-rise-challenge/article26453443/



https://www.naturallywood.com/resources/introduction-brock-commons-ubc-tall-wood-building

https://www.naturallywood.com/resources/introduction-brock-commons-ubc-tall-wood-building

https://www.thinkwood.com/our-projects/brock-commons-tallwood-house

https://www.thinkwood.com/our-projects/brock-commons-tallwood-house

http://www.moelven.com/Products-and-services/Mjostarnet/

http://www.hoho-wien.at/



HoHo Vienna – Wooden tower, Woschitz Group: http://www.woschitzgroup.com/en/projects/hoho-vienna-wooden-tower/

World's tallest timber building 'HoHo tower' is taking shape in Vienna: http://www.cti-timber.org/content/worlds-tallest-timber-building-hoho-tower-taking-shape-vienna

Skellefteå Cultural Centre, White Arkiteker: https://whitearkitekter.com/project/skelleftea-cultural-centre/

White Arkitekter selected to build timber-framed high-rise in Sweden: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/07/kulturhus-i-skelleftea-white-arkitekter-cultural-centre-hotel-sweden-wooden-timber-frame/

White Arkitekter Designs Nordic Region's Tallest Timber Building for Skellefteå Cultural Center: https://www.archdaily.com/789146/white-arkitekter-designs-nordic-regions-tallest-timber-building-for-skelleftea-cultural-center

Oakwood Timber Tower, PLP Architecture: http://www.plparchitecture.com/oakwood-timber-tower.html

Oakwood Timber Tower: Timber towers could transform London’s skyline: https://urbannext.net/oakwood-timber-tower/

PLP Architecture proposes London's first wooden skyscraper at the Barbican: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/04/08/plp-architecture-cambridge-university-london-first-wooden-skyscraper-barbican/

Oakwood Timber Tower 2 The Lodge, PLP Architecture: http://www.plparchitecture.com/oakwood-timber-tower-2.html

Shigeru Ban Architects Reveals Designs for World’s Tallest Hybrid Timber Building in Vancouver: https://www.archdaily.com/872771/shigeru-ban-architects-reveals-designs-for-worlds-tallest-hybrid-timber-building-in-vancouver

World's tallest mostly wood building poised to be built in downtown Vancouver alongside Erickson classic: http://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/worlds-tallest-wood-building-poised-to-be-built-in-downtown-vancouver-alongside-an-erickson-classic

Shigeru Ban unveils interiors for "world's tallest" hybrid timber tower in Vancouver: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/11/interiors-terrace-house-shigeru-ban-unveils-hyrbid-timber-tower-vancouver-port-living/

Terrace House, Vancouver’s Most Exclusive Waterfront Condominium, Receives Tallest Approval for Hybrid Wood Structure in North America: https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/12/20/1267043/0/en/Terrace-House-Vancouver-s-Most-Exclusive-Waterfront-Condominium-Receives-Tallest-Approval-for-Hybrid-Wood-Structure-in-North-America.html

http://www.woschitzgroup.com/en/projects/hoho-vienna-wooden-tower/





https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/07/kulturhus-i-skelleftea-white-arkitekter-cultural-centre-hotel-sweden-wooden-timber-frame/

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/07/kulturhus-i-skelleftea-white-arkitekter-cultural-centre-hotel-sweden-wooden-timber-frame/

https://www.archdaily.com/789146/white-arkitekter-designs-nordic-regions-tallest-timber-building-for-skelleftea-cultural-center

https://www.archdaily.com/789146/white-arkitekter-designs-nordic-regions-tallest-timber-building-for-skelleftea-cultural-center



https://urbannext.net/oakwood-timber-tower/



http://www.plparchitecture.com/oakwood-timber-tower-2.html

https://www.archdaily.com/872771/shigeru-ban-architects-reveals-designs-for-worlds-tallest-hybrid-timber-building-in-vancouver

https://www.archdaily.com/872771/shigeru-ban-architects-reveals-designs-for-worlds-tallest-hybrid-timber-building-in-vancouver

http://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/worlds-tallest-wood-building-poised-to-be-built-in-downtown-vancouver-alongside-an-erickson-classic

http://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/worlds-tallest-wood-building-poised-to-be-built-in-downtown-vancouver-alongside-an-erickson-classic

https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/11/interiors-terrace-house-shigeru-ban-unveils-hyrbid-timber-tower-vancouver-port-living/

https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/11/interiors-terrace-house-shigeru-ban-unveils-hyrbid-timber-tower-vancouver-port-living/

https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/12/20/1267043/0/en/Terrace-House-Vancouver-s-Most-Exclusive-Waterfront-Condominium-Receives-Tallest-Approval-for-Hybrid-Wood-Structure-in-North-America.html





6.2. Lithuania

Association of Timber Houses Producers [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: http://www.timberhouses.lt/association_timber_houses_producers

Center of Registers. Real estate statistics [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: http://www.registrucentras.lt/ibi_apps/WFServlet

Enterprise Lithuania. Wood and wood product manufacturing [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: http://www.enterpriselithuania.com/en/wood-and-wood-product-manufacturing

Eurostat. Prodcom data base [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: http://ec.€opa.eu/€ostat/web/prodcom/data/database

Law on Construction of the Republic of Lithuania. Consolidated version valid as of 1. January 2017 [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.F31E79DEC55D/bQAUbzCAlt

Law on Territorial Planning of the Republic of Lithuania. Consolidated version valid as of 1. January 2017 [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/dde75b13095011e78dacb175b73de379?jfwid=wny8rfncr

Lithuanian prefabricated wooden house cluster [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: http://prefablt.com/en/about-us/

Methodological Centre for Vocational Education and Training. 2008. Study of wood sector: Research report on skill needs. Vilnius. 59 p.

Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania. Construction technical regulations [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: http://www.am.lt/VI/index.php#a/16982

Mikneviciene, G.; Glemza, J. Lithuania. Wooden architecture of Vilnius historic suburbs. Heritage at Risk 2004/2005, 167–168.

Ministry of Environment, State Forest Service. Lithuanian Statistical Yerbooks 2015–2016.

Samofalov, M.; Papinigis, V. 2010. Quality problems of Lithuanian civil engineering design documentation, in The 10th International Conference „Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques“, 19–21 May 2010, Vilnius, Lithuania, 768–777.

Statistics Lithuania [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: https://www.stat.gov.lt/en

TrueLithuania.com. Climate in Lithuania [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: http://www.truelithuania.com/topics/practicalities/climate-in-lithuania

TrueLithuania.com. Wooden buildings in Lithuania [online], [cited 10 12 2017]: http://www.truelithuania.com/wooden-buildings-in-lithuania-up-to-year-1940-78

http://www.timberhouses.lt/association_timber_houses_producers

http://www.registrucentras.lt/ibi_apps/WFServlet

http://www.enterpriselithuania.com/en/wood-and-wood-product-manufacturing

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/prodcom/data/database






http://prefablt.com/en/about-us/

http://www.am.lt/VI/index.php#a/16982

https://www.stat.gov.lt/en

http://www.truelithuania.com/topics/practicalities/climate-in-lithuania

http://www.truelithuania.com/wooden-buildings-in-lithuania-up-to-year-1940-78



6.3. Portugal

Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente (2016) Plano Nacional da Água [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://www.apambiente.pt/?ref=16&subref=7&sub2ref=9&sub3ref=833

Autoridade Nacional de Proteção Civil (2017) RISCOS E PREVENÇÃO [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: http://www.prociv.pt/pt-pt/RISCOSPREV/RISCOSNAT/SISMOS/Paginas/default.aspx

Branco, J. M. (2013) ‘Casas de madeira. Da tradição aos novos desafios’, in Lourenço, P. B. et al. (eds) Casas de Madeira. LNEC. Lisboa, pp. 75–86.

checkonsite.com (2010) Atlantic Pavilion [Accessed: 11 January 2018]: http://www.checkonsite.com/atlantic-pavilion/

Climatestotravel.com (no date) Climate in Portugal: temperature, precipitation, when to go, what to pack [Accessed: 10 January 2018]): https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/portugal

Cruz, H. (2013a) ‘Casas de madeira - A importância da qualidade e da confiança do mercado’. Grupo Publindústria [Accessed: 12 January 2018]: http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1005377

Cruz, H. (2013b) ‘Casas de madeira - Panorama nacional, certificação e homologação’, in Lourenço, P. B. et al. (eds) Casas de Madeira. LNEC. Lisboa, pp. 1–12.

Diário da República n.o 125/1983, S. I. (1983) ‘Decreto-Lei n.o 235/83 - Regulamento de Segurança e Acções para Estruturas de Edifícios e Pontes’ [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/451672/details/maximized?perPage=100&q=valor%2Fen%2Fen%2Fen

Diário da República n.o 145/1998, S. I.-B. (1998) ‘Portaria n.o 361/98 - Regulamento Técnico Relativo ao Projecto, Construção, Exploração e Manutenção das Instalações de Gás Combustível Canalizado em Edifícios’ [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://dre.pt/pesquisa/-/search/479399/details/maximized

Diário da República n.o 194/1995 Série I-B (1995) ‘Decreto Regulamentar n.o 23/95, Regulamento Geral dos Sistemas Públicos e Prediais de Distribuição de Água e de Drenagem de Águas Residuais’ [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/431873

Diário do Governo n.o 113/1963, S. I. (1963) ‘Decreto-Lei n.o 45027 - Regulamento Geral das Edificações Urbanas’ [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/627866/details/normal?q=REGULAMENTO+GERAL+DAS+EDIFICA%C3%87%C3%95ES+URBANAS

Diário do Governo n.o 299/1974, 1o Suplemento, S. I. (1974) ‘Decreto-Lei n.o 740/74 - Regulamentos de Segurança de Instalações de Utilização de Energia Eléctrica e de Instalações Colectivas de Edifícios e Entradas’ [Accessed: 10 January 2018]:

https://www.apambiente.pt/?ref=16&subref=7&sub2ref=9&sub3ref=833

http://www.prociv.pt/pt-pt/RISCOSPREV/RISCOSNAT/SISMOS/Paginas/default.aspx

http://www.checkonsite.com/atlantic-pavilion/

https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/portugal

http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1005377

https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/451672/details/maximized?perPage=100&q=valor%2Fen%2Fen%2Fen

https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/451672/details/maximized?perPage=100&q=valor%2Fen%2Fen%2Fen

https://dre.pt/pesquisa/-/search/479399/details/maximized

https://dre.pt/pesquisa/-/search/479399/details/maximized


https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/627866/details/normal?q=REGULAMENTO+GERAL+DAS+EDIFICA%C3%87%C3%95ES+URBANAS





https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/242189/details/maximized?perPage=50&q=Lei+n.o%2010%2F97

Direção-Geral do Património Cultural (2012) Legislação sobre património [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: http://www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/pt/patrimonio/legislacao-sobre-patrimonio/

Direção-Geral do Território (2014) Programa Nacional da Politica de Ordenamento do Território [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: http://pnpot.dgterritorio.gov.pt/

Feijó Ledesma, M. (2010) MODELAÇÃO E MONITORIZAÇÃO DO COMPORTAMENTO DINÂMICO DA COBERTURA DO PAVILHÃO ATLÂNTICO. Master Thesis. Instituto Superior Técnico.

Gonçalves, A. M. et al. (2014) ‘Seismic retrofitting of timber framed walls’, Materiales de Construcción, 64(316), p. e040. doi: 10.3989/mc.2014.06913.

Grupo SANJOSE (no date) ALMADA FÓRUM, LISBOA [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: http://www.grupo-sanjose.com/pt/p_ALMADA-FORUM-LISBOA_107

INE and PORDATA (2017) PORDATA - Volume de negócios das empresas: total e por sector de actividade económica [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Volume+de+neg%C3%B3cios+das+empresas+total+e+por+sector+de+actividade+econ%C3%B3mica-2913-246623

Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas (2012) PATRIMÓNIO NATURAL / BIODIVERSIDADE [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/pn/biodiversidade

Negrão, J. H. (2011) ‘Estruturas de madeira em Portugal - Presente e passado’, in CIMAD 11- 1o Congresso Ibero- LatinoAmericano da Madeira na Construção. Coimbra: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262369070_Estruturas_de_madeira_em_Portugal_-_Presente_e_passado_recente

Pataco, O. (2010) Ciclismo: Mundial de Masters no Velódromo de Sangalhos, Jornal da Bairrada [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://www.jb.pt/2010/10/ciclismo-mundial-de-masters-no-velodromo-de-sangalhos/

Pinto, I. (2009) ‘Indústria da serração com futuro ameaçado’, Diário de Notícias, 20 November: https://www.dn.pt/economia/interior/industria-da-serracao-com-futuro-ameacado-1425464.html

PLAGE (2010) Instituto Portuário e dos Transportes Marítimos [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://www.dn.pt/economia/interior/industria-da-serracao-com-futuro-ameacado-1425464.html

Tisem, L. (2018) PAVILHAO ISQ CASTELO BRANCO – Portugal [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: http://www.tisem.pt/portfolio/pavilhao-isq-castelo-branco





http://pnpot.dgterritorio.gov.pt/

http://www.grupo-sanjose.com/pt/p_ALMADA-FORUM-LISBOA_107

https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Volume+de+neg%C3%B3cios+das+empresas+total+e+por+sector+de+actividade+econ%C3%B3mica-2913-246623

https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Volume+de+neg%C3%B3cios+das+empresas+total+e+por+sector+de+actividade+econ%C3%B3mica-2913-246623

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/pn/biodiversidade

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262369070_Estruturas_de_madeira_em_Portugal_-_Presente_e_passado_recente

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262369070_Estruturas_de_madeira_em_Portugal_-_Presente_e_passado_recente

https://www.jb.pt/2010/10/ciclismo-mundial-de-masters-no-velodromo-de-sangalhos/

https://www.jb.pt/2010/10/ciclismo-mundial-de-masters-no-velodromo-de-sangalhos/

https://www.dn.pt/economia/interior/industria-da-serracao-com-futuro-ameacado-1425464.html




http://www.tisem.pt/portfolio/pavilhao-isq-castelo-branco



Trading Economics (2018) Portugal - Forest area (% of land area) [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://tradingeconomics.com/portugal/forest-area-percent-of-land-area-wb-data.html

World Weather and Climate Information (2016) Climate and average monthly weather in Portugal, World Weather and Climate Information [Accessed: 10 January 2018]: https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Portugal

Zacarias, N. A. S. C. (2012) Reabilitação Sustentável de Edifícios Antigos com Valor Patrimonial Casos de estudo na Baixa Pombalina. Master Thesis. FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa: https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/8423

6.4. United Kingdom

Abrahamsen, R. & Malo, K. A., 2014. Structural design and assembly of treet – a 14- storey timber residential building in Norway. s.l., s.n.

ASHRAE, 2004. Thermal Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy, Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers.

Birgit, Ö. & Bo, K., 2011. National Building Regulations in Relation to Multistorey, s.l.: s.n.

Buchanam, A., Ostman, B. & Frangi, A., 2014. Fire Resistance of Timber Structures, Washington DC: NIST White Paper.

CEN, 2007. Building components and building elements – Thermal resistance and thermal tranmittance – Calculation method, Brussels: European Committee for Standardization.

Chwieduk, D., 2003. Towards sustaianble-energy buildings. Applied Energy, pp. 211-217.

Chwieduk, D., 2003. Towards sustainable-energy buildings. Applied Energy, pp. 211-217.

CPR Construction Products Regulation, Official Journal Council Directive 89/106/EEC OJ L 88, 2011. Brussels: European Commission.

Davies , I., Fairfield, C., Stupart, A. & Wood, J., 2012. External timber cladding: design and performance.. The Structural Engineer, Volume 12, pp. 46-53.

Dodoo, A., Gustavsson, L. & Sathre, R., 2012. Effects of thermal mass on life cycle primary energy balances of a concrete and a wood frame building. Applied Energy, pp. 462-472.

EU Publications Office, 2011. Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council, s.l.: s.n.

European Standard, 2002. EN 1991-1-2 €ocode 1. Action on structures. Part 1-2 General action- Actions on structures exposed to fire, Brussel: CEN.

HM Government, 2010. The Building Regulations, Fire safety approved document B, s.l.: HM Government.

https://tradingeconomics.com/portugal/forest-area-percent-of-land-area-wb-data.html

https://tradingeconomics.com/portugal/forest-area-percent-of-land-area-wb-data.html

https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Portugal

https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Portugal

https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/8423



Ingelaere Bart, 2013. Acoustic design of lightweight timber frame constructions. Technical report, COST Action FP0702, s.l.: s.n.

INSTA/TS 950, 2014. Fire Safety Engineering- Comparative Method to Verify Fire Safety Design in Building, s.l.: InterNordic Standard.

NHBC, 2012. Housing Market Report, s.l.: s.n.

Ostman, B., Brandon, D. & Frantzich, H., 2017. Fire safety engineering in timber buildings. Volume 91, pp. 11-20.

Ostman, B. et al., 2010. Fire Safety in Timber Buildings- Technical Guideline for Europe, SP Report, s.l.: s.n.

Ostman, B. & Rydholm, D., 2002. National Fire Regulations in Relation to the use of Wood in Buildings in Europe,, s.l.: Tratek publication.

Ramage, M. et al., 2017. The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 333-359.

Reynolds, T. et al., 2015. Ambient vibration tests of a cross-laminated timber building.. Proc Inst Civ EngConstr Mater, pp. 121-131.

Rowell, R., 2007. Handbook of engineering biopolymers - homo- polymers, blends and composites. s.l.:Hanser.

Smith, A. & Frangi, A., 2014. Use of Timber in Tall Multi-Storey Buildings, Structural Engineering Document SED 13, s.l.: International Association for Bridge and Structural Eng LABSE.

SOM, 2013. Timber Tower Research Project. Technical report, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP, s.l.: s.n.

Structural Timber Association, 2016. Annual Survey of UK structural timber markets, s.l.: Egan Consulting.

The Athena Institute, 2004. Minnesota Demolition Survey. Technical report, s.l.: The Athena Institute.

The Concrete Centre, 2015. Thermal Mass Explained. Technical report, s.l.: s.n.

Thompson, H., 2009. A process revealed/Auf dem Howlzweg. first edition, London: FUEL.

TRADA Technology, 2005. Wood used in construction: The UK mass balance and efficiency of use. Technical report, s.l.: TRADA Technology.

TRADA Technology, 2005. Wood: The UK mass balance and efficiency of use: summary report. Technical report.

TRADA Technology, 2012. WIS 2/3-59 recovering and minimising wood waste. Technical report, s.l.: TRADA Technology.

UKTFA, 2013. Fire safety in timber buildings. The Structural Engineer., s.l.: s.n.



Vesilind, P. et al., 2006. Ethnics of Green Engineering. Volume 1, pp. 33-46.

Wen, R., Qi, S. & Jrade, A., 2016. Simulation and Assessment of Whole Life-Cycle Carbon Emission Flows from Different Residential Structures. Sustainability.

Woodland Trust, 2011. The State of the UK’s Forests, Woods and Trees Perspectives from the sector, Grantham, Lincolnshire: Woodland Trust.

World's Top Exports, 2016. United Kingdom’s Top 10 Exports [Accessed 28 12 2017]: http://www.worldstopexports.com/united-kingdoms-top-exports/

http://www.worldstopexports.com/united-kingdoms-top-exports/



ANNEXES

Annex I. Multi-storey Wood Buildings - State of the Art in Denmark

Annex II. Wooden House Construction in Scandinavia - a model for Europe

Annex III. Danish Construction Association Report 2016

international study on best practices and knowledge gaps ... · erasmus +, action ka2: cooperation...

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