international transport ppt summary
TRANSCRIPT
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INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTS AND FORWARDING
Lecture notes
CEZAR COJOCARIU, Ph.D
Transport (largo sensu) = economic branch; its main function is the movement of goods andtravelers in space; it materializes the connections among all the other economic
branches, it connects all the administrative areas, cities, towns of a state territory as well asthose among different countries using, besides the infrastructure, terrestrial, maritime and air means of
transport and also cables and pipelines systems
Transport (stricto sensu) = economic process that realizes the physical movement of the goods fromthe production place to the consumption area
Economical aspects: Production place is not the same (geographically) with the consumption place Resources are never equally distributed over territories It diminishes economical isolation It helps the goods and services exchange (nationally and internationally) It helps to balance (territorially) the demand and offer, nationally and internationally, with its result, the price
stabilization
It optimizes the location of production entities in connection with the territories where resources (raw materials)come from.
In modern times transport must be regarded as a dynamic, coherent system, made out of specific technicalmeans (mean of transport), communication channels (infrastructure), skilled personnel, related services
technologiessystem that ensures the transfer of goods from production, via the flow of goods, to consumption
Particularities of international transport: This is the service that materializes the international trade of a country with its other partners It continues the internal production process into the world economic circuit => a part of the internal product it is
materialized on foreign markets
The transport costs and expenses are directly participating in establishing the international prices of goods International transport + marketing => logistics = the aggregate of processes, activities necessary to technically,
commercially and legally convey the goods (resource phase / manufactured product phase) on the whole chain
from the producer to the end user
The demand of international transport services is directly influenced by the weight / measurement of the exportand import goods
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The demand of international transport services is not flexible in relation with the transport services priceevolution => if worldwide, the price of transport services goes up faster than the price of the goods,
the increases in the transport price will be supported by those countries whose imports and exports are
not flexible
The demand of international transport services is distinct by mode of transport, based on goods nature The demand of international transport services is always changing, covering the dynamics and trends of the
commercial flows
The price of transport services (long term) is increasing continuouslyROAD TRANSPORT
Definition: subsystem belonging to international transport that ensures the space displacement of goods fromproduction to consumption, using road vehicles
Motor vehicle = self-propelling road carriage, trucks, tractors Towed vehicle = trailer Truck = tractor + trailer (chassis) Characteristics: Great mobility (trucks do not depend on specialized infrastructure items, versus rail transport) Ensure door-to-door delivery (additional transshipment and handling operations and, consequently charges are
avoided)
High technical and commercial speed Could perform consecutive deliveries in accordance with a fixed schedule => lower inventory, decrease of
excessive storage, diminished risk of goods damage
Trucks can easily change routes Road transport requires less specific investments Transport capacitylower than rail and maritime transport Specific costs per ton/kmhigher than those for other means of transport Maximum efficiency for short and medium distances Tendency to increase the power and loading capacity of road vehicles Greater specialization of vehicles based on the nature of the transported goods Higher ecological awareness and concern to build fuel efficient vehicles / environmentally friendly
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Elements: The road Road infrastructure = all the interconnected public roads covering the territory of a country; national road
infrastructures are connected among themselves
Road classification:. Public roads: Public interest (highways, motorways, national roads) Local interest (county roads, village roads, street network)2. Exploitation roads (farming, foresting, etc) The vehicle (truck) Homologation of vehiclesNational Vehicle Register Vehicle registration The driver Road freight commercial vehicles types: The actual trend is to adapt the commercial vehicle to the defining cargo features (Annex 1)
P&O Ferrymasters Trailer Prelata
(Annex 2)
P&O Ferrymasters Mega-Trailer
P&O Ferrymasters Trailer FRIGO
P&O FerrymastersAtelaj cu container
open-side pentru transport multimodal
International rules, regulations, conventions / institutions 1948GenevaI.R.U. (International Road Transport Union)
=> Road liberties of Geneva
Elaboration C.M.R. document (International Road Transport Contract) in accordance with Geneva International
Road Cargo Transport Convention (Annex 3)
A.D.R. Convention (concerning transportation of hazardous cargoes)
Transfrigroute EuropeInternational Association for perishable goods road transport
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1959GenevaT.I.R.Customs convention concerning goods carriage by road under T.I.R. Carnet (Annex 4Annex 5) (it gives the road carriers customs advantages that facilitate the international transit of goods loaded
on trucks under customs seals via border points)
The vehicle (truck) moving under a T.I.R. Carnet is not physically controlled by the customs inspectors when
transiting border points (there is only a documentary control) => reduced transport time, reduced transport
handling charges, reduces damage risk for goods
The T.I.R. Carnet exempts road carriers from depositing customs warrantiesin transit via different countries
The T.I.R. Carnet is issued for only one voyage (trip)
The number of T.I.R. Carnet volets (pages) is bigger with 2 (two) than the number of transit border points
It is compulsory to insert in the T.I.R. Carnet the itinerary of the truck; the driver / truck must cross all the
border points mentioned in the itinerary
The T.I.R. Carnet takes over entirely the data concerning shipper, consignee, cargo, as mentioned in the C.M.R.
documents
The T.I.R. Carnet is issued by I.R.U. Geneva and is distributed to the member countries of the T.I.R. Customs
Convention care of national warrant T.I.R. associations (in Romania: ARTRI and UNTRR)
Once the EU commercial space enlarged in 2004 and 2007 with the new members, the importance and usage of
the T.I.R. Carnet went down; still it is often used for transports originating from EU to ex-USSR space, Asia
and Middle East (and backwards)
The International Road Carriage Contract: The C.M.R. letter = the contract
It has 3 originals, all signed / stamped by both the carrier and the shipper
The first original is remitted to the shipperafter actual stuffing of the cargo into the trucks
The second original travels to the destination together with the vehicle / cargo
Third original travels with the driver to the final destination and must be signed / stamped by the consignee
(receiver)
Provisions, clauses and elements of the C.M.R. document:Serial number of the C.M.R. document
Date and place the C.M.R. document is issued
Shipper (sender)full style
Consignee (receiver)full style
Carrierfull style
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Successive carriersif needed
The vehicle: type, tonnage, plates number, crew
Date and place of loading
Destinationplace the cargo is required to be delivered
Annex documents (certificate of origin, quality certificate, conformity certificate, packing lists, commercialinvoices, etc)
Commercial denomination of goods and package
In case hazardous cargo is carriedgoods denomination as per A.D.R. code, goods classification as per A.D.R.
code
Number of collis, marks and numbers, quantity
Gross weight
Measurement
Shippers (senders) instructions customs and official formalities
Freight paid to
Amounts: freight, reductions / growths, dues, fees, others, total amount
Cash on delivery
The provision stating the carriage is under C.M.R. Convention regime and no other regulation prevails
Shippers (senders) signature and stamp
Carriers signature and stamp
Consignees (receivers) signature and stamp
Carriers remarks / observations
Under certain circumstances the C.M.R. document
could also contain provisions such as:
Transshipment forbidden
Declared value of goods
Shippers (senders) instructions for the carrier with respect to cargo insurance
The term the carriage must be performed within
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If the C.M.R. contract (document) has no remarks / reserves inserted by the carrier, it is presumed that thegoods and package were in good condition at the time they were loaded on board the truck => the carrier is
responsible for any / all damage to the goods / package during the carriage
The alteration of C.M.R. contract:Can be done by either the shipper (sender) or the consignee (receiver)who has the right to dispose of the
cargo in accordance with the delivery terms as mentioned in the commercial contract
It might consist of:
To stop the transport To change the destination (delivery place) To change the consignee (receiver) Obstacles in carriage and release of goods Road carrier liability For total / partial loss, for damagebetween the moment the cargo is taken over by the carrier and the moment
the cargo is released to the consignee (receiver)
For delays in delivery / release of cargo* Limits of liability
* Exoneration
* The carrier compensates the shipper (sender) or the consignee (receive) for the total or partial loss with a
maximum amount that matches the loss cargo value; furthermore the carrier reimburses the shipper / consigneewith the freight (cost of haulage) and any other amounts prepaid, connected with the freight
* Maximum quantum of compensation SDR 8.33/1 kg gross weight of lost cargo
Prices in international road carriage; factors that determine the level of prices (freight):Commercial flows
Availability of specialized tonnage (transport capacity)
Distance
Cargo (goods) category / features
Existence of return cargo
Specific costs: fuel, maintenance, depreciation, lease, wages, road dues, etc
AIR TRANSPORT
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Definition: international air transport means the physical displacement of goods between two specialized airterminals (airports) from two different states using a specific mean of transportairplane
Characteristics: Usually the air transport is a part of an inter-modal (combined) transport => part of the so called door-to-door
shipments
It is the fastest modality to transport goods => it makes possible the international trade with perishable goodswhich, due to their characteristics, could had been sold only in the proximity of the
production area (fresh flowers, fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, newspapers, one-day-old-poultry)
It is highly efficient for medium and long range (long rage > 10000 km, short range ~ 3500 km) It is the most costly modality of transport (air carriers could obtain maximum price by committing to time limits
in performing the transport)
The airplane versatility => airplanes could be converted to perform cargo transport, passenger transport, mixttransport, postal transport, fast courier transport
High flight frequency Fixed timetable Usage of airborne containers => smaller package costs Smaller damage / loss risks => smaller insurance costs Current trends: The increase of the technical and commercial speed (~960 km/h) The increase of the loading capacity (Boeing 747 Jumbo, ~115t) The increase of the operational capacity of the air terminals New technologiesIT controlled procedures for loading, discharging and transshipment operations, usage of
track-and-trace systems
Transition from the paper transport documents (AWB) to electronic format transport documents (e-AWB)Antonov An-225Mriya
General characteristics
Crew: 6
Length: 84 m (275 ft 7 in)
Wingspan: 88.4 m (290 ft 0 in)
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Height: 18.1 m (59 ft 5 in)
Wing area: 905 m2 (9,740 sq ft)
Aspect ratio: 8.6
Empty weight: 285,000 kg (628,317 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 640,000 kg (1,410,958 lb)
Fuel capacity: 300000 kg
Cargo holdvolume 1,300m3, length 43.35m, width 6.4m, height 4.4m
Powerplant: 6 ZMKB Progress D-18 turbofans, 229.5 kN (51,600 lbf) thrust each
747 Dreamlifter
Airborne trafficusage modalities: Liner services:
Fixed routepublished information
Fixed timetablepublished information
Liners tariffspublished information
Charter services: spot transactions Registration of civil airplanes (aircrafts)Ministry of TransportsUnique Register of Civil Aircrafts Air terminals: Aerodrome = a certain ground limited surface which comprises flight strips, air traffic installations, buildings
all used for maneuvers, take-offs and landings of the aircrafts
Airport = aerodrome which is opened for commercial operations Air-station = part of an airport, specialized in either cargo traffic or passenger traffic
* Cargo air-station comprises customs supervised warehouses (bonded warehouses), loading / discharging
ramps, handling / sorting equipment, etc
International air transport conventions and organizations: I.C.A.O = International Civil Air Organization, founded in 1944 during the Chicago Conference
Its aim is the worldwide development of civil aviation, the fight against unreasonable competition, the
assurance of equal rights and treatment for all member states
I.A.T.A. = International Air Transport Associationfounded in 1945 in Havana / CubaMembers: international airline companies
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Goals:
Promotion of safe, scheduled and economic air traffic Cooperation among all members, cooperation with other international bodies (ICAO, FIATA, CEE/ONU)
IATAThree components = 3 Traffic Conferences (one for each of the 3 traffic areas)
Area 1 = North America, South America
Area 2 = Europe, European Russia, Africa, Middle East including Iran Area 3 = Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Ocean Islands
* Traffic Conferences take decisions with respect to transport tariffs that must be used, shipping conditions, etc
(TACT = The Air Cargo Tariff and Rules)
Air Waybill = AWBThe standard form of the International Air Carriage Contract was created by the IATA
specialized commission, based on the 1929 Warsaw Convention, Hague Protocol (1955, 1970), and Montreal
Convention (1999)
F.I.A.T.A. =Federation Internationale des Associations de Transitaires et Assimiles (International Federationof Fowarders Organizations), founded in 1926, in Wien
Represents the freight forwarding organizations interests in cooperation with other international organizations
and government bodies
Standardizes the international shipping orders and transport documents
Together with I.A.TA. has developed a common form for electronic data interchange (EDI) in order to
implement the e-AWB system
International Air Transport Contract Air Waybill = International Air Transport Contract (Annex 6) It is issued in 3 originals based on the Shippers Letter of Instructions
First originalfor carrieris signed by the shipper (sender)
Second originalfor consigneeis signed both by the shipper and the carrier, travels together with the cargo
Third originalfor shipperis signed by the carrier immediately after the cargo is taken over for transportation
The AWB set includes the delivery receipt, copies for customs, for the airport of destination, for the carrier andits agents
Provisions, clauses and elements of the Air Waybill (Annex 7): Serial number of the AWB Shipper (sender)full style
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Consignee (receiver)full style Carrier or its agentfull style Airport of departure Airport of destination Flight details Consecutive carriersif this is the case one should mention on the AWB what flight sector is assigned to each
carrier
Provision that indicates the fact that the carriage is only subject to the conditions stipulated in the WarsawConvention and its latter amendments (mentioned on the reverse)
Instructions with regard to the cargo handling Customs regime of the cargo Description of cargo (commercial denomination, weight, dimensions and measurements, number of
collis, class tariff as per TACT, chargeable weight)
Airfreight rate Other taxes, fees, dues Currency Optional information: declared value of goodsfor carriage and customs formalities The total amount of airfreight and of all additional taxes, fees, dues, and the paying party (in accordance with
the delivery terms)
Place and date of issue The general transport conditions of the air carriage, as defined by I.A.T.A. are inserted on the reverse of the
AWB
The alteration of the Air Waybill (AWB) The shipper (sender) has the right to dispose of the cargo (he can stop the cargo in the airport of departure, in an
airport of call, or in the airport of destination or he can change the receiver or he can requests the cargo to be
returned)provided that such a step should not create any prejudice to the carrier or to other shippers and based
on the coverage of the extra-costs
Air carrier liability is limited to maximum SDR 19/kg gross weight of damaged or lost cargo (according to1999 Montreal Convention)
Elements of influence for airfreight:
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Gross weight Measurement Distance Transport area (Traffic Conference) Package of cargo (loose carton or palletized) Transport regime (liner or charter) Fuel consumption / price Level of airport taxes, dues, fees Airfreight payment terms: It is done in accordance with the delivery terms, as mentioned in the commercial contract:
Charges prepaid
Charges collect
Cash on delivery (C.O.D.)it implies not only the collection of airfreight, but as well, the collection of goods
value
Consolidated air carriage: Consolidated air shipments is a classic method used by the forwarding companies (3PL operators) by which the
transport demand for cargo parties with the same destination are syndicated with the purpose of efficient usage
of the transport capacity and consistent decrease of transport costs
House Air Waybill (HAWB) = internal transport document based on the shipping instructions of each shipment
(shipper, consignee, etc as per the commercial contract)
Master Air Waybill (MAWB) = transport document which comprises all the shipment with the same destination
and which bears the shipper as the forwarding company that consolidates all the cargo shipments and as
consignee it bears the forwarding company which is deconsolidating the shipments in the airport of destination
The shipper and the consignee could be identical in the case of global operators
Consolidated manifest = the specification of all shipments consolidated under the MAWB
Express Courier Service (Fast Courier Service) Airfreight service for consolidated shipments offered by logistics integrators The rendered services are only door-to-door type; the transit times are impressively short (e.g.: 10AM
delivery)
It is always based on inter-modal transportation (road / airborne / road)
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* Deck line
* Reserve buoyancy (total reserve of buoyancy, low buoyancy, stability reserve, etc)
* Trim (draft difference, trim difference, longitudinal trim)
* List
* Band (banding)
* Draft (water draught)
Superstructure (erection): full superstructure, closed bridge house, bridge work, weather tight superstructure
* Forecastle
* Aftercastle
. Machines (engines)propel the shipb. Navigation equipment
Specialized equipment (communication, GPS, etc)
Rudder (helm): middle rudder, rudder propeller, trimming plane, etc
Mooring equipment (anchor equipment)
Rescue equipment (long rage life saving)
Loading / discharging equipment: winches, loading masts (twin mast, spare mast, foremast, aftermast, etc),
derricks (discharge boom, loading boom, etc), guy derricks, hooks
International load waterlines of the vessels Maximum draft (draft keel) Freeboard mark (load-line mark) Plimsoll disk Summer load line
Freeboard
Ships class. Registers of shipping Registers of shipping classify ships (vessels) in accordance with international conventions provisions and, as
well, with national legislations; they issue class certificates for every ship
Lloyds Register of Shipping
Germanischer Lloyd
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American Bureau of Shipping
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
Le Bureau Veritas
Registrul Naval Roman
Ships Tonnage
Register ton = conventional unit that expresses de measurement of the closed spaces of the vessel (de nationalshipping register measures the ships tonnage, based on the national legislation rules) => the shipping register
issues the ships tonnage certificate
Gross register ton It measures all closed spaces of the vessel 1 gross register ton = 2.83 cbm (100 cubic feet) Net register ton It measures only the closed spaces of the vessel that produce freight (holds, cargo tanks, fore-peak, after-peak,
shelter deck)
Port fees, channel fees are calculated based on the gross and net register tonnage of the vessel Displacement tonnage = the weight of the water displaced by the vessel at the given draft
* Light displacementempty ship
* Full load displacementvessel armed and loaded at full capacity
Deadweight tonnage (displacement) = the ships capacity to carry a certain quantity of cargo measured inweight units (1 long ton = 1016.5 kg)
* The deadweight tonnage includes, besides the cargos weight, the weight of the bunker and provisions (water
and food supply), materials, ballast water
* Deadweight cargo capacity = the difference between the gross displacement and the net one
Cargo cubic capacity = the measurement of the closed spaces of the vessel that could carry cargo* It is used for cargo with big volume and low weight
* It is differently calculated for bulk cargo and for packed one (bulk CCC 8-10% > packed CCC)
Ships classification. a. Tankersused for liquid cargo transport
Oil tankers
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Liquid food tankers
Liquid chemicals tankers
Gas tankers (liquid gas tankers)
* Single deckers
* Big / very big transport capacity
* Very big pumping capacity per hour
* Auxiliary cooling installations
* Ullage (the supplementary capacity of the tank in case the liquid products loaded in the tank are dilating)
. b. Dry cargo vesselsBulk carriers
* Specialized vessels for the transport of mass cargo (ores, coal, coke, bauxite, cereals, bulk sugar, bulkconcrete, bulk fertilizers, etc)
* Bulk ore carriersingle decker vessels
self-trimming holds
. c. Combined carriersvessels that could transport simultaneously bulk and liquid cargoOre-Oil vessels (O.O.)
Ore-Bulk-Oil vessels (O.B.O.)
* Self-trimming holds
* Port tanks and starboard tanks
* Pumping installations and loading / discharging equipment
1. d. Special vessels
Reefer vessels
Trawlers
Container vessels
* LO-LO type vessels (Lift on / Lift off)
LASH vessels (LASH = Lighter Aboard Ship)
* Used for intermodal (sea / river) transport
. e. Auxiliary vessels
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Tug boats / tow boats
Dredge boats
Bunker ships
Ice breaker
2.
Loading / discharging criteria
RO-RO type vessels (Roll on / Roll off)
* RO-RO trailer ship
* RO-RO container ship
. LO-LO type vessels (Lift on / Lift off)* Cell container ship
. LASH type vessels (Lighter Aboard Ship)* Barge-carrying ship
. Ferry type vessels ( RO-RO system)* Wagon-carrying ship (ferryboat)
Commercial ships registration; convenience flags Registration of commercial vessels is done by the Register of Shipping of each country which issues the
Certificate of Registration
From the legal standpoint, a vessel sailing in freewaters is considered to be a territorial extension of the countrywhose flag the ship is hoisted
Unregistered vessel = pirate vessel Convenience flags = fiscal paradises (Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Honduras, Somalia, Costa Rica, etc) Maritime routes Cabotage (coast navigation) routes - between two ports on the same coast:
Home trade (Constanta / Mangalia)
International cabotage (Constanta / Varna)
Short sea trade (ports located in the same seaMidia / Constanta)
Long sea trade (ports located in different seas, same countryCharleston / Los Angeles)
International sea routes
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International ocean routes International navigation channels:
Suez
Panama
Corint
Kiel
Commercial ports Sea ports
= the main element of the maritime transport infrastructure
= economic entity with complex commercial and transport functions (loading, discharging, warehousing,
processing, customs operations, administrative activities, ecologic activities, etc);
they are located in natural / artificial protected area that could ensure sailing, arrival, manoeuvre of ships under
stolid navigation security conditions
General portsone could operate any type of ship and any kind of cargo (Hong Kong, Singapore, Rotterdam,
Hamburg, New York, Los Angeles, Kobe, Yokohama, Shanghai, etc)
Specialized portsthey operate only certain types of vessels and only certain kind of cargo (Abadan, Basrah
oil tankers; Vitoria, Lulea, Narvik, Vizagapatnamcoal; Baton Rouge, Vancouver, Bahia Blancacereals, etc)
Components of the port:
Water area (inside the port)
Roadstead (roads)the water area situated in front of the port entrance
Hydrotechnical constructions: piers, quays, berths, dams
Mooring equipment and installations, utilities devices, loading / discharging equipment
* Specialized berths / piers
Navigation alternatives. Tramp navigation It does not have a certain, pre-established route It does not have a pre-established schedule Usually it transports break-bulk cargo Usually there is a single charterer
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Each voyage of a tramp vessel is done under one Charter Party (usually) A ship owner could perform tramp navigation using one single vessel => one could find both small ship owners
and big shipping lines
Freight = seaborne freight (charter money / carriage duty)b. Liner navigation Fixed routepublished (other by leaflets or on websites) Fixed schedulepublished (other by leaflets or on websites) More than one charterer Cargo in relatively small but consecutive parties First come / first served principle is always applied
Sea freight = tariffs (published by either leaflets or websites)
Each cargo party is transported under one maritime transport contract = Bill of Lading Usually the loading and discharging operations are done under Liner Terms clause The ship owner has the right of substitution of the liner vessel with an equivalent one The chartering contracts. For tramp navigationCharter Party contracts
b. For liner navigationBill of Lading contracts. Charter Party (Annex 8.18.12) Voyage Charter Party = the contract between the ship owner and the charterer in which the ship owner
undertakes to carry a certain quantity of cargo from the port of loading to the port of discharge in exchange of a
price called freight (sea freight, charter money)
This contract is valid for one voyage (trip) only
Clauses
* Name and characteristics of the vessel
* Full style of contracting parties
* Clause Substitute it stipulates the ship owner right to replace the nominated vessel with an equivalent one
M/S to be nominated
Substitute
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* Navigability of the vessel
* Position of the vessel (it refers to the position of the vessel at the time the Ch/P is signed
* Description of cargo: commercial denomination, weight, volume, pieces, break-bulk / package, etc. (it is
compulsory to mention the measuring unit: long metric ton, short metric ton, cbm)
On-deck cargo
* Dunnage and separation materials
* Port of loading (the Range clause)
* Port of discharge (the Range clause)
* Transmission of orders (the charterer nominates the loading / discharging ports within a certain period of
time)
Geographical rotation clause (the ship must operate in consecutive ports according to its normal
geographical route)
* Safe berth / safe port clause )the port must be a secure one as for the physical-geographical conditions,
operation equipment, social and political conditions, sanitary conditions, etc.)
* As nearly as she can safely get clause
* Always afloat clause
* Always afloat or safely aground clause
* At all times of the tide always afloat clause
* Ready beth clause
* Maximum draft clause
* Lighterage clause (the usage of lighters in order to decrease the ships draft)
* War risk clause
* Freight; payment of freight
* Loading and discharging expenses
* Lay time
* Demurrage (superdemurrage)
* Dispatch money
* Paramount clause (the ship owners rights and immunities)
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. Time Charter Party = maritime transport contract under which the charterer hires the vessel and the crew for acertain period of time (usually for a medium or long term)
The ship owner gives the vessel, the crew and the master to be used by the charterer in exchange of a
price called Hire (Freight => Hire)
Clauses
* The vessel: name, flag, ship owner, gross register tonnage / net register tonnage, cubic capacity, cargo cubiccapacity, engines power, speed, specific fuel (bunker) consumption, in every way fitted for ordinary cargo
service subclause
* Payment of hire (the hire is usually paid in equal installments per period of time); the ship owners right to
withdraw the vessel from the contract unless the hire is duly paid
* Validity period of the Ch/P and the delivery of the vessel to the ship owner => the validity period of the Ch/P
is usually mentioned about
* The charterers right to deliver orders (the geographic limits of the voyages are usually the geographic limits
within which the vessel is insured)
* Clause operational costs structure (the ship owner covers all the costs to maintain the vessel under
navigability status: crews wages, masters wage, food and water supply, other supplies, insurance costs; the
charterer covers all the expenses for bunker, port dues,
fees, pilot fees, channel fees, tug / tow fees, consulate taxes, and all the loading / discharging / operation
costs of the vessel)
* Risk clause: if the cargo or the ship are damagedthe expenses are for the charterer account
. Charter Party by Demise (Bareboat Charter) = the charterer obtains from the ship owner the possession, the use,and the complete control of the hired vessel for a certain period of time in exchange of a price called Hire
* Inside the validity period of the bareboat Ch/P the charterer becomes a tenant ship owner and
undertakes entirely the responsibility to use and sail the ship in good conditions
* The charterer covers entirely the expenses for usage of the vessels (wages, bunker, supplies, docking,
drydocking, repairs, dues, fees, duties, taxes, etc)
* The ship owner covers only the insurance costs concerning the usual (average) risks at sea
* The hire (calculated based on the deadweight tonnage of the vesselX USD / calendar / month / 1 t.d.w) is
paid in advance by the charterer for the next month
* Bareboat Ch/P are usually signed between a ship owner with excess tonnage and another ship owner who
needs to increase his tonnage to cover the demand
. Bill of Lading (Annex 9)
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For tramp navigation, the Bill of Lading (B/L) is a receipt signed by the ship owner / master / its agent, releasedto the sender (Shipper) which proves that the cargo presented by the Shipper was loaded on board the vessel for
a certain destination (On Board B/L) or, the cargo has been taken over by the ship owner for transportation
(Received for Shipment B/L)
For liner navigation the Bill of Lading has two main functions:. Maritime transport contract
b. Title of ownership for the cargo (which gives the B/L the quality of being a negotiable bank document)Clauses:
* Serial number of the B/L
* The number of originals (usually 3/3)
* Shipper (sender)
* Consignee (receiver)
* Notify party (it could be the receiver or his agent)
* Port of Loading
* Port of Discharge
* Vessels name / voyage number
* Description of cargo (commercial denomination of the cargo, package, number of collis / cases / crates /
drums, weight, measurement, marks and numbers)
* Clean On Board clause / Foul B/L
* Received for Shipment
* The clause concerning the freight and other taxes / fees / dues
* Commercial documents that travel together with the cargo (commercial invoice, certificate of origin, quality
certificate, certificate of compliance, etc)
* Place and date of B/L issuance
* Masters signature (the master or the ship owners agent)
Types of Bill of Lading
Straight Bill of Lading Bill of Lading to Bearer (Blank B/L) / To Order Bill of Lading => endorsement procedure Through Bill of Lading / Combined Bill of Ladingusually, it covers a combined (intermodal) transport or a
maritime transport performed by two or more successive carriers (ship owners) => the ship owner who signs a
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Through B/L is responsible for the cargo from the place of receipt until the final destination (the place the cargo
is delivered), so he is responsible not only for maritime but as well for inland transport
Delivery order Bill of Ladingused by merchants (shippers who sell by retail)* The back of the Bill of Lading contains the general transport conditions (sometimes the same as Ch/P)
* Bill of Lading setusually it consists of 3 originals and 7 copies
* Negotiable Bill of Lading
RIVER TRANSPORT
Definition: The transport of cargo on internal river flows with specific means of transportation called barges orlighters gathered in convoys; the ship owner undertakes to carry the cargo from the port of loading to the port of
discharge, as per shippers instructions, in exchange of a price called river freight
The convoy propulsion is done by auxiliary ships (tugboats or towboats)
Self-propelled barges are also used
Characteristics: Together with the maritime transport, it is the cheapest mode of transport River transport ways: Rivers Large rivers River channels River Letter of Transport (River Waybill): It is issued based on the loading order given by the shipper Causes:
Serial number of the river waybill
Shipper
Consignee
Big transport capacity Technical and commercial speedrelatively small Usually used for transportation of bulk cargo with low or average unit value (sand / stones / limestone / marble,
cereals, chemical fertilizers, ores, coal, etc)
Smaller investment costs are required for the infrastructure and its maintenance
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New geographical areas are involved in the commodities circulation It cannot be used under certain weather conditions (drought, frost)
Port of loading
Port of discharge
Serial number of the barge
Serial number of the convoy
Voyage number
Description of cargo: commercial denomination of the cargo, quantity (packageif any), weight, measurement
The freight clausethe freight is paid either by the shipper (sender) when the cargo is actually loaded on board
the barge or by the consignee (receiver) when the discharge of the cargo from the barge is actually finished
The loading / discharging of the cargo on / off the barge is done with the carriers operation equipment (or its
agent) and is paid either by the shipper or the consignee as per the delivery term mentioned in the commercial
contract
Lay time clause
Demurrage clause
Dispatch money clause
Ship owners (carriers) liability to transport the cargo to its destination within the agreed period of time very
important, as river transport is usually only one stretch of a combined (intermodal) transport operation
It differs with the distance, season (summer / winter) and the way of transportupstream or downstreamThe Bratislava Convention (1955-1980) => unique tariffs for cargo transport on the river Danube
RAIL TRANSPORT
Definition: The physical displacement of goods in space, done by rail operators using rail vehicles on the railinfrastructure
The rail operator undertakes to carry a certain cargo from the designated loading railway station to thedestination railway station, within an agreed period of time, in exchange of a price called rail tariff (rail freight)
Rail operators: Public rail operators (national rail authority / enterprise) Private rail operators Rail vehicle = compound mean of transportation: Traction unit = locomotive (Diesel or electric traction)
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Rail unit = wagon / platform (flat wagon)A+B = rolling stock
* Types of wagons:
According to the construction features (Annex 10):
2 axle wagons
3 axle wagons 4 axle wagons Technological / special wagons (with more than 4 axle) Closed (covered) wagons (G,H)basically used to transport sensitive cargo or high value cargo Open wagons (E)they usually transport metal products, wooden products, timber, lumber Platform / flat wagons (R)containers (20, 40), metal constructions, pipes, vehicles Tank wagons (Z)liquid cargo
According to ownership:
Public wagons (owned by the public rail authority => C.F.R., DB, OBB, S.N.C.F., etc) Private wagonsowned by private rail operators or by certain users (Petromidia, Oltchim, Renault /
Automobile Dacia, etc)
Actual tendencyincreased specialization of wagons in accordance with commodities features
Wagons identity:
The wagons serial number is composed of 12 digits, each of them having a certain meaning (Annex 11) Rail infrastructure = an ensemble consisting of all the necessary elements to perform the circulation of the
rolling stock in order to have the rail cargo safely transported, in accordance with the specific rail technologies
and regulations:
Rail lines open for public transportation
Technological works: bridges, tunnels, viaducts, etc
Biotechnical worksfor protection and consolidation (protection plantations)
Operation and safety rail circulation instalations
Marshalling yards
Electrical installations (power generators and transformers)
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Telecommunication systems
Buildings
* The technical parameters of the national rail infrastructures must be compatible to one another and must
conform with the national and international rail regulations
) The rail lines = the rolling way for the trains* Rail gauge = the distance between the internal sides of the rail line:
Normal European rail gauge (Romania and most of the European countries)1435 mm Large rail gauge: Portugal, Spain, Finland USA rail gauge: 1675 mm Ex- USSR rail gauge: 1524 mm Narrow gaugetechnological transport (obsolete) => mocanita
* Rail lines:
Main lines Secondary lines Factory lines
* The logistic necessity of double rail lines
Rail transport features:
Great diversity of goods (bulk cargo, liquid cargo, finished goods, industrial cargo, agricultural cargo) Cargo partiessmaller than those transported by sea but much bigger than those transported by truck For door-to-door shipments the rail transport could be a part of an intermodal transport (truck / rail / truck; truck
/ rail / sea / truck)
Strong efficiency for medium and long distances Permanent transport (the transport process is regular, is not interrupted)
* The RO / LA transport system = trucks are loaded on rail platforms => combined (intermodal) transport /
modern transport technologies
Great safety standard Technical and commercial speedsmaller than the truck speed but faster than the one for the sea transport The rail freight is higher than the sea and river freight but smaller than the road freight
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General traffic rules for international rail transport: C.O.T.I.F. = the Convention concerning international rail transportthe members are all the European
countries and Turkey, Syria, Iran and Irak
C.I.M. = the uniform rules concerning the international rail transport contract The international rail transport contract (Annex 12) = Rail Waybill The contract starts being enforced the moment the sender (shipper) delivered the cargo to the delivery rail
station and that one has stamped the C.I.M rail waybill
It implies the joint liability of the rail authorityowner of the delivery rail station, the transit rail authoritiesand, as well, the rail authority which owns the destination railway station
The C.I.M. rail waybill is issued together with a stamp vouchera document in which all the rail authoritiesthat participate in performing the transport are inserting the transport tariffs and the accessory fees they are due
to get;
=> The price of the rail transport is cashed entirely by the loading rail authority; it then distributespro-rata therail freight to all other rail authorities
C.I.M. rail waybillthe elements:Sender (shipper)full style, and his signature
Loading railway station
Receiver (consignee)full style,
Destination railway station
Place and date of issuance of the C.I.M rail waybill
Identity (serial) number of wagon
Commercial denomination of the cargo
Package and number of collis
Weight
Optional remarks:
* Fees / dues / taxes for the senders (shippers) account
* Applicable transport tariffs (they must be identical with those mentioned in the stamp voucher)
* Cash on delivery amounts
* Customs / administrative formalities
The C.I.M. rail waybill set:
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1st
sheet = the Original of the C.I.M. rail waybillit travels together with the cargo and it is handed over to the
receiver (consignee) together with the cargo
2nd
sheet = Invoice, it stays with the loading railway station and it is used for the distribution of the rail freight
among the rail authorities that participate in performing the transport
3rd
sheet = Arrival note / Customs, it travels together with the cargo until the destination railway station and it
stays with it as a confirmation the cargo was duly delivered
4th
sheet = Duplicate, it stays with the sender (shipper) to prove the cargo was duly taken over for transportation
by the loading railway station
4th
A sheet = additional sheet for the sender, it travels together with the cargo until the border of the exporting
country
5th
sheet = Duplicate Invoice, it travels with the cargo and it stops at the border railway station of the exporting
country
5th
A sheet = the copy of the C.I.M. rail waybill, it stays at the loading railway station
The C.I.M. rail waybill (the international rail transport contract) can be altered only by the sender (shipper)through the loading railway station
In case a transport has a destination served by railway stations, the sender is obliged to indicate on the C.I.M.rail waybill the exact denomination of the chosen destination railway station
Post parcels are not admitted for rail traffic Certain cargo are not admitted for rail traffic The transport of Hazardous / Dangerous goods: Classes of hazardous goods Special tariffs Block trains = trains that travel based on a fixed route and a fixed schedule
* Usually they have one or a few senders (shippers)
* Better commercial speed
* Very goods reliability
The price of the rail transport comprises:* The effective price of transport (from the loading railway station to the destination / discharging railway
station)
* Accessory costs:
Lay time cost => demurrage
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Marshalling costs (loading railway station / loading placefactory / loading railway station and destinationrailway station / discharging placefactory, warehouse / destination railway station)
Weighing the wagons (if requested by the sender / receiver) Transshipment / transposing Senders / Receivers notification Washing of the wagons Guarding the wagons The S.M.G.S. rail waybill = international rail transport contract formused in the ex-members of the
C.A.E.R.Treaty (Mutual Economic Aid Council)
Presently it is used in the ex-USSR countries plus Vietnam, Mongolia, North Koreea and China The S.M.G.S. rail waybill is quite similar with the C.I.M. rail waybill
* The elements and the data inserted in the S.M.G.S. rail waybill are similar with those inserted in the C.I.M.
rail waybill; the differences consist of applicable law, liabilities, procedures;
A rail transport that starts in an European country and finishes in a country member of the S.M.G.S. Conventionneeds:
To exchange the documents set (the C.I.M. rail waybill set is exchanged with the S.M.G.S. rail waybill set in
the border railway station which is the entrance on the ex-USSR territory
Transshipment / transposing of the cargo / wagons on axles with ex-USSR rail gauge
Presently the Economic European Commission through C.T.T. (Comite international des transports ferroviaires)is working to create a common rail waybill (railway contract) for both C.I.M. and S.M.G.S. countries (Annex
13)
European rail transport corridors Eurasia rail transport corridors Eurasian rail transport axes (Annex 13)
CONTAINER TRANSPORT
Modern transport modality Container (transcontainer)
= mean of transport
= package for the cargo
The container appears as a military mean of transport between the two World Wars
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Commercial usagestarting with the 60s In the beginning the container dimensions were not standard; there were 5(5 feet), 10, 20 containers At the end of the 60s two main types of containers:) 20 container
* Un foot = 0.3048 m
* Standard dimensions:
L = 5.95 m
l = 2.35 m
H = 2.39 m
Tare ~ 1900 kg2200 kg
Loading capacity ~ 18000 kg23000 kg
1/20 = 1 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit)
) 40 container* Standard dimensions:
L = 11.92 m
l = 2.35 m
H = 2.39 m
Tare ~ 4000 kg4600 kg
Loading capacity ~ 28000 kg32000 kg
1/40 = 1 FEU (forty-foot equivalent unit)
Definition: Container = metal structure with a metal floor, metal walls, metal roof and metal door, all ofstandard dimensions, able to transport different kinds of goods with maximum safety
Nota bene: The container does not have its own propelling system;
=> It needs a propelling vehicle
=> It needs an infrastructure (terminals, container terminals) for loading / discharging on / from the propelling
vehicle
=> It needs warehousing facilities (logistics container terminals) to accommodate the empty containers
=> It needs specialized loading / discharging equipment to load / discharge full / empty containers on / from the
propelling vehicle
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The container, empty or stuffed with cargo can be transported by truck (semi-trailer truck, platform for 1/20, or2/20, or 1/40), rail platform (4 axles), river barge or ocean vessel (RO / RO type, Ferry type, or cellular vessel)
* Containers used for air transport have different construction characteristics (Annex 14):
Container AKE (code IATA: LD-3)Tare: 82 kg
L = 1.93 m
l = 1.45 m
H = 1.55 m
Usable volume = 4.3 cbm
Loading capacity ~ 1500 kg
Container AMU (code IATA: LD-39)Tare: 290 kg
L = 4.62 m
l = 2.39 m
H = 1.42 m
Usable volume = 15.77 cbm
Loading capacity ~ 5000 kg
and others Container classification (Annex 15.1-15.2):) According to the nature of cargo Dry Van containers (D/V) Tank containersb)
According to the construction characteristics
Open Top containers (O/T) Open Side containers (O/S) Flat Rack containers (F/R) High Cube containers (Hi/Cu) Reefer containers
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) According to the ownership: Carriers containers (ship owners, rail authorities, private rail operators) Containers belonging to Leasing Companies => inter-change system => logistics type facilities Shippers containersd) Until around 1990 the containers used for rail traffic were basically not accepted for maritime traffic; lately allstandard containers could be used for rail, road and maritime transport) The containerthe ideal vehicle for intermodal (combined) transport
=> International forwarding and international transport documentsstandard for intermodal container transport
(F.I.A.T.A. Bill of Lading, Through Bill of Lading)
Actual trends: The increase of the loading capacity (weight) for both 20 and 40 containers The increase of the container dimensions (45 containers, High Cube containers) The necessity of intermodal connectivity among container terminals (for truck, rail and sea container transport) The necessity of dimension interconnectivity between the container and its propelling vehicles (containers
should accommodate dimension wise on any / all means of transport)
Container monitoring system by GPS (track-and-trace system) connected with RFID (Radio FrequencyIdentification) technology
Modern management and security technologies in combined container traffic The increase of the operational capacity (per hour) of the loading / discharging equipment (transstainers, gantry
cranes, etc)
FCL containers (Full Container Load)one shipper / one consignee LCL containers (Less than Container Load) => consolidated shipments (truck / sea / air)
INTERNATIONAL FORWARDING
Definition: International forwarding is the activity of a company (forwarding company, forwarding agent)usually located between the exporter and the carrier and / or the carrier and the importer
* Such a company correlates transport services with other related services with the goal of physical
displacement of the cargo from the exporter to the importer with lowest costs, in the shortest time, and with
maximum security
In the modern era, the forwarding activity was totally separated from the transport itself (as a consequence ofthe international labour division)
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In the actual context (cooperation, concentration, globalization) the border between the two activities becamefairly flexible
* The big carriers developed international forwarding divisions or even daughter companies only for
international forwarding
* As well the big international forwarders developed transport divisions or daughter companies, usually
specialized on certain transport modalities
Nota bene: The forwarder (international forwarding companies) = The Architect of the International Transports
Functions: Economic, technical, legal, consultancy for concluding international commercial contracts Lining up the cargo / the mean of transport with the time, security, cost, price requirements Choosing the optimal route / means of transport Know-how concerning packaging, palletizing, stuffing / unstuffing the cargo on / from the mean of transport Consultancy for the conclusion of the transport contract between the exporter / importer and the carrier / carriers
/ related service providers
* The entire take over of the transport contract / contracts by the forwarding company (contract of mandate
between the shipper / consignee and the forwarding agent as authorized agent)
Customs operations / formalities Warehousing / stocking / supply chain distribution Consolidated shipments Issuance of transport and forwarding documents
* FCR (Forwarding Agents Certificate of Receipt) Annex 16
* FCT (Forwarding Agents Certificate of Transport) Annex 17
* FBL (FIATA Combined Bill of Lading) Annex 18
* FWR (FIATA Warehouse Receipt) Annex 19
* ATA Carnet
Monitoring cargo parties during the transport and notifying the client (track-and-trace systems) International fairs and exhibitions samples / products => transport, customs clearance, bonded warehouse, other
related services
Studies concerning modern transport technologies, transport / logistics efficiency, transport market evolution,etc
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Key global players: DB Schenker, Kuehne & Nagel, Panalpina, DHL, TNT, Fedex, UPS
* Concentration / globalizationDeutsche Post buys and puts together Danzas AG and Nedlloyd Logistics;
then Deutsche Post buys DHL and puts it together with the result of the Danzas AG / Nedlloyd merger => DHL
= international forwarding company (3PLthird party logistics provider) belonging to Deutsche Post
International rules and regulations F.I.A.T.A. =Federation Internationale des Associations de Transitaires et Assimiles (International Federation
of Fowarders Organizations), founded in 1926, in Wien
Represents the freight forwarding organizations interests in cooperation with other international organizations
and government bodies
Standardizes the international shipping orders and transport documents
Logistics operators (logistics services providers) = international forwarding company which also deals withrelated domains of import / export operations, upstream and downstream (supply chain and demand chain)
References
Managing transport operations, Gubbins, J Edmund, Editura Kogan Page Limited, 2003 http://www.iru.org/ http://www.icao.int/ http://www.iata.org/Pages/default.aspx http://www.fiata.com/ http://www.lr.org/Default.aspx https://www.bimco.org/ http://www.cit-rail.org/en/