internet governance: a perpetual “threat”revision of internet se:lement regulaons could have...
TRANSCRIPT
8/19/17
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InternetGovernance:Aperpetual“threat”
Sco:Bradner8/3/2016
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Preview
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Noonegoverns“TheInternet”Somein-countryregulaKons
Andthatdoesnotmakeanysense(togovernments,tocarriers,totheITU)
“TheInternet”–internaKonal,interconnecteddatanetworks
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History&StateofTelecomGovernance
Itallstartedwiththetelegraph
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LongDistanceCommunicaKon–P1
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WHATHATHGODWROUGHT
1793 1844 1858
By1875:650,000miletelegraphnetworkInterconnecKng20,000towns&ciKes-world-wide
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TelegraphSystemArchitectureState-ownedorstate-licensedprovidersconfinedtoastate(country)
ApprovedservicesRevenuesourceforstateBilateralcross-borderinterconnectagreements
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TelegraphRegulaKons1865:20EuropeangovernmentsgatheredinParis
InternaKonalTelegraphConference->Interna'onalTelegraphConven'on(ITC)->
InternaKonalTelegraphUnion(ITU) 6
Europein1865
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ITC1865Tariffs&se:lementsTechnicalstandards(almostnone)RetenKonrequirementComplaintprocess...
RequirementsincludedprotecKngstate&morality
Requirementforoperatortobeabletostopmessagesthat“mayappeardangeroustothesafetyoftheStateorwhichwouldbecontrarytothelawsofthecountry,publicorderormorality” 7
CommunicaKonsGovernanceV1Governancebygovernments
EmpoweredstateregulatorsMorethanjusttechnology
Alsoprotectstate,money&moralityInterconnecKonunderITCrulesWestphalianideal?
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ITU1934:InternaKonalTelegraphUnion->
InternaKonalTelecommunicaKonUnion
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1865 1885 1906 1934 1949
becauseITU“coveredallformsofwirelineandwirelesscommunica'on”
TelephoneSystemUnKl1980sState-ownedorstate-licensedproviders
Confinedtoastate
SignificantrevenuesourceforstatesDecadelongplanningcyclesCircuit-based“intelligentnetwork”ServicesprovidedbycarrierApprovedservicesQoS&security“guaranteed”bydesignInterconnecKonunderITUrules 10
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RegulaKonEvolvedBecauseLocalMonopolies–needtoprotectconsumerTariffs–moneyflowacrossinterconnecKonsQuality–assumpKonofrequiredminimumqualityInterconnecKon–morethantechnicalissuesNumbering(naming)–poliKcalforcountrydeterminaKon
...i.e.,regulaKonwasneeded!
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TheTelecomRegulatorsInternaKonal:InternaKonalTelecommunicaKonsUnion(ITU)Ofgovernments,bygovernments,forgovernmentsProducesrecommendaKons(standards)
Technical,economic,operaKons,lawenforcement
U.S.:FederalCommunicaKonsCommission(FCC)OftheU.S.government,…ProducesregulaKons
Technical,economic,operaKons,lawenforcement
Governments(ofcourse)representconsKtuentsButwhoaretheconsKtuents?(theincumbents?) 12
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TheInternet
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TheInternetStarted(forreal)1Jan1983Packet-basedstupidnetworkOverlayontopofexisKng(e.g.,telephone)networksUses“besteffort”delivery(noguarantees)Technology:end-to-end
Servicesnotcontrolledbycarriers
Longignoredbyincumbentcarriers®ulatorsEventhoughcarriersusedtechnologythemselves
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InternetArchitectureInterconnectedindependentnetworksPair-wiseinterconnecKondecisions
NocentralplanningorinterconnecKonregulaKonsNocentralcontrol&li:lecoordinaKonarerequired
ProtocolparametersFieldsinprotocolsthatneedtobeinsync
BulkIPaddressassignmentsActualassignments&assignmentpolicydoneregionally
MaintainDNSrootzonefileSetofpointerstoserversforTLDs(e.g..com,.company,.fr)
ISOmaintainscountrycodes(.fr,.us,.jp,…)DNSservicedistributed
AbovefuncKonsdonebyIANAInternetAssignedNumbersAuthority 15
InternetServiceAnyonecantalkwithanyoneAnyonecanofferanyservice
AslongasitrunsovertheInternetProtocolAslongasthestandardInternetserviceis“goodenough”forcustomers(notforregulators)
NopermissionsrequiredMighthavelocalfirewallissues,butthe‘Netwilltransportthepackets
NoapplicaKon-specificpaymentstoISPs
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InternetRegulaKonWhatInternetregulaKon?IntheU.S.,theFCCrefrained
SincetelephonecompaniesignoredtheInternet
Anoverlay,notanew,network“Experts”:doesnot/cannotworkInternetuselessinthe“realworld”
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InternetRegulaKonNotNeededNoLocalMonopolies(usedtobethecase)TariffregulaKonsavoidedbycompeKKonQuality–noassumpKonofminimumrequiredquality
InterconnecKon–bilateralpeeringarrangementsbetweenISPs
Numbering–justallocaKngintegers–nomeaningNaming–distributedcontrol–trademarkissuestakentocourt
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Internet:TheAnK-NetworkEverythingthatthetelephonenetworkwasnot
FlexibleInnovaKveEnablingGeneraKveDistributedauthorityMulKpleISPsingivenarea(mostly)internaKonallyseamless(mostly)unregulated/ungoverned
ExcepKonsinsomecountries–e.g.China,England,…
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Thingschanged
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TheInternetbecameITToobigtoignore(ordisbelieve)TheInternetismorethan5%oftheworld’sGDPReplacingallexisKngcommunicaKoninfrastructuresFarcheapertobuild&operateScaresthebejesusoutofmostgovernments
e.g.ISISrecruiKngviaslicksocialmediaprogramsScaresthebejesusoutofmosttradiKonalindustriesJustaskthenewspaperpublishers
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InternetStandardsNostandardsforinterconnecKonoperaKons
Pair-wiseISPagreements
NostandardsforbillingPair-wiseISPagreements
Nostandardsforse:lementsPair-wiseISPagreements
VoluntarytechnicalstandardsfromIETF&W3CSelforganized–nospecificgovernmentrole
Ad-hoctechnicalstandardsfromvendors
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Isthistheanswer?
23Note:L2≠L3
InternetGovernanceCasesIANAfuncKonITUNetworkneutrality
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IANAfuncKon
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IANAfuncKonThe3InternetcoordinaKonfuncKonsareperformedbytheInternetAssignedNumbersAuthority(IANA)
RecordprotocolvaluesforIETFAllocateIPaddressblockstoregionalregistriesMaintainrootzonefileforthedomainnamesystem
TheIANAfuncKonisperformedbytheInternetCorporaKonforAssignedNamesandNumbers(ICANN)
ICANNestablishedin1998todotheIANAfuncKon
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WhitePaper10June’98:ManagementofInternetNamesandAddresses(63FR31741)
“StatementofPolicy”Internetstakeholdersareinvitedtoworktogethertoformanew,private,not-for-profitcorpora'ontomanageDNSfunc'ons1)setpolicyforanddirectalloca'onofIPnumberblockstoregionalInternetnumberregistries;2)overseeopera'onoftheauthorita'veInternetrootserversystem;3)overseepolicyfordeterminingthecircumstancesunderwhichnewTLDsareaddedtotherootsystem;and4)coordinatetheassignmentofotherInternettechnicalparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnec'vityontheInternet.thenewcorpora'oncouldbefundedbydomainnameregistries,regionalIPregistries,orotheren''esiden'fiedbytheBoard.
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IANAContractICANNusedtobeundercontractfromtheU.S.NaKonalTelecommunicaKonsandInformaKonAdministraKon(NTIA)toperformIANAfuncKonNTIApartoftheDepartmentofCommerce
U.S.“control”oftheInternetlongresentedbymanyoutsidetheU.S.
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ICANN-NTIAContractTranslatedintoacKonitemsTheDoCsignsoffonanychangestotheDNSrootzonefilei.e.,thefilethatliststheTLDsandoftheIPaddressesofthenameserversforeachoftheTLDs
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NTIAsays“maybe”Mar.2014,NTIAsaidtheymightsurrendercontrolifspecificcondiKonsweremet
MulKstakeholdermodel,maintainstabilityofDNS,meetneedsofIANAcustomers&maintainopenInternet
FightoverIANAfuncKonshowsassumpKonthattheInternetisgoverned(byICANN)
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IANAtransiKon,contd.ManyinCongressdidnotwantto“giveawaytheInternet”–e.g.,December2014budgetbill:
NoneofthefundsmadeavailablebythisAct,maybeusedtorelinquishtheresponsibilityoftheNa'onalTelecommunica'onsandInforma'onAdministra'onduringfiscalyear2015withrespecttoInternetdomainnamefunc'onfunc'ons,includingresponsibilitywithrespecttotheauthorita'verootzonefileandtheInternetAssignedNumbersAuthorityfunc'ons.
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GivingAwaytheInternet!
32Cruz.Senate.gov
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CommunityPowersoverICANNRejectICANNBudgets,IANABudgetsorStrategic/Opera'ngPlans.RejectchangestoICANN’sStandardBylaws.ApprovechangestonewFundamentalBylaws,Ar'clesofIncorpora'onandCANN’ssaleorotherdisposi'onofallorsubstan'allyallofICANN’sassets.RemoveanindividualICANNBoardDirector.Recalltheen'reICANNBoard.Ini'ateabindingIndependentReviewProcess(whereapaneldecisionisenforceableinanycourtrecognizinginterna'onalarbitra'onresults).RejectICANNBoarddecisionsrela'ngtoreviewsoftheIANAfunc'ons,includingthetriggeringofPostTransi'onIANAsepara'on.Therightsofinspec'onandinves'ga'on
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IANAtransiKonNTIA/IANAStewardshipTransiKonCoordinaKonGroupformedinresponsetoNTIAannouncement
ReviewedproposalsfromthethreecommuniKes(IETF,numbers&names)&producedacombinedone
Combinedproposalsubmi:edtoNTIANTIAsaidproposalmetrequirementsNTIAletcontractexpireon1October2016ICANNisnowonitsown
Note:ifthetransiKonhadnothappened–forcesintheUNwouldlikelyhavevotedtotakeICANNover
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ITU
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ITU
TheInternaKonalTelecommunicaKonsUnionU.N.treatyorganizaKonthetradiKonalhomeoftelecommunicaKonsstandards
Originallyformedinmid1800sStandardsvotedonby“memberstates”ImposedbyregulaKoninsomecountriesFewITUstandardsarerelevanttotheInternet
Notbecausetheyhavenottried(orclaim)H.323(voiceoverIP),NextGeneraKonNetwork(NGN)
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ITUgovernanceEverynow&then–meettoreviewtreaKes
WorldConferenceonInternaKonalTelecommunicaKons(WCIT)–2012,previousin1988
Every4yearsPlenipotenKaryConference(PP)–next:2018
SetoverallITUplanfornext4yearsWorldTelecommunicaKonStandardizaKonAssembly(WTSA)–last:Oct.2016
SetITU-Tstructureandplanfornext4years
Onlygovernments“intheroom”ContribuKondriven
Thusnotalwayscontrolled37
ITU&InternetTheITUhaslongrecognizedthattheInternetwasintrudingontheirtradiKonalterritorye.g.,shortlybeforePP-98(1998)
IETFwasapproachedaboutsubmitngIETFstandardstoITU-Tforreview
EveryPPsincehaveincludedproposalstotakeoversomeoralloftheInternetstandardsorassignmentfuncKons
Todate,allblocked,mostlybyU.S.coordinatedeffortsButsomeITU-TcontribuKonsrequestthisanyway
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WhyCare?ITUactslikeavoteofthememberstatesempowersit
EvenovernongovernmentenKKessuchastheIETF,W3C,RIRs&ICANNAmbiguouslegalpictureinmanycountries
RevisionofInternetse:lementregulaKonscouldhavesignificantimpactonInternetbusinessmodelPutngInternetstandardsundergovernmentcontrolcouldchangenatureofthestandards
Protectincumbents,requirebackdoors,etc.
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WCIT2012Promise:consensus,novoKngActual:votetoexpandITUroleinInternet
40CountrieswhodidnotsignresulKngtreatyinred
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PP2014ManysubmissionsE.g.,fromIndia
redoaddressing&namingtobecountrybasedtakeoverInternetaddress&namepolicydevelopmentredoarchitecturetoensureinternaltrafficstaysin-countryrecordallInternettransacKonsdevelopnew“secure,robustandtamper-proofprotocols”
Intheend,notadoptedAveralotofwork(U.S.opinionlessofafactor)
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ITUFeatureTaiwandoesnotexistThereisnotelephonecountrycodeassignedforTaiwan
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ITUwillbeback,andbackTheITUmembershipwillconKnuetowanttogettheITUinvolvedinInternetgovernanceTechnicalstandardsandmore
Thepost-SnowdenUShaslessmoralauthoritytoblocksuchproposals–anongoingthreat
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NetworkNeutrality
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OverridingIssueTheInternetisreplacingallexisKngtelecommunicaKonstechnologies
ExisKngtechnology-specificregulaKonsOBESomeregulaKonsfollowusee.g.,FCCdidrequireISPstobeabletowiretap
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RegulatoryapproachesOpenists
Netmustbeopentoenableinnova'oncommonsRequirenetworkneutrality
e.g.,powergriddoesnotfavortoasters
Toletpeopleatedge/endinnovateDumbpipemustbeavailable&costeffecKve
DeregulaKonistsIf‘networkisproperty’carrierswillinnovate
Note:“property”specificallyincludesrighttoexcludeNetworkownerneedsincenKvetoinvestMandatorysmartpipeOK
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The Broadband Debate: A User's Guide - Tim Wu http://ssrn.com/abstract=557330
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CarrierpointofviewIt’smywire,I’lldowhatIwantwithit
EdwardE.Whitacre-CEOAT&T‘Google,Vonage&Skypeareusingmynetworkforfree’
WilliamL.Smith-CTOBellSouth‘WeshouldbeabletochargeYahootolettheirwebpage
loadfasterthanGoogle.’IgnorefactthatthecustomerboughttheserviceinordertoaccessGoogle,etc.AndserviceismorevaluablebecauseofGoogle&etc.
Pushingtochargesitesfor“be:erservice”Smallsteptomakingpaymentrequiredforanyusefultransport(i.e.,aprotecKonracket)
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NetworkNeutralityAneutralnetworkisinthespiritoftheoriginalInternetend-to-endarchitecture
ISPsjusttransportpacketswithoutregardtowhosentthem,whoistoreceivethem,orwhatisinthem
Enables“permissionlessinnovaKon”ButtheconceptisforeigntotradiKonalcarriersgrowingissueinU.S.&elsewhere
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InformaKonServicesTelecommunicaKonsActof1996createdaclassof“informaKonservices”
NotsubjecttoFCCregulaKonFCCusedtosaythatISPswereoffering“informaKonservices”
ISPsweregenerallysmallandnotpartoftelephoneorcableprovidersattheKmeToday,almostallresidenKalInternetserviceisfromatelephoneorcableprovider
ISPsgenerallyrespectthee2eprincipleForcompanies,notresidenKalservice
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E2eAbuseButsomeISPshaveabusede2e
BlockedVoIP(MadsonRiver),degradedBitTorrent(Comcast),degradedNexlix(Cogent),…
Andtheyallsaidtheywerenotdoinganything
So,callsforFCCtoregulatetostopsuchabuseWhotruststhecarrierstoactinthecustomer’sinterest?
FCChastriedmulKpleKmes,alwaysoverturnedincourt
Withgoodcause
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MoreNetworkNeutralityConcept:ISPsshouldtreatallInternettrafficequallyNotprocessingorchargingdifferentlybecauseofsomefactor
e.g.,abusinessrelaKonship
ButsomeISPswanttobeabletochargefor“be:er”serviceOnlyworksifnopaymentmeansworseservice
Ortoblock,orimpede,compeKngservices
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CommonCarriageAnindividualorbusinessthatadverKsestothepublicthatitisavailableforhiretotransportpeopleorpropertyinexchangeforafee.
Acommoncarrierislegallyboundtocarryallpassengersorfreightaslongasthereisenoughspace,thefeeispaid,andnoreasonablegroundstorefusetodosoexist.AcommoncarrierthatunjusKfiablyrefusestocarryaparKcularpersonorcargomaybesuedfordamages.
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West'sEncyclopediaofAmericanLaw,
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CommonCarriage,contd.Basicconcept:treatcustomersconsistently&fairly
StartedwithfreightcarriersExtendedtotelecommunicaKonsin1910
Mann–ElkinsAct
ClarifiedfortelecommunicaKonscarriersunderTitleIIoftheCommunicaKonsActof1934
TitleIIextendedtoInternetserviceprovidersbyFCCinFeb.2015
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TitleIITitleIIisnotnetworkneutralityTitleIIgivestheFCCauthoritytorequireaneutral(ornon-neutral)network
TitleIIalsogivestheFCCtheauthoritytoregulateeverydetailofanISP&itsserviceofferings
FCCsaysitwill“forebear”onover700individualregulaKons
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ReacKonCarrierssuedtoblockreclassificaKonFCCupheldincourt-June2016NewFCCchairproposingtoreversereclassificaKonFCCaskedforcomments
Got>9millioncomments,mostlyagainstPosedtoignoremostcomments
CongressgetngintothemixHouseEnergy&CommerceCommi:eewantstoholdafaceoffbetweencompaniespro&anKTitleII
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TitleIITitleIIisawfulButthecourtstoldtheFCCthatgoingtheTitleIIroutewastheonlylegalwaytoproceedUnlessCongressacted
TitleIIenablestheworstkindofinnovaKon-killingregulaKon
TheFCChassaidtheywouldnotusemostofthepowerButafutureFCCcould,orbeforcedbythecourtsto
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goingdarkTheFBIsaystheywantlawstorequirebackdoorsinallInternetapplicaKons
e.g.,tocounterApple’siOSandiMessagelocksTriedusingAllWritsAct(1798)toforcecompliance-failed
SotheycanwiretaporgetatcontentsNevermindthattheycannotshowanyexamplewherethiswouldhavemadeadifference“achildwilldie”(theysay)
Note:therealbadguysalreadyhavetheirowntoolsandareincentedtohide
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GovernanceIssuesregulaKons,se:lements,technologystandards,peering,security,emergencyuse,espionage/monitoring,naKonalboundaries,a:ribuKon,societaldisrupKon,businessdisrupKon,trademark,copyright,operaKonofcriKcalinfrastructure,censorship,spam,have/havenotbalance,domainnames,resourceassignmentpolicies,governmentroles,networkneutrality,exchangepointmanagement,marketdynamics,subsidies,compeKKon,cybercrime,cyberwar,patents,idenKficaKon,a:ribuKon,…
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Governanceissues,contd.IncludeoriginalITCissues
Requirementforoperatortobeabletostopmessagesthat“mayappeardangeroustothesafetyoftheStateorwhichwouldbecontrarytothelawsofthecountry,publicorderormorality”
E.g.,U.S.CommunicaKonsDecencyAct(CDA)ProtectchildrenbytellingadultstheycannottalklikeadultsBlockedbycourtsMulKpletriesatnaKonalandstatelevel
CommoninothercountriesPS.Breakingnews:SteveBannonwantstoregulateGoogle,Facebook...like“uKliKes” 59
IdealistsSomeidealistssaytheInternetdoesnotneedgovernanceButsomeofthemalsoadmitthatregulaKonsmaysKllbeuseful:“anycompanythathandlesInternetdatagramsmaynotreadormodifythecontent,norinferintentormeaningforthepurposeofdecidingwhatdatagramstodeliverortonotdeliver”DavidReed
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ReviewNosignificantchangesintheInternetgovernancepicture(inaboutforever)ButwekeepgetngclosetothecliffofgovernmentcontroloftheInternet
AtleastadozenKmesinthelastdozenyears
Willthecliffisalwaysbethere?Likely
TheInternetisnowtooimportanttoleavetothepeoplewhoknowhowitactuallyworks
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ImaginetheoldAT&TbringingyoutheInternet?