internet2: how your network can help reduce your carbon footprint and create a greener campus

How Your Network Can Help Reduce Your Carbon Footprint and

Create a Greener Campus

Jerry Sheehan, California Institute for Telecommunications & Information Technology ([email protected])

Rod Wilson, Nortel Networks ([email protected])

Internet 2, Fall Member MeetingOctober 6, 2009 8:45-10:00

• Climate Change and ICT– Climate Change 101– The Role of ICT in Anthropomorphic Climate Change

• Climate Regulation and ICT – The Case of British Columbia: A Carbon Neutral Reality– The Case of California: A Carbon Constrained Future– The Case of Aviation: A Potential ICT Future?

• Calit2: A Testbed for ICT Enabled Carbon Reduction– NSF Major Research Instrumentation Project GreenLight– Flexible Work and Telepresence– Smarter Buildings– Smarter Transportation– International Partnerships

Presentation Overview

Presentation Overview

• Enablers and Innovation– Government assists

• CANARIE• Canada California Strategic Innovation Initiative (CCSIP)

– Green ICT & next generation Data Centers• Power• Bandwidth• Control

– Finding maximum Bandwidth agility and flexibility• Re thinking the Virtual Machine Turntable

Climate Change & ICT

Warming is Over 100 Times Faster TodayThan During the Last Ice Age!

CO2 Rose From 185 to 265ppm (80ppm)

in 6000 years or 1.33 ppm per Century

CO2 Has Risen From 335 to 385ppm (50ppm)

in 30 years or 1.6 ppm per Year

SOURCE: http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/program_history/keeling_curve_lessons.htmlSOURCE: Monnin, et al., Science v. 291 pp. 112-114, Jan. 5, 2001.

Temperature Has Increased 1F in Last Century

Source: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, The Causes of Global Climate Change, Science Brief 1, August 2008

The Planet is Already Committed to a Dangerous Level of Warming

Temperature Threshold Range that Initiates the Climate-Tipping

SOURCE: V. Ramanathan and Y. Feng, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD September 23, 2008www.pnas.orgcgidoi10.1073pnas.0803838105

Additional Warming over 1750 Level

Earth Has Only Realized 1/3 of the

Committed Warming -Future Emissions

of Greenhouse Gases Move Peak to the Right

Global Climate Disruption Early Signs:Arctic Summer Ice is Rapidly Decreasing

“The Arctic Ocean will be effectively ice

free sometime between

2020 and 2040, although it is

possible it could happen

as early as 2013.”--Walt Meier,

Research Scientist at the

National Snow and Ice Data Centre at the University of

Colorado SOURCE: http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10213891-54.html

SOURCE: Smart2020 Report & The US Addendum, The Climate Group, 2008

The Carbon Footprint of ICT

Climate Regulation & ICT

GHG Regulation in British Columbia• Bill 44-2007 was introduced in 2007 and

enacted into law in 2008. The law is known as the Greenhouse Gas Reductions Target Act.

• The Act establishes greenhouse gas emission target levels for the Province.

– 2020 BC GHG will be 33% less than 2007.– 2050 BC GHG will be 80% less than 2007.

• Bill mandates that by 2010 each public sector organization must be carbon neutral.

• If a public sector organization can not achieve carbon neutrality then they are required to purchase offsets.

• Offsets must be purchased from the Pacific Carbon Trust.

– The cost for public sector organizations is $24 per ton of CO2e.

SOURCE: “Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 2007”, Ministry of Environment, Victoria, British Columbia, July 2009

UBC Greenhouse Gas Liability 2010-2012

2010 2011 2012

Carbon Offset $1,602,750 $1,602,750 $1,602,750

Carbon Tax $1,179,940 $1,474,925 $1,769,910

Total $2,782,690 $3,077,675 $3,372,660

SOURCE: UBC Sustainability Office, August 2009

SOURCE: http://climateaction.ubc.ca/category/emission-sources

SOURCE: UBC Climate Action Plan, GHG 2006 Inventory

The Cost of Regulation: The University of British Columbia

The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB32)

• Executive Order S-3-05 signed from Governor Schwarzenegger sets GHG targets.

– 2010 GHG emissions set to 2000 levels.– 2020 GHG emissions set to 1990 levels.– 2050 GHG emissions set to 80% of 1990 levels.

• AB 32 Overview (Signed Into Law 2006)– Identify statewide GHG emissions for 1990 to serve as emissions limit

to be achieved by 2020.• 427 million metric tons of CO2e goal, roughly 30% reduction.

– Mandatory reporting and verification of GHG emissions by major emitters on or before Jan 1, 2008.

• If you emit over 25,000 metric tons of CO2e reporting is required.

– Identify and adopt regulations for discrete early actions enforceable by or before January 2010.

– Ensure early voluntary reductions receive appropriate credit in AB32 implementation.

– Convene Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise in development of scoping plan and implementation of AB32.

– Appoint an Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory Committee

SOURCE: 2009 Climate Adaptation Strategy Draft, p15, 2009

UC Response to AB32

The University of California (UC) Climate Actions

• UC is a founding signatory to the American College and University President’s Climate Commitment.

• University of California System Wide Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets

– By 2014 reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels.

– By 2020 reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels.

• All UC campuses have joined the California Climate Action Registry.

– Verified GHG reporting for all campuses.

• Most campuses have created and begun implementation of climate action plans.

SOURCE: 2008 ACUPCC Signatories-605

SOURCE: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Climate101-State Actions, January 2009

42% of States Have Existing GHG Reduction Targets

State GHG Targets2009

Federal Climate Legislation in the United StatesOctober 2009

• The EPA Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule (March 2009) in response to Public Law 110-161 (08 Appropriations)

– “EPA has proposed a rule that requires mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from larges sources in the United States….In general, EPA proposes that supplier of fossil fuels or industrial greenhouse gases, manufactures of vehicles and engines, and facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons or more per year of GHG emissions submit annual reports to the EPA”

• Waxman-Markey H.R. 2454 passes the House in July 2009 by a vote of 219 Ayes, 212 Nays, 3 Present

– Wide ranging energy and sustainability bill but we are most interested in the carbon cap provisions and timeline.

– If you emit above your “cap” you are required to purchase offsets. Offsets would be about $11-$15 per ton in 2012 and roughly double in price by 2025.

• Kerry-Boxer Clean Energy Jobs & American Power Act– More aggressive CO2 reduction targets then Waxman-Markey (20%

by 2020 over 2005, 80% by 2050).– Clean transportation is emphasized as part of CO2 reduction

strategy.– Cap and Trade becomes “Pollution Reduction & Investment”.– EPA lead agency for regulation of any CO2 emitting entity over

25,000 tons.– NYT, 9.30: Best guess is as of September 30 there are about 45 yes

votes for the legislation.

Carbon Regulation:Does Air Transportation Show ICT’s Future?

Calit2: A Living Laboratory for ICT Enabled Carbon Reduction

Calit2 GreenLight: An NSF MRI

• Research– Specialized Co-Processing in

Generalized Execution Environment (Rajesh Gupta)

– Conserving Resources Through Virtualization (Amin Vahdat)

– Power and Thermal Management (Tajana Rosing)

– Virtual and Augmented Reality (Falko Kuester, Jurgen Schulze, Tom DeFanti, Bhaskar Rao)

– Service Oriented Architecture (Ingolf Krueger, Pavel Pevzner, Matt Arrott)

– Capturing, Storing, Analyzing, and Sharing Energy Consumption Data (Jim Hollan)

– CineGrid Exchange, Storage for 4K Video (Tom DeFanti, Larry Smarr, Jeanne Ferrante)

GreenLight Research Team and Foci

• Applications– Ocean Observatory Environment

(Matt Arrott)– Pathway Assembly and

Bioinformatics (Trey Idekar)– Computational Service for

Metagenomics (Paul Gilna, Kayo Arrao, Phil Papadopoulous)

– CineGrid Exchange, Storage for 4K Video (Tom DeFanti, Larry Smarr, Jeanne Ferrante)

Internals Convey HC-1

User Success: Better Science and Less Environmental Impact

• Computational Center for Mass Spectrometry at UCSD has High Performance Computing Challenges

– Developed compute intensive software (InsPecT/MS-Alignment for their work) for analysis of protein’s post translational modifications (PTMs).

– This is their most compute intensive code.

• Convey Computer Has New Computer Architecture

– Combination of multi-core and frame programmable gate arrays (FPGA).

– Main innovation of HC1 is reconfigurable computing resources in memory coherent manner to mainstream processing.

• Environmental and Scientific Benefit– One rack for HC-1 replaces eight racks of

traditional HPC servers.– Current benchmarks for fastest “blind search” is

months. HC-1 benchmark is 1-2 days.– -Roughly 300% improvement in speed.

GreenLight Provides a Environment for Innovative “Greener” Products to be

Tested

SOURCE: www.calit2.net/newsroom/article.php?id=1482

Quadrics Was Designed to Use 20% and 80%

Less Power per Port Than Other Products

in the 10 GigE Market

Smarter Buildings Mean Better MeteringCalit2@UCSD Case Study

SOURCE: Smart2020, US Addendum, The Climate Working Group,2008

SOURCE: http://buildingdashboard.com/clients/ucsandiego/

Smarter BuildingsWhat Can We Learn About Mixed Use Buildings

• 500 Occupants, 750 Computers• Detailed Instrumentation to Measure

Macro and Micro-Scale Power Use – 39 Sensor Pods, 156 Radios, 70 Circuits– Subsystems: Air Conditioning & Lighting

• Conclusions:– Peak Load is Twice Base Load– 70% of Base Load is PCs

and Servers– 90% of That Could Be Avoided!

SOURCE: Rajesh Gupta, CSE, Calit2

Travel Substitution @ Calit2Daily Use


Daily Telepresence: Flexible Work, Virtualized Assistant, using Skype

Weekly Virtual Meetings of Director’s Office Using Polycomm Desktop

Travel SubstitutionThe Cisco Telepresence Case Study

533 Cisco TelePresence major cities globally

US/Canada: 108 CTS 3000, 109 CTS 1000, 6 CTS 3200, 90 CTS 500, 3 CTS1300

APAC: 29 CTS 3000, 34 CTS 1000, 14 CTS 500, 3 CTS 3200, 1 CTS1300

Japan: 7 CTS 3000, 2 CTS 1000, 1 CTS 500, 1 CTS 3200, 1 CTS1300

Europe: 31 CTS 3000, 35 CTS 1000, 5 CTS3200, 27CTS500, 2 CTS1300

Emerging: 14 CTS 3000, 3 CTS1000, 1 CTS3200, 7 CTS 500

163 Major Cities in 45 countries

355K TelePresence meetings scheduled to date. (Weekly average utilization in the past30 days is 21,522 meetings)

473K hours (average meeting is 1.25 hrs)

27K+ meetings with customers to discuss Cisco Technology over TelePresence

68K+ meetings avoidedtravel

Conservative estimate of cost savings and productivity improvement

~$296M to date Metric tons of emissions saved:: 149,018 Equal to >25,000+ cars off the road

• Overall average utilization49%

Changing the Way We Work, Live, Play and Learn

Updated Aug 2,2009….145 weeks after launch

• 30K Multipoint mtgs• Average 3,919 in past 30days

Calit2 Will Have CTS 1000s at UCSD and UCI

Travel Substitution: Auditorium to Auditorium (A2A) Collaboration using

LifeSize HD

September 8, 2009

SOURCE: Photo by Erik Jepsen, UC San Diego

The Future of TelepresenceUsing Digital Cinema 4k Streams

Keio University President Anzai

UCSD Chancellor Fox

CINEGRID: Lays Technical Basis

for Global Digital Cinema

Sony NTT SGI

Streaming 4k with JPEG 2000 Compression

½ Gbit/sec

100 Times the Resolution

of YouTube!

Calit2@UCSD Auditorium

4k = 4000x2000 Pixels = 4xHD

Using ICT For Smarter TransportationThe Calit2 Traffic System


SOURCE: http://traffic.calit2.net

How Your Network Can Help Reduce Your Carbon Footprint

• Bits and optical bandwidth are virtually carbon free• Optical networks (as opposed to electronic routed networks)

have much smaller carbon footprint• Significant reduced CO2 impacts are possible through use of

cyber-infrastructure tools like virtualization, clouds, SOA, grids, Web 2.0, etc.

• Research needed in new “zero carbon” computer and network architectures needed to connect remote computers, databases and instruments will be essential

• New zero carbon applications and “gCommerce”• Complete computational Virtualization and migration enabler

for “follow the sun” and other green energy sources.

Your Carbon Inventory ISO 14062 analysis

life cycle operation 5 years coal

• Optical Switch 4 tons 20 tons

• Router 16 tons500 tons

• Optical Amplifiers 2 tons 40 tons

• Computer server 12 tons 40 tons

• Ethernet switch 8 tons 20 tons

• PC 20 tons 5 tons

• Travel to install and repair - 100 tons

• Virtualized network can save 50% of your carbon emissions!

You must take action to achieve reductions

Enablers and Innovations

Zero Carbon ICT• Purchasing green power locally is expensive with significant transmission line losses

–Demand for green power within cities expected to grow dramatically

• ICT facilities DON’T NEED TO BE LOCATED IN CITIES–-Cooling also a major problem in cities

• But most renewable energy sites are very remote and impractical to connect to electrical grid.

– Can be easily reached by an optical network– Provide independence from electrical utility and high costs in wheeling power– Savings in transmission line losses (up to 15%) alone, plus carbon offsets can pay for moving ICT facilities to renewable energy site

• ICT is only industry ideally suited to relocate to renewable energy sites– Also ideal for business continuity in event of climate catastrophe

CANARIE Leadership• Canada’s advanced research network and research organization• June 1st Call for million $ Green ICT grant proposals

– Demonstrate technical feasibility and usability of relocating computers and other cyber infrastructure to zero-carbon data centres that are connected by optical networks, and powered solely by renewable energy sources such as the sun or the wind, and

– Create business case for providing carbon offsets (and/or equivalent services) to university researchers and IT personnel who reduce their carbon footprint by relocating computers and instrumentation to zero-carbon data centres

• 23 proposals submitted• Final decisions not yet publicly announced

The result of this initiative will provide a significant Green ICT enablement model and data. Results will help quantify and demonstrate workable solutions.

Canada California Strategic Innovation Partnership

• 5 areas of research: Carbon capture; Green It; Infectious Disease; Next Gen Media; sustainable bio-fuels

• MOU : California, Canada campuses combat greenhouse gas emissions with green IT• University of British Columbia is first University signatory to the MOU

Green IT MoU• Initial Signatories: UCSD, UBC, PROMPT

• To share best practices in reducing GHG emissions and baseline emission data for cyber-infrastructure and networks as per ISO 14064,

• To explore carbon reduction strategies by new network and distributed computing architectures such as PROMPT G-NGI, OptiPuter and CineGrid.

• To work with R&E network to explore relocation of resources to

renewable energy sites, virtualization, etc.• • To explore the potential for a “virtual” carbon trading systems

• To explore the creation of a multi-sector pilot of a generalized ICT carbon trading system including stakeholders from government, industry, and universities.

• To collaborate with each other and with government agencies and departments and other organizations

• Cooling and electrical costs can represent up to 44% of a data centers total cost of ownership

– The Uptime Institute estimates , the three-year cost of powering and cooling servers is currently one-and-a-half times the cost of purchasing server hardware

• With the growing demand for cheaper and ever-more-powerful high-performance computer clusters, the problem is not just paying for the computers, but determining whether institutions have the budget to pay for power and cooling

• Current Campus power is at a premium if available at all to light new initiatives

• Some institutions can’t deploy more servers because extra space and electricity isn’t available at any price.

• Many utilities, especially those in crowded urban areas, are telling customers that power feeds are at capacity and they simply have no more power to sell. BC Hydro currently has to import power to meet its demands

Current Data Center Challenges

source: Dan GillardBCnet 04/09

The Concept• Use cyber infrastructure to combat global warming by reducing computing

infrastructure’s carbon footprint• Find efficient ways to share computing facilities that are close to sources of green

power by utilizing BCNET’s advanced network infrastructure within the Province• Make it possible for BC’s Universities to reduce their carbon footprint by relocating

their existing ICT infrastructure to “greener facilities” • Build a zero carbon data centre and use the BCNET/CANARIE ROADM network to

connect users to it

British Columbia BCnet Leadership

ROAM Network as Enabler

SOURCE: Eric Bernier, CTOCANARIE

Bandwidth when required…where required100GBPS Ready

Long Haul High Speed Optical Systems

100Gb/s circuit configuration: reporting distance of 1267 km Performance of 100Gb/s over a 50GHz grid 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s on a network carrying 5 x 10 Gb/s live traffic 100Gb/s and 10Gb/s on adjacent channels on a 50GHz grid and on a 100GHz grid 3 x 40Gb/s and 1 x 100Gb/s and 1x 10Gb/s in a group of 8 wavelengths on a 50GHz grid

Zero Carbon Data Center


BC’s Green Data Centre MUST be in Proximity to a Clean Source of Power

Where: MUST be in the BC Interior

Power: Locating BC’s Green Data Centre


Other Power Innovations

Solar Powered Data Centers

But what do you do when the sun don’t shine and the wind don’t blow?

• Current Examples include• Green House Data, Cheyenne WO

• AISO wind powered data farm• Iceland and Lithuania National strategies

Emerging “Follow the Sun” Technologies

• The ability to migrate entire virtual machines to alternate data centres exists.

• Over HS networks the latency is tiny and transfer is invisible to the user. • Happens instantly without user knowledge, action or intervention

Nortel’s research labs developed and conceived the “Virtual Machine Turntable in 2006 and through collaboration with R&E networks in the US, Canada, Netherlands, and South Korea proved viability.

Computation at the Right Place & Time!We migrate live Virtual Machines, unbeknownst to applications and clients, for data affinity, business continuity / disaster recovery, load balancing, or

power management

The SC06 VMT Demonstrator

DataCenter @Tampa

SC|2006

Nortel’sSensor ServicesPlatform

Korea

KREOnet

Netherlight

DRACControlledLightpaths

Internal/ExternalSensor Webs

Amsterdam

Concluding Thoughts• Green ICT needs to Move Beyond “Data Centers” to

Showing the Full Range of Challenges and Opportunities.

• We need to remember that “It’s about the carbon, dummy.”

• Academic CIOs need to begin to think strategically about how to use ICT to enable carbon minimized computing and education. – What does it do to our networking needs?– Who skills do we need to have that we don’t currently have?