Internet of Things

Dr. Sanjay Sharma | Professor & HeadDepartment of

Mathematics & MCA

| sharmasanjay@manit.ac.in

Topics

Defining Internet of

for novice

Things Applying IoT in real World

Key technologies

building IoT

for Designing the things and

IoT networks

2

Civilization advances by extending

the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them.

Introduction to Mathematics (1911)

Alfred North Whitehead

(1861 – 1947)

3

Data,data and data everywhere

4

State and Data

Everything has STATE

Expiry Date Heart Rate Name of

Person

a Current Time

5

State is Exhibited with Attributes

30 C

State can be expressed

with multiple attributes

6

Attribute Value

Temperature O

Battery Level 65%

Name Thermostat

Manufacturer Nest

State Machines

Few things expose internalOFF ON

state using state machines

Light

7

State Machines may take Inputs

Turn On

Sometimes users set the stateOFF ON

for the things

Turn Off Light

8

Few Things need Data

Air-conditioner

needs current

temperature and

time

Washing machine Car needs road

conditions for better control

may need

energy

current

tariff

9

People need Data

Location information Detecting tree cutting

Monitoring of health

parameters

Industrial equipment

monitoring

Gas level detection

predictive maintenance

for

Waste level detection

10

People would like to Control

Access control for

securityControl lights and

appliances

Traffic monitoring

and controlAmbulance controlling

traffic signals

Remote parameter

setting for equipmentVehicle speed control

11

How does the User get the Data?

Data Providers Data Users

15

Bridging Providers and Users

Data Providers Data Users

16

The Internet

Internet of ThingsTrillion nodesSensors, Objects

Internet FringeBillion nodesComputers, mobiles

Internet CoreMillion nodes

Routers, Servers

17

Key Takeaways

State Everything has state

State is represented using attributesThing

State is transitioned into data from owner to users

Many users will have same data

The data can be used for different use cases

Data

User

The Internet is used to connect the data owners to users

It can scale to provide connectivity for trillions of devicesInternet

18

The next BIG thing on the Planet Earth!

19

Internet of Things

Irrigation - Manual

Knowledge

20

Irrigation - with Internet

Comfort

21

Irrigation - with IoT

Intelligence

22

Irrigation - IoT allows Innovation

Smart

23

Hospital

Police

Family

Care Provider

VolunteersAmbulance

Internet24

Internet of Things - the Definition

Self-organizing and self-healing object

networks

of

Internet as the major communication medium

Exchanging information between object-to-

object and object-to-men

Removes physical barriers and helps in smart

decision-making by harnessing data

25

Realtime Information

Better decision making

Safety & Security

Better living standards

Aging Population

Requires better care

Lifestyle

Convenience

Limited Resources

Requires conservation

Information Generation

Measurements and trackingGovt. Initiatives

Better citizen services

Innovation

New business models

26

IoT Applications

Smart Cities Smart Water

Smart Grid Smart Farming

Industrial ControlSmart Environment

Safety and Security Smart Homes

eHealthcareSmart Retail

Customer ServiceSmart Logistics

27

Smart Cities

28

Smart Environment

Snow Level

MonitoringForest Fire Detection

Air Pollution

MonitoringEMF Level Detection

Landslide and

Avalanche Detection

Earthquake Early

Detection

29

Safety, Security and Emergencies

Leakage

Detection

Radiation

Levels

Access Control Explosive and

Hazardous

Gases

30

Smart Water

Quality of

Drinking

Water

Swimming

Pool

Maintenance

Water

Metering

River

Monitoring

Sea

Monitoring

31

Smart Retail

Supply Chain

Control

Intelligent

Shopping

Smart Product

ManagementNFC Payment

32

Smart Logistics

33

Quality of

Shipment

Conditions

Item Location

Tracking

Warehouse

Monitoring

Fleet Tracking

Industrial Control & Automation

34

Smart

Assembly

Visible

FactoryPlant Alarms Item Tracking

Smart Farming

Precision

Farming

Green Houses Smart

Irrigation

Micro-

weather

Forecasting

Smart Animal

Farming

35

Smart Homes

Measurement

of Energy and

Water Usage

Smart

Lighting

Appliance

Control

Intrusion

Detection

Pet

Monitoring

36

eHealthcare

Fall Detection Patient

Monitoring

Sportsman

Care

Women &

Child Care

UV Radiation

Detection

37

The Future of Customer Service

No Service

IoT

Proactive,

Preventive,

Future

Internet Web, Chat

Realtime

Best Experience

Telephone

1-800Walk-in

Time

38

Internet of Things will have direct implications on the physical world.

Optimal living Improved

living standards

Empowers

people

New business Job creation

opportunities

Future for the

next generations

Economic

development39

Social Impact

Key Takeaway

Realtime DataBetter World!

IoTSaves money,

environment and even lives

More visibility

about

world

the real

Enables agility and

faster exception

handling

40

Realizing IoT Networks with various connectivity technologies

41

Technologies for IoT

Protocol Layers

HTTP, CoAP

TCP/UDP

IPv6, 6lowpan

IEEE 802.15.4, WiFi, Bluetooth

low energy*, 3G/LTE, Satellite

42

APPLICATION

TRANSPORT

NETWORK

MAC

PHY

Peer-to-peer

ConnectivityIEEE 802.15.4

Specifies the PHY and MAC layer

Support for 868/915MHz, 2.4

Data Rate: 250Kbps Range:

upto 100 meters Topology:

Star, peer-to-peer Fully

acknowledged protocol Low

power consumption Energy

detectionLink quality indication

GHz

PAN Coordinator

IPv6/6LoWPAN

Supports mesh

for Internet support

networkingStar Connectivity

Long range IoT applications: typicallyFull Function Device

Reduced Function Deviceoutdoors and industrial applications

43

esh connectivity er IEEE 802.15.4

Streetlight Connectivity using IEEE 802.15.4

M

ov

100m

Powered by battery, mains or both; solar power harvesting

30% power savings, RoI in 5 years

Multiple applications can be deployed

A key technology for smart cities

44

255 h

ops,

maxim

um

Bluetooth low energy (BLE

Client,

Master, Central

Server,

Slave, Peripheral

Designed for to use with mobile phone

High speed (1Mbps) with small duty cycles

Can be powered with button cells

Operates in 2.4GHz ISM bandAES 128 bit over the air encryption

End-to-end definition by Bluetooth SIG

Easy to implement and useSupports only Star topology

Requires Central for Internet connectivity

IPv6 over BLE is under development

BLE

IP3G, LTE,

Ethernet, WiFi

Support for PANs around mobile phone

Typically battery powered for years of operation

Typical power: 0.01mW (-20dBm) to 10mW (10dbm)

45

Mobile phone as

the Gateway

BLE Applications

1 2Appcessory

Standalone Gateway

with broadband3

46

IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)

Clients RouterPervasive in homes and offices

Mains powered or chargeable battery

Supports 2.4GHz ISM band

Defines PHY and MAC Very

matured technology

Supports only Start topologySeamless support for IPv6, hence InternetPervasive in computers and

Low power WiFi is evolving

handhelds

Zero infrastructure cost*

Well understood

IEEE 802.11

IP Connectivity

DSL, Ethernet, 3G/LTE47

Smart Homes using WiFi

App

Home Router

WiFi enabled electrical switches

Mains powered

Connects to the home router

Runs full IP suite of protocols

Cloud connectivityEasy to interwork with others

Low barrier for customer entry

Incremental deployment

Source: www.iramtech.com

48

6LoWPAN

FragmentationEntire 802.15.4 MTU is 127 bytes

IPv6 requires all links support 1280 byte

Header CompressionStandard IPv6 header is 40

Fully compressed: 1 byte

bytes

Mesh RoutingMesh under routing

Mesh over routing

6LoWPAN turns IEEE 802.15.4 into the IP-enabled link

Makes IPv6 suitable for resource constrained devices

49

TCP/UDP

IPv6

6LoWPAN

IEEE 802.15.4

Applications

Access Technologies - Summary

personal

development

50

Parameter IEEE 802.15.4 WiFi BLE

Frequency Band868, 915MHz

2.4GHz2.4, 5.0 GHz 2.4GHz

Topology Star, Mesh Star Star

Range 100m-3Km 250m 100m

Data Rate 250KBps 600Mbps 1Mbps

PowerBattery, Mains, Hybrid

Mains Battery

ApplicationsIndustrial, outdoors

Residential and office environment

Residential and

Internetworking 6lowpan IPv6Under

CoAP - Constrained Application Protocol

CoAP

HTTP HTTP

Client

ProxyCoAP

Client

The Internet Constrained Environment

CoAP is the HTTP for constrained device URI support

DTLS based securitySupport for resource discoveryStateless HTTP mapping

UDP binding with reliability and multicast

GET, POST, PUT, DELETE methodsPush model with subscribe and notify

51

Web of Things (WoT)

Smart

Web

Apps Integration of cyber-world and physical-world

RESTful web transfer protocol

Exposes the web services

coap:// is ~ http

for the objects

coaps:// is ~ https

Internet

of

Things

52

CoAP over UDP

(Optional: SMS, TCP)

Key Takeaways

WoT CoAP to build Web-of-Things

Any-application over IPv6 over any-access

technologyIPv6

Multiple access technologies for different use cases

Bluetooth low

energyWiFi IEEE 802.15.4

for long range

and metro areaIoT networks

for conveniencepersonal IoT

networksfor re-usability

53

A scalable approach for designing the Internet of Things

54

Designing the Things

'Things' - Design Considerations

Physical

ConstraintsLow Cost Low Power Lossy Links

Small

Footprint

Low

Range

Low

BoM

Minimal

or no UI

Less

CodeSelf

Healing

Low Data

55

'Things' - The Constrained Devices

Mains Power

Moore's law will be used for reduction of cost and power requirements

56

Size of Class 0 Class 1 Class 2

Code <100 KiB ~100 KiB ~250 KiB

Data <10 KiB ~10 KiB ~50 KiB

IP Connectivity Gateway CoAP TCP/IP

ProcessingOne simple

FunctionMultiple

FunctionsFlexible

PowerEnergy Harvesting, Battery, Rechargeable Battery,

Designing the Things

Design for sleep

Receiving is expensive

Time is energy - transmit quickDefine

Define

Define

the state model

the characteristics a set of services

Size is cost

Button cell > AAA > AA > Mains

57

InputsO

utputs

SoC

(System

On C

hip

Battery

Sensors

Autonomous Services

A temperature

A time service

service

No bleeding between users or services

Different users might use the same service

for different purpose

59

Service

Attributes

Device

User nUser 2User 1

Read Service

Current

Current

temperature

time

60

Service

Readable

Attributes

Device

User nUser 2User 1

Write Service

Room temperature for air-condition

Time to synchronize with network

Allows sending commands to the

time

service

61

Service

Writable

Attributes

Device

User nUser 2User 1

Control Service

Exposing the state of a finite state machine

Control points define the device behavior

Bulb provides:

Status Atrribute: ON/OFF

Control Point: Switch ON/Switch OFF

62

Turn On

OFF ON

Turn Off

Device

User nUser 2User 1

Client - Server Architecture

Behavior of the device independent of the clients

Server need not know how a client uses a service

Client behavior need not be defined

Easy to unit testing

Client use case determines the use of a service

Allows innovation in client implementation

63

Server

Client n

Client2

Client1

Use Case

Use case1: Switching AC on Use case: random light on/off

AC

Service

Temp.

Service

Time

Service

Light

Service

Use case defines how to use the services exposed by the devices

64

Client

Autonomous Services - Innovation

1 Service

2 Services3 Services

=

==

1

37

Use

UseUse

case

cases cases

8 Services = 255 Use cases

100 Services = 1 267 650 600 228 229 401 496

Possible Use cases

703 205 375

200 Services = (2^200)-1 Possible Use cases,

the number of atoms on the Earth

more than

Autonomous services allow Unlimited Innovation!

65

Building Context

Context: approximation of a real world situation

Door Closed

Projector ON

Chairs occupied

Table Interactions

Other inputs

Meeting in progressContext

Lights OFF

Bed Occupied

No movement

Time

Other inputs

Person sleepingContext

66

Key Takeaway

Application

Use cases

Services

State/

Attributes

67

Realizing IoT Networks with IPv6

68

Designing the IoT Networks

The IoT Trends

ScaleThe number of nodes would grow billions to trillions

IoT will be common denominator across humans and things

HeterogeneityDifferent types of nodes with different types of connectivity

Various types of information and applications

HorizontalizationNodes may be participating in multiple applications

Allows innovation to develop variety of applications

MobilityThe objects are being more and more wirelessly connected

Some nodes may be attached to be carried by mobile entities

69

Deployment Considerations

InstallationRandom, organized

Incremental

ConnectivityAlways connected

Intermittent

Mobility

Fixed nodes, Mobile or Network Mobility

Network SizeOne to thousands

Network TopologyStar, Mesh

P2P, P2M, M2P

Quality of Service

Priority for realtime information

Power Source

Battery, mains, hybrid or other sources

SecurityAccess control

Privacy

70

The Diversity and Bridging

The diversityDifferent

Different Different Different Different

types

types types types types

of

of of of of

HW configurations

operating systems

applicationsdata

connectivity:Ethernet, IEEE 802.15.4, WiFi, PLC

IPv6 - Bridging the diversityOpen standards

Everything-over-IPv6-over-Everything

Unique and uniform addressing

Simple network architectureSeamless web services

End-to-end security

Existing resources and knowledge

71

Network Architecture

Autonomous IoT Networks: private networks

Extended IoT Networks: limited, controlled Interconnectivity

True IoT Networks: end-to-end Internet connectivity

72

App deployment - PAN

Controlled

AccessStore

Retrieval

Personal Area Networks

73

App deployment in Metro Areas

Controlled

Access

Large scale/metro area IoT networks

74

Security Considerations

People are not typically trained in security

Hospital

Access control should be easier

Police Selective

Ability to

Denial of

access

disallow the tracking

service attacks

Family

Care

Provider

Default secure access control

Interface adaptable to novice

settings

users.Volunteers

Ambulance

Governance, security, and privacy need to be considered.

75

Key Takeaways

All-IP

Networks

Easy to build apps, cloud connectivity, and new application

deployments

Bridging the diversity, reuse of Internet standards and

knowledgeIPv6

IoT

Challenges

Privacy &

SecurityDiversity Scalability Mobility Usability

76

References

1.

2.Syam Madanapalli : IEEE Smart Tech Series - An Introduction to IoT.IEEE Computer Society, "IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2003", October 2003

BLUETOOTH Special Interest Group, "BLUETOOTH Specification! Version 4.0", June 2010RFC4944, Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks", September 2007RFC7252, Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The ConstrainedApplication Protocol (CoAP)", June 2014RFC7102, Vasseur, JP., "Terms Used in Routing for Low-Power andLossy Networks", January 2014IETF IPv6 over Networks of Resource-constrained Nodes (6lo) WG, http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/6lo/charter/

IETF Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environment WG, https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/ace/charter/IETF Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (roll) WG, http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/roll/charter/"Contiki: The Open Source OS for the Internet of Things", March 2014

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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10.