intro invertebrates

7/31/2019 Intro Invertebrates

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INVERTEBRATE

ZOOLOGY


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Hierarchy of Life

Atomic level to the biospherelevel

Figure covers molecular levelto ecosystem level

An ecologist may be acommunity ecologist, apopulation ecologist, etc.


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Three Domains of Life

Three large groups called domains Bacteria - prokaryotes

Archaea - prokaryotes

Eukarya - eukaryotes

Prokaryoticcells lack a nucleus

Eukaryoticcells possess a nucleus andmembrane bound organelles


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Classification is

continually changing

Some scientists dont

subscribe to the threedomain method ofclassification

Some still use the FiveKingdom method

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea


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Domain Eukarya

Domain Eukaryaconsists of severalkingdoms

Protista - single celled(several kingdoms)

Plantae - multicellular

Fungi - multicellular

Animalia - multicellular


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Protists

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Fungi
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Diversity of Life

DNA is the molecule responsible for diversity

Specific regions of DNA (genes) code for specific types ofproteins

Speciation occurs several ways Allopatric Adaptive radiation Sympatric

If reproductive barriers arise between populations, speciation willoccur Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers


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Evolution

Origin of Species publishedby Charles Darwin in 1859

Concepts Descent with modification

Natural selectioninheritedtraits within a species are

selected for or against

Adaptationfeatures thathave evolved by means of

natural selection


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Invertebrate Zoology

Study of invertebrate animals

Inverts make up at least 99% of all extant (living) animal specieson the planet

Over 1,000,000 described spp. (species) on the planet (mostlyinsects)

Estimated 10 to 30 million spp. have yet to be described

We will cover 19 (time permitting) of the approx. 35 animalphyla


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Preview of important Phyla

Protozoaanimal-likeprotists

Do not belong to kingdomanimalia, and thus are notconsidered to be invertebrateanimals

Important evolutionary linkbetween prokaryotes, andeveryday plants and animals

Volvox


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Phylum Porifera

Sponges


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Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, Anemones, and Corals

Portuguese Man O War


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Phylum Ctenophora

Comb Jellies


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Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms


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Phylum Nemertea

Ribbon Worms


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Phylum Mollusca

Chitons, Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, and Octopi

Banana Slug


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Phylum Annelida

Segmented Worms


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Phylum Echiura

Spoonworms


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Phylum Sipuncula

Peanut Worms


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Phylum Tardigrada

Water Bears


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Phylum Arthropoda

Horseshoe Crabs, Arachnids, Crustaceans,Myriapods, and Insects


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Phylum Gastrotricha

Name means stomach hair


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Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

Caenorhabditis elegans = good Ascaris lumbricoides = bad


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Phylum Rotifera

Wheel bearers


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Phylum Phoronida

A lophophorate


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Phylum Brachiopoda

Lamp shells, another lophophorate


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Phylum Echinodermata

Starfish, Brittle Stars, Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers


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Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata isthe only phylum

containing vertebrateanimals, however,there are someinvertebrate chordates


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Taxonomy

Linnean system (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,Genus, Species) is almost abandoned

Genus species (binomial nomenclature) is still used

Lumbricus terrestris Lumbricus terrestris

Scientists are more interested in evolutionary relationships (howare organisms similar / different), as opposed to what What

class do shrimp belong to?

Taxonomic names, and proposed evolutionary relationshipschange frequently


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Cladistics

Method embraced by the authors of your text for constructingevolutionary relationships in the form of phylogenetic trees, orcladograms

May be assembled according to morphology and/or moleculardata (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences)

Can be used to infer a great deal about evolutionary relationships

But it is easy to make mistakes Homologygood indication of a relationship

Analogy - misleading


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Morphological Vs. Molecular Data

Body Plan Data rRNA Data


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Ground Plan

For each Phylum there is a Ground plan (basic set ofcharacteristics)

These characteristics are useful for determiningdifferences / similarities between phyla

Ground plan for Phylum Arthropoda (example):segmented body, chitinous exoskeleton, periodic molts,and jointed appendages

intro invertebrates

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