intro r f i d
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to RFIDIntroduction to RFID
![Page 2: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Auto-ID Technologies
BiometricSystems
Smart Cards
RFID
OpticalCharacter
Recognition(OCR)
BarcodeSystems
Auto-ID
![Page 3: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Definition
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that enables the electronic and wireless labeling and identification of objects, humans and animals
![Page 4: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
RFID Principal System Components
• Tag (Transponder)– Chip– Antenna
• Reader (Interrogator)– RF Module (Transmitter and Receiver)– Control Unit– Antenna– Several Interfaces (RS 232, RS 485, etc.)
• Host Computer– Middleware
![Page 5: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
RFID System Architecture
![Page 6: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
EPC RFID Architecture
![Page 7: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EPC RFID System Architecture
![Page 8: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Carrier Frequencies
• What is frequency?– Refers to the property of radio waves used to
transmit data– Roughly speaking, it is the intensity of waves
used to transmit information
![Page 9: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Carrier Frequency
• RFID systems may use a particular frequency band depending on:– Application– Legislature– Cost considerations
![Page 10: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Frequency BandsFrequency Band Characteristics Typical
Applications
Low
100-500 kHz
Short to medium read range, inexpensive, low reading speed
Access control
Animal/Human identification
Inventory Control
Medium
10-15 MHz
Short to medium read range
Potentially inexpensive
Medium reading range
Access Control
Smart Cards
High
UHF: 850-950MHz
Microwave: 2.4 – 5.8 GHz
Long read range
High reading speed
Line of sight required (Microwave)
Expensive
Railroad car monitoring
Toll collection systems
![Page 11: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Coupling
• 100kHz – 30 MHz – inductive coupling
• HF and Microwave systems use electromagnetic coupling
![Page 12: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Coupling
![Page 13: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Frequency and bandwidth
• Frequency is of primary importance when determining data transfer rates (bandwidth)
• The higher the frequency, the higher the data transfer rate
![Page 14: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Range
• Range – the working distance between a tag and a reader
Range
![Page 15: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Range and Power Levels
• The range that can be achieved in an RFID system is determined by– The power available at the reader– The power available within the tag– The environmental conditions and structures
• More important at higher frequencies than at lower frequencies
– 100-500mW
![Page 16: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Material Propagation
• The absorption rate for water and other non-conductive substances is lower by a factor of 100 000 at 100 kHz than it is at 1 GHz
• LF systems are primarily used due to their high propagation of substances
![Page 17: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Electromagnetic Interference
• What is electromagnetic interference?
• LF (inductive coupling) RFID systems suffer from electromagnetic interference more than UHF and Microwave
• Microwave systems are more likely to be used in manufacturing (auto-industry)
![Page 18: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tags Characteristic
• Means by which transponder is powered
• Data carrying options
• Data read rates
• Programming options
• Physical forms
• Costs
![Page 19: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Active and Passive Tags
• Active tags– Powered by an internal battery– Finite lifetime (because of battery)– Greater range– Better noise immunity– Higher data transmission rates
![Page 20: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Active and Passive Tags
• Passive tags– Operate without battery– Derive power from the field generate by the
reader– Less expensive– Unlimited life– Subject to noise– Require more powerful readers– Orientation sensitivity
![Page 21: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Data Carrying Options
• A tag can contain– An identifier
• 1bit – 128 bits
– Portable data files• Example: 64 K
![Page 22: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Data Read Rate
• Data read rate is linked to frequency– The higher the frequency, the higher the read
rate
![Page 23: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Data Programming Options
• Read-only– Cheap
• Write once read many (WORM)
• Read/write– Expansive
![Page 24: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Why Use Read/Write Tags?
• Greater flexibility– Customers may change requirements– Standards may change
• Database dependence– Ownership issues– Lag times
• High risk applications
![Page 25: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tag Physical Forms
• Disk and Coins – can be attached to an item by a fastening screw
![Page 26: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tag Physical Forms
• Mount-on-Metal – special construction minimizes impact of metal in terms of interference
![Page 27: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tag Physical Forms
• Keys or Key Fobs, Watches – access control
![Page 28: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Smart Labels
• A bar code can be printed on an RFID label
![Page 29: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Tag Physical Forms
• Glass Transponders can be implanted under skin
![Page 30: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What’s so special about RFID?
• Unifying Auto-ID technology
• Line of sight is not required
• Longer read ranges
• Faster: hundreds of items can be scanned in one read
![Page 31: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
RFID vs. Barcodes
![Page 32: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Principles of Profitable RFID Use
• Bar codes are unfeasible– Example: rail cars
• Damage• Speed
• Counting Processes – Greater speed– Saves manual labor
![Page 33: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Principles of Profitable RFID Use
• Personal responsibility doesn't match the enterprise value of data collection– Example: a big retailer working with a small
supplier
• The data collection process is relatively chaotic– Example: Battlefield– Making libraries chaotic
![Page 34: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Principles of Profitable RFID Use
• The exact configuration of goods must be maintained– Example: Auto industry
• Data must be collected from consumers outside of the retail– Warning: Privacy Concerns
![Page 35: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
RFID Evolution (Gartner, 2003)
![Page 36: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
RFID Growth
• Several market research firms predict that ~2007 RFID market will reach ~$3 billion
![Page 37: Intro R F I D](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546cbdf7af795967298b5117/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Questions?