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Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40

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Cells  Tissue  Organ  Organ System

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Page 1: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function

Intro to Animal Structure & Function

Ch. 40

Page 2: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function

Cellular Organization

The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function

Four types of animal tissue:Epithelial (outer skin, mucous membranes)Connective (Blood, cartilage, bone)Nervous (Neurons)Muscle (Contractile tissue)

Organs: group of different tissues working together to perform a job (ex. Heart)

Organ System: 2+ organs working together to perform a job. (Circulatory system)

Page 3: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function

Cells Tissue Organ Organ System

Page 4: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function

Regulating the Internal Environment

The purpose of most animal systems is to aid in keeping homeostasis Homeostasis: stable internal conditions.

Slight fluctuations, but mostly stable

Negative Feedback: change in the variable being monitored triggers the control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction Results in a fairly stable environment Most homeostatic mechanisms in animals use negative

feedback

Page 5: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function
Page 6: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function
Page 7: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function

Positive Feedback: a change in a variable that triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change.

Ex: During childbirth, pressure from the baby’s head stimulates contractions, which cause even greater pressure, which in turn stimulates more contractions, etc.

Positive feedback has an amplifying effect

Page 8: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function

Endothermic: Bodies warmed by heat generated by metabolism Body temperature must be maintained at a certain

level to sustain life Also called “homeotherms” or “warm-blooded”

Ectothermic: Do not produce enough metabolic heat to have an effect on body temperature. Obtain body heat from environment Ex: amphibians, reptiles, fish Also called “poikilotherms” or “cold-blooded”

Page 9: Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues: similar cells performing a common function

Some ways that animals control body temperatures:

Behavior: Hibernation, Daytime/Nighttime activity

Metabolism: metabolic activity such as muscle contraction generates heat

Evaporation: sweating and panting loses heat.

Adjusting Surface Area: By controlling the amount of blood sent to the body’s extremities heat can be lost or absorbed. Animals can control blood flow with vasodilation or vasoconstriction.


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