intro to health sciences chapter 20 laboratory science in health care

Intro to Health Sciences Chapter 20 Laboratory Science in Health Care

Lab Science Many forensic investigators who

work in CSI start their careers in medical laboratories.

Approximately 70-80% of all physician decisions are based on laboratory test results produced by medical laboratory professionals.

Laboratory Personnel

Do not usually have contact with patients

Most of work is done while sitting

Requires excellent vision and manual dexterity

Environment

Clean Well lit Regular hours Frequent use of

microscope

Areas of Study

Clinical labs Blood banking Research and

Development Epidemiology

Careers

Pathologist Laboratory

Technologist Medical Laboratory

Technician Medical Laboratory

Assistant Phlebotomist

Careers

Life Scientist Animal Scientist Food Scientist Dental Laboratory

Technician Environmental

Health Technician$15,000-75,000 per year

Careers

PathologistMedical DoctorExamines specimens of

body tissue, fluids and secretions to:

Diagnosis disease Determine effectiveness

of treatment Determine cause of death

4 year undergraduate school

4 years of medical school

4 years of residency

2 - 4 years of specialty internship

Careers

Laboratory Technologist

Performs clinical lab testingAnalyzes resultsCross matches blood for

transfusionsCalibrates equipmentWorks under the supervision

of the Pathologist

4 year undergraduate school

1 year internship

State Exam for licensure

CareersLaboratory

TechnologistAreas of specialization:

Microbiology

Cytotechnologist

Hematology

Immunology

Histology

Identifying microorganisms that cause disease

Analyzing cells for diagnosis

Study of blood

Study of body’s resistance to pathogens

Study of tissue

Careers

Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT)

Works under the supervision of the Lab technologist or pathologist

Prepares tissue slidesPerforms simple blood tests

2- 4 years undergraduate school

Some states require certification exams for licensure

Careers

Medical Laboratory Assistant

Perform routine tests under the supervision of the technologist

Urinalysis, hematology, serology and bacteriology

1 year of education in a hospital

or

2 years in a community college or vocational program

Certification is possible with examination

Careers

Phlebotomist

Obtain and process blood specimens, throat cultures or wound swabs.

OJT

or

1 year vocational or community college program

Blood Banking Careers

Donor recruitmentPhlebotomistBlood Bank Lab SupervisorSpecialist in Blood Bank

Technology (SBB)

Blood Banking Career Opportunities

Donor Recruitment

Organize and plan blood drives

PublicityIncentive ProgramsDonated blood is good for

35 days. Frozen can be kept up to 3

years


Phlebotomist

Phlebotomy – venipuncture

Tourniquet – used to obstruct blood flow


Lab Supervisor

Medical Technologist


Specialist in Blood Bank Technology (SBB)

Select donorsDraw bloodType bloodRun perfusion testsAct as resource in

solving problems

4 year undergraduate degree

Certification as a MLT

Blood Banking Terms

Donor – one who gives

Recipient – One who receives

Career Opportunities

Life Scientists

Researchers Study living

organisms and life processes

Many areas of specialization


2 year Masters Degree

2 year Doctoral program


Life ScientistsDeveloping new drugsMethods of treatmentDeveloping new plantsEnvironmental

protection

¼ work for the federal government

1/3 work for private industry

The Rest are in Universities


Life Scientists

Areas of specialty:BiologyAnatomyBiochemistryGeneticsPhysicsPhysiologyMicrobiology


Life ScientistsMicrobiologist

Virologists

Immunologists

Biochemists

Study bacteria, algae, viruses, and other MO that cause disease. Develop vaccines and new drugs

Specialize in viruses

Genetics, use of antibodies

Reproduction, growth and metabolism


Animal Scientists

Study animals to improve feeding, housing, and breeding.

Zoologists


2 year Masters Degree

2 year Doctoral program

Develop new techniques in farming, drugs, pest control


Food Scientists

Evaluates safety of food processing

Develops new methods of producing foods


Other Laboratory Personnel

Dental Lab Technician

Environmental Health Technician


Dental Lab Technician

Do not work directly with patients

Make prostheses:Bridges, crowns, inlays, orthodontics.

Requires excellent manual dexterity


Certification is available


Environmental Health Technician

Collect and analyze air and water samples

2-4 year undergraduate degree

Laboratory Terms

Microbiology - Study of microorganisms (microbes)Requires use of microscope

Uses microscope to view microscopic organisms?

Leeuwenhoek

Best Environment for MO

Warmth

Moisture

Food supply

Darkness

Aerobic - require oxygen

Anaerobic - do not require oxygen

Terms in Microbiology

Non-pathogens

Pathogens

Carrier

Normal Flora

Not harmful

harmful

When an animal carries a MO w/o injury to self. Can still spread the disease

Usually live in certain parts of the body w/o causing harm

Terms in MicrobiologyResident

Transient

Parasites

MO that are always present

MO that are found temporarily

MO that damage host where they live

Terms in Microbiology

Infection

Incubation

Communicable

Chain of infection

Invasion of MO, causing disease

Able to be transmitted to others

The infectious

process

Period of time when an infection shows its effects

Chain of InfectionCausative agent

Reservoir

Mode of transmission

Mode of entry

Susceptible host

Microorganism

Where the agent lives (animal, human, couch, etc)

Direct contact, body secretions, air born, food, water, mosquitoes

Break in skin, mucous membrane, any tract

When you are sick, malnourished, very old, very young

Chain of InfectionCausative agent

Reservoir

Mode of Transmission

Mode of entry

Susceptible host

Means of escape

Body’s First Line of Defense

The skin

Other defense mechanisms:

Immune system

Vaccinations

MO that Cause Disease in Humans

BacteriaFungiProtozoansMetazoansVirusesRickettsiae


BacteriaMost commonSingle celled organismsNeither plants or animalsClassified according to their shape

RodRoundSpiral


Bacteria

Anthrax PinkeyeBoils PneumoniaBronchitis TetanusBotulism TonsillitisGonorrhea TBLeprosy UTI

Anthrax

Leprosy


FungiYeasts and MoldsGrow on other organisms: parasitic


Fungi

Athlete’s footHistoplasmosisRingwormThrush


ProtozoansAnimal likeOne-celledcommonly show characteristics usually associated with animals most notably mobility and heterotrophy (consumes food)


Protozoans

African Sleeping SicknessMalaria


Metazoans

Multi-cellularWormsThey can perform apoptosis (type of beneficial cell death)


Metazoans

HookwormPinwormTapewormTrichinosis (eating undercooked pork)


VirusesNot really cellsContains bits of genetic informationReproduce and cause illness inside cell body


Viruses

AIDS (HIV) MeaslesChickenpoxMumpsCold Sores PolioGenital herpes RabiesHepatitis (HBV)WartsFlu


RickettsiaeVery smallBacteria-like organismsCannot live outside living tissue


Rickettsiae

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

Epidemiology

Study of disease in humansUses demographic data Helps control and prevent

CDC

Epidemic – outbreak of disease that effects large number of people in a certain area

Terms

Agar - usually from algae or seaweed. The word means jelly. Used as a growth medium for microorganisms

Petri Dish - a flat dish made of plastic or glass with a cover that is primarily used to grow bacteria.

Must be sterilized after use before discarding.

Terms

Culture and sensitivity – C&S

Culture is done to find out what kind of organism is causing an illness or infection.

A sensitivity test checks to see what kind of medicine, such as an antibiotic, will work best to treat the illness or infection.

Terms

ErythrocyteLeukocytePhagocyteThrombocyte

CentrifugeSterile No MO

Machine used to separate components of blood

Platelet, helps blood to clot

Type of WBC

WBC, fights infection

RBC, caries Oxygen

Skills

Testing Urine for Sugar and AcetoneS&AReagent strip – reacts to chemicalsSugar - glucoseAcetone – Ketone, protein byproduct

Skills

Throat CultureTongue depressorCulture swab

Skills

Finger Stick Blood SugarAutolet - holds lancet

Lancet - small needle

Glucometer – used to measure blood sugar from a capillary puncture

Capillary puncture - finger stick Normal: 70-120

Skills

Using a MicroscopeThe field of vision becomes smaller as the magnification is increased.

Review

Lab employee who is a medical doctor specializing in body tissue and fluid analysis?

Pathologist

Review

A laboratory technician requires __________ years of education ?

4 years plus 1 year internship

Review

Educational training for a MLT ?

2-4 years

Review

Draws blood, can be educated with OJT?

Phlebotomist

Review

4 year degree?

Bachelors degree

Review

Study of body tissues?

Histology

Review

Study of blood?

hematology

Review

One who receives a donation form another?

recipient

Review

Who invented the compound microscope?

A. Janassen

B. Fleming

C. Leeuwenhook

D. Lannec

Review

MO prefer an environment that is ?

A. warm

B. dark

C. dry

Review

Harmful MO ?

pathogens

Review

Bacteria that is not harmful when it is found in a certain location ?

Normal flora.

Review

Washing your hands breaks what chain in the chain of infection ?

Causative agent

Review

Wearing gloves breaks what chain in the chain of infection ?

Portal of entry

Review

Getting 8 hours of sleep each night and eating healthy each day breaks what chain in the chain of infection ?

Susceptible host

Review

An invasion of MO, resulting in disease ?

infection

Review

Vaccinations are the body’s first line of defense.

True False

Review

Natural acquired immunity occurs as a result of having the disease.

True or False

Review

bacteria

Review

protozoan

Review

TB, UTI, Pinkeye ?

bacteria

Review

Hepatitis, Aids, flu ?

Virus

Review

Tapeworm, pinworm?

Metazoan

Review

Athlete’s foot, ringworm?

fungus

Review

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Rickettsiae

Review

Outbreak of disease in a certain location ?

epidemic

Review

HCT ? Hematocrit

H&H ?

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

Review

HIV ? Human immunodeficiency virus

HBV ?

Hepatitis B

Review

CDC ?

Center for Disease Control

Review

glucometer

Review

lancets

Review

What is the most important way to prevent the spread of microorganisms?

Hand washing

Questions??

intro to health sciences chapter 20 laboratory science in health care

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