intro to jour_final project

8/8/2019 Intro to Jour_final Project

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/intro-to-jourfinal-project 1/17

U}ggdgj hmnc? LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT

Lkgrmujmglm ngc n Gmz Njm kb Amcdn Fdsmunlt

Snhdun Gnsnfdm Lnusmu

Lnamukg ]gdrmu|dst



LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT 5

Lkgrmujmglm ngc n Gmz Njm kb Amcdn Fdsmunlt

Dgsukc}lsdkg

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hteudc bkua kb amcdn hnrm nf|k lhngjmc'

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shm l}fs}um kb umncdgj nf|k lhngjmc buka p}efdl kunf umncdgj| sk |dfmgs& pudrnsm umncdgj|'

P}efdl umncdgj| ngc shm kunf cd||madgnsdkg kb dcmn| bk}gc n gmz pfnlm dg |kldmstrdn n

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anjn dgm| ngc euklh}um|'

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LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT <

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smfmrd|dkg& nfshk}jh mrkfrdgj dg shm ungjm kb |murdlm| shns ds kbbmumc ngc shm |d m ngc |hnpm| kb

|ms| nrndfnefm& hn| umandgmc m||mgsdnf shuk}jhk}s shm tmnu|'

Bku shm pn|s lk}pfm cmlncm| shm|m shumm bkua| kb amcdn? pudgs& uncdk ngc smfmrd|dkg hnrm

ckadgnsmc shm an|| amcdn numgn& m|snefd|hdgj shma|mfrm| n| amcdn²| shumm bk}gcnsdkg pdffnu|'

E}s shm dgrmgsdkg kb shm Dgsmugms dg shm 50sh Lmgs}ut kglm njndg lkgrmujmc nff mxd|sdgj amcdn dgsk

kgm |k}ulm'

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lkg|}amu mfmlsukgdl| hnrm sung|bkuamc lkg|}amu pkusnefm cmrdlm| buka amum cmrdlm| dgsk

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umnc krmu eumnibn|s e}s gkz umnc rdn k}u akedfm phkgm& lkap}smu& dpkc ku dpnc' Zm |sdff fd|smg sk

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lng jms shm dgbkuansdkg cdumlsft' Shm |nam d| su}m bku k}u smfmrd|dkg |ms|& zm |sdff }|m shma e}s shm




jumns anokudst kb lkg|}amu| num fmngdgj skznuc lnefm ku |nsmffdsm smfmrd|dkg emln}|m ds kbbmu| akum

bummcka sk nllm|| lkgsmgs zhmg shm }|mu zngs| ngc gks zhmg shm gmszkui zngs|' Mrmg smfmphkgm

lnff| num gkz ancm rdn shm Dgsmugms& emln}|m ds pukrm| sk em lhmnpmu shng ak|s |murdlm pukrdcmu|'

Zm hnrm emlkam ng ¼kg!cmangc³ |kldmst (Pkssmu& 50>0$' Lkg|}amu| num gkz }|mc sk

nllm||dgj dgbkuansdkg ns shm lfdli kb n e}sskg ngc hnrm shm nedfdst sk |hnum ngc lumnsm dgbkuansdkg

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shmt num kujngd mc& ngc hkz sk }|m shma zd|mft' (Ffktc!Ikfidg ngc Stgmu& >44>$ Db lkg|}amu|

num gkz lkgsmgs lumnsku|& shm ukfm kb amcdn fdsmunlt d| gk fkgjmu sk |dapft smnlh shma hkz shm

amcdn nbbmls| shma e}s nf|k hkz shmdu lkgsmgslng pksmgsdnfft nbbmls kshmu|'

Shm bdu|s |mlsdkg kb shd| pnpmu nccum||m| shm znt| dg zhdlh smnlhdgj amcdn fdsmunlt& n| n

punlsdlnf lkglmps& hnrm lhngjmc n| n um|}fs kb shm lkgrmujmglm kb amcdn& gmz smlhgkfkjdm| ngc

shm Dgsmugms' Rnudk}| umlmgs |lhkfnuft nusdlfm| num umrdmzmc ngc shmdu bdgcdgj| num mxnadgmc sk

lumnsm n lfmnu pdls}um kb shm |ds}nsdkg ns hngc' Shm |mlkgc |mlsdkg kb shm pnpmu fkki| ns shm znt|

dg zhdlh gmz bkua| kb smnlhdgj lng em nckpsmc sk mg|}um shns |s}cmgs| }gcmu|sngc shm gmz

dapfdlnsdkg| kb amcdn fdsmunlt dg ng Dgsmugms njm& |}lh n| lkptudjhs ngc dgrn|dkg kb pudrnlt fnz|

ngc shm znt| sk umnc ngc zudsm dg a}fsdamcdn fngj}njm'

Enlijuk}gc

Okng N' Fdppdglkss d| N||kldnsm Mxml}sdrm Cdumlsku kb shm Lknfdsdkg bku Gmszkuimc

Dgbkuansdkg (LGD$ ngc dg 500: |hm cdc n |s}ct lnffmc M!Lkgsmgs zhmum |hm bkl}|mc kg |s}cmgs|

n| lkgsmgs lumnsku| ngc shm lkgrmujmglm kb fdsmunldm|' Nllkucdgj sk Fdppdglkss& ds d| gmlm||nut sk



LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT =

smnlh |s}cmgs| hkz sk |}urdrm dg n lkgrmujdgj zkufc emln}|m kglm shmt junc}nsm shmdu mapfktmu|

zdff mxpmls shma sk em rmu|m dg rnudk}| numn|'

A}lh fdim shm bnls shns ds d| unum sk bdgc n smlhgkfkjdlnf cmrdlm shns kgft pmubkua| kgm

b}glsdkg ngtakum& ds d| emlkadgj o}|s n| cdbbdl}fs sk bdgc oke| zhmum tk} num um~}dumc sk an|smu

kgft kgm numn kb mxpmusd|m' Lumnsdgj n rdcmk bku ng ncrmusd|dgj |pks bku n lkapngt ant um~}dum

shm }|m kb rnudk}| |idff| |}lh n| phkskjunpht& cdumlsdgj& dgrm|sdjnsdkg& eukncln|s bku rkdlm krmu²|&

junphdl cm|djg& rdcmk umlkucdgj ngc rdcmk mcdsdgj'

Mfd nemsh Cnfmt ngc hmu lkffmnj}m| ns shm Dg|sds}sm bku A}fsdamcdn Fdsmunlt ns shm

Nggmgemuj Lmgsmu ns shm ]gdrmu|dst kb \k}shmug Lnfdbkugdn emfdmrm shns ¼shk|m zhk num su}ft

fdsmunsm dg shm szmgst!bdu|s lmgs}ut zdff em shk|m zhk fmnug sk eksh umnc ngc zudsm shm a}fsdamcdn

fngj}njm kb shm |lummg³' Ns shmdu ]gdrmu|dst lk}u|m| num kbbmumc shns hmfp |s}cmgs| sk nssndg

ngnftsdlnf |idff| shns num |dadfnu dg |lkpm ngc cmpsh sk shk|m |idff| cmrmfkpmc et fdsmuns}um |s}cmgs|

e}s nppfdmc sk cdjdsnf amcdn' (Cnfmt& 500<$

Shmum num kshmu|& |}lh n|Omgidg|&P}u}|hksan& Lfdgskg& Zmdjmf " Uked|kg (5002$ shns

emfdmrm shns amcdn fdsmunlt |idff| bku cdjdsnf amcdn |hk}fc em sn}jhs sk |s}cmgs| ns n tk}gjmu njm'

Shmdu dgrm|sdjnsdkg| bk}gc shns um|mnulh |idff| ngc smlhgdlnf |idff| |hk}fc nllkapngt shm

cmrmfkpamgs kb zudssmg |idff| bku |s}cmgs| |k shns shmt zk}fc em nefm sk dgsmunls dg skcnt²|

lkaa}gdsdm| dg n amngdgjb}f znt'

Dg nccdsdkg& ngc rmut dapkusngsft& n| |s}cmgs| emlkam nlsdrm pnusdldpngs| dg shm lumnsdkg

kb amcdn lkgsmgs shmt gmmc sk em nznum shmdu um|pkg|dedfdsdm| n| amaemu| kb shm dgbkuansdkg

|kldmst'Ds d| lu}ldnf shns shmt }gcmu|sngc shm mshdlnf ngc fmjnf dapfdlnsdkg| kb shm }|m kb

dgbkuansdkg bk}gc ngc p}efd|hmc kg shm Dgsmugms' (Fdppdglkss& 500:$




Zhdfm shm|m gmz smlhgkfkjdm| pukaksm angt emgmbds| n| bnu n| shm cmaklunsd nsdkg kb

dgbkuansdkg |}lh n| pnusdldpnsdkg& pf}unfdst& ngc cdrmu|dst kb kpdgdkg|& emln}|m kb shmdu kpmg

gns}um shmt nf|k eudgj nek}s angt gmjnsdrm lhnffmgjm|' Shm dg|sdffnsdkg kb jkkc amcdn fdsmunlt

punlsdlm| dg |s}cmgs| ngc ldsd mg| kg n zhkfm lk}fc mfdadgnsm n jumns cmnf kb pukefma| |}lh n|

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mbbmlsdrm amcdn fdsmunlt |idff| lng hmfp }|mu| puksmls shma|mfrm| ngc kshmu| buka hnuab}f lkgsmgs'

(N~dfd ngc Gn|dud& 50>0$

U m|mnulh ^}m|sdkg|

Dg ng njm kb lkgrmujmglm& hkz }ujmgs d| shm gmmc sk smnlh |s}cmgs| amcdn fdsmunlt n| ds

pmusndg| sk shm Dgsmugms;

\hk}fc amcdn fdsmunlt em n angcnskut lk}u|m bku nff |s}cmgs| kb njm sk nllm|| n lkap}smu

ku zme cmrdlm;

Amshkc

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shm n}shku lng em b}fft }gcmu|skkc et smnlhmu| ngc sn}jhs sk fkzmu fmrmf |s}cmgs|'

Shm n}shku| cmbdgm amcdn fdsmunlt ngc mxpfndg zht ds d| ng dapkusngs |idff bku lhdfcumg sk

fmnug' Shmt shmg m|snefd|h bdrm lfmnu n|pmls| kb amcdn fdsmunlt shns shm ekki zdff nccum|| ngc

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LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT :

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bkl}|m| kg shm bnls shns amcdn ckm| gks ½o}|s hnppmg²& shmumbkum mrmut am||njm d| lumnsmc zdsh

ngc n}cdmglm dg adgc ngc zdsh ng keomlsdrm dg adgc' Ds nf|k cm|ludem| shm znt| dg zhdlh |s}cmgs|

ngc smnlhmu| lng jk nek}s lumnsdgj shmdu kzg amcdn' Shm bk}ush }gds d| ng krmurdmz kb shm

pumrdk}| lhnpsmu| ngc mxpfndg| shm znt| dg zhdlh smnlhmu| lng sm|s shm |s}cmgs²| igkzfmcjm kg

shm |}eomls anssmu' Ngc bdgnfft& shm bdbsh }gds kb shm ekki cmakg|sunsm| shm znt| dg zhdlh amcdn

fdsmunlt lng em dgsmjunsmc dgsk lfn||ukka nlsdrdsdm| |k shns emlkadgj nznum kb amcdn zk}fc em¼n| gns}unf n| eumnshdgj³'

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fdgm kb smnlhdgj&n| mgcku|mc et shm Dg|sds}sm bku A}fsdamcdn Fdsmunlt& sk nff }gdrmu|dsdm|'

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nligkzfmcjm| shns& jdrmg shm lkapfmx gns}um kb amcdn lkgsmgs|& shmum zdff em pukefma| dg

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ngc 50sh

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dgbkuansdkg'

Snefm > Umrkf}sdkg kb Fmnugdgj krmu shm Lmgs}udm|

Fmnugdgj dg shm >4s ngc 50 s Lmgs}udm| Fmnugdgj dg shm 5>|s Lmgs}utFdadsmc nllm|| sk igkzfmcjm ngc dgbkuansdkg(d'm' lkgsmgs$ Ns bdu|s shuk}jh shm pudgsdgj(pudgsdgj$

]gfdadsmc nllm|| sk igkzfmcjm ngcdgbkuansdkg (d'm' lkgsmgs$ Shuk}jh Dgsmugms

Maphn|d| kg fmnugdgj lkgsmgs shns ant em }|mcngc ant nf|k gks em }|mc dg pmkpfm²| fdrm|

Maphn|d| kg puklm|| |idff| bku fmnugdgjshuk}jh pmkpfm²| fdbmsdam

Shm jknf d| shm |idff| dg lkgsmgs igkzfmcjm(fdsmuns}um& hd|skut& |ldmglm msl'$

Shm jknf d| fmnugdgj |idff| (nllm||& ngnft|d|&mrnf}nsdkg ngc lumnsdrdst$ sk |kfrm pukefma|

Bnls| ngc igkzfmcjm num jdrmg buka smnlhmu|sk p}pdf|

Smnlhmu| }|m shm amshkc kb cd|lkrmut ngc shmgmmc sk fmnug

Ngnft|d| kb pudgsmc igkzfmcjm A}fsd!amcdn dgbkuansdkg ngnft|d|]|dgj pnpmu ngc pmg ku dgbkuansdkg puklm||dgj}|mc sk mxpum|| lkgsmgs

]|dgj a}fsdamcdn smlhgkfkjdlnf skkf| bku mxpum||dgj shm lkgsmgs

Fdadsmc lfn||ukka fmrmf fmnugdgj ngc p}efd|hdgj

Jfkenf fmnugdgj ngc p}efd|hdgj



LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT >0

Fmnugdgj buka smxsekki |k}ulm|& m|pmldnfft pudgsmc

Fmnugdgj buka cdbbmumgs |k}ulm| dg shm pum|mgszkufc& m|pmldnfft buka shm rd|}nf ngc mfmlsukgdl|k}ulm|

Lkglmps}nf dgcdrdc}nf!en|mc fmnugdgj Pukomls smna!en|mc fmnugdgjPmkpfm kb lmusndg njm hnrm nllm|| sk igkzfmcjm

lkgsmgs

Nff pmkpfm kb nff njm| hnrm nllm|| sk

igkzfmcjm lkgsmgs\idff| num kesndgmc shuk}jh pnpmu ngc sm|sdgj \idff| num kesndgmc shuk}jh rnudk}| amcdnSmnlhmu| |mfmls ansmudnf| ngc jdrm fmls}um| Smnlhmu| |mfmls bunamzkui ngc kbbmu sdp|Smnlhmu| nllm|| |s}cmgs| zkui ngc |lkum \s}cmgs| pn|| n amn|}um sk mrnf}nsm shmdu kzg

zkui Mc}lnsdkg d| shuk}jh p}efdl smxsekki| shns ckgks anslh shm |}eomls| kb smnlhdgj

Mc}lnsdkg d| shuk}jh p}efdl sundgdgj |sngcnuc|lkg|d|smgs zdsh shm sm|s|

(Shkang& 500=$

Shm dapfdlnsdkg| kb shd| |hdbs dg igkzfmcjm nl~}d|dsdkg buka pudgsmc ansmudnf| sk cdjdsnf

ansmudnf| |}lh n| shm cngjmu| kb ad|dgbkuansdkg& }gsu}|szkusht zme|dsm| ngc lkptudjhs d||}m|

zmum nf|k cd|l}||mc'

Zhdfm shm pumrdk}| nusdlfm| bkl}|mc jumnsft kg }gdrmu|dst |s}cmgs| ngc shm rnudk}| znt| sk

jk nek}s smnlhdgj shma amcdn fdsmunlt n| ds pmusndg| sk shm cdjdsnf zkufc& shmum d| |sdff shm anssmu

kb tk}gjmu lhdfcumg zhk num nf|k mxpk|mc sk ngc }|m amcdn' Mgk (5008$ |}ppkus| dgsukc}ldgj

amcdn fdsmunlt fmnugdgj rmut mnuft dg lhdfchkkc& ns shm njm kb mdjhs ku tk}gjmu'

En|mc kg hmu pmu|kgnf mxpmudmglm dg zkuidgj zdsh lhdfcumg ngc anidgj lumnsdrm rdcmk|

ngc fdrm!nlsdkg bdfa| en|mc kg shmdu danjdgnsdrm ncrmgs}um|& |hm lkglf}cm| ¼amcdn pfnt n h}jm

ukff dg shmdu }peudgjdgj³' Zhmg lhdfcumg emlkam n}shku|& shm mxpmudmglm shmt jk shuk}jh d|

cmmpmu dg amngdgj ngc akum mgudlhdgj shng shm mxpmudmglm shmt }gcmujk zhmg shmt num kgft

pn||drm rdmzmu| kb smfmrd|dkg'

Nbsmu |mmdgj shm rdcmk| shns shmt ancm |kam lhdfcumg anim pkmsdlnf lkaamgs| zhdlh shm

n}shku bdgc| |djgdbdlngs dg angt znt|? ¼ Akum shng ngtshdgj& shm|m pkma| umadgc am shns shd|

zkui d| gks nek}s smlhgkfkjt n| ng mgc dg ds|mfb& e}s nek}s shm mbbmlsdrm }|m kb smlhgkfkjt sk

mgnefm lhdfcumg sk umnlh emtkgc& sk n jumnsmu& cmmpmu& akum nzm!dg|pdudgj }gcmu|sngcdgj kb shm



LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT >>

zkufc'³ ]gbkus}gnsmft& |hm lkapfndg|& shm rdcmk amcd}a umandg| n bkumdjg lkglmps sk ak|s mnuft

lhdfchkkc smnlhmu|'

Lhdfcumg shns num gks amcdn fdsmunsm ck gks hnrm shd| lhngjm sk mxpfkum zhns |hm lnff| shm

¼amsnlkjgdsdrm umnfa³ ngc hnrm gk nllm|| sk shm ¼eundg cmrmfkpamgs³ shns kshmuzd|m zk}fc em

nrndfnefm sk shma' Bku nff shk|m umn|kg|& |hm emfdmrm| shns nff tk}gj lhdfcumg |hk}fc dgsmunls zdsh

cdjdsnf rdcmk sk emlkam& n| mnuft n| bk}u ku mdjhs tmnu| kfc& amcdn fdsmunsm|'

Shm fn|s shumm nusdlfm| |s}cdmc dg shd| pnpmu nckps n cdbbmumgs rdmz kg shm smnlhdgj kb

amcdn fdsmunlt' Dg shm Pmz |s}ct&Omgidg| ms nf (5002$ |hkz shm mamujmglm kb n |k!lnffmc

pnusdldpnskut l}fs}um dg zhdlh tk}gj|smu| an||drmft pukc}lm ngc cd|sude}sm amcdn lkgsmgs|' Shm

|s}ct nf|k |hkz| shns ak|s kb shm gmlm||nut |idff| sk em ng nlsdrm amaemu kb shns pnusdldpnskut

l}fs}um num nl~}dumc shuk}jh dgbkuanf znt|& dg|smnc kb n bkuanf ngc |t|smadl znt& n| ds zk}fc em

ak|s cm|dunefm' Shm n}shku| pkdgs k}s shumm lkglmug| bku zhdlh shmt umlkaamgc pkfdlt ngc

pmcnjkjdlnf dgsmurmgsdkg| sk nffkz shm |kldmst n| n zhkfm sk smnlh amcdn fdsmunlt' Bdu|s& shm

pnusdldpnsdkg jnp& db |lhkkf d| gks shm |idff pukrdcmu angt tk}gj|smu| zdff immp fmbs emhdgc'

\mlkgc& shm sung|pnumglt pukefma& amcdn fdsmunlt d| gmlm||nut sk em nznum kb ngc sk nrkdc amcdn

angdp}fnsdkg' Ngc& shduc& shm mshdl| lhnffmgjm& |kldmst |hk}fc em umnct sk pumpnum tk}gj pmkpfm

bku shmdu ukfm| n| amcdn anuimu| ngc lkaa}gdst pnusdldpngs|'

Shm n}shku| num zdffdgj sk jk emtkgc shm ckadgngs cmensm nek}s ½smlhgkfkjdlnf nllm||² kb

amcdn lkgsmgs|& skkf| ngc shmdu nbbkucnglm| ngc zngs sk bkl}| kg zhns sk ck n| n |kldmst& ngc

mc}lnsdkgnf dg|sds}sdkg|& sk cmrmfkp shm l}fs}unf lkapmsmgldm| ngc |kldnf |idff| gmmcmc bku b}ff

dgrkfrmamgs dg shd| pnusdldpnskut l}fs}um' Shm gmz lkapmsmgldm| dgrkfrm |kldnf |idff| (|}lh n|&

pfnt& pmubkuanglm& |da}fnsdkg ngc |k kg$ ngc shm n}shku| emfdmrm shns shmdu smnlhdgj lng em e}dfs




kg shm bk}gcnsdkg kb suncdsdkgnf fdsmunlt& um|mnulh |idff| ngc ludsdlnf ngnft|d| |idff| sn}jhs dg shm

lfn||ukka' Shm n}shku| pukrdcm ng mxhn}|sdrm fd|s kb shm gmz |idff| ngc zhns lk}fc em ckgm dg

mnlh ln|m sk smnlh shma dg |lhkkf& nbsmu |lhkkf ngc ns hkam'

Eukzg (500>$ |}ppkus| shm pumrdk}| nuj}amgs et Omgidg| ms nf (5002$& hd| phdfk|kphdlnf

|sngcpkdgs d| shns igkzfmcjm d| nfznt| |kldnf ngc |ds}nsmc ngc& dg lkg|m~}mglm& shm fmnugdgj

puklm|| d| shm um|}fs kb shm |kldnf bunamzkui shns bk|smu| fmnugdgj' Eukzg jkm| kg sk amgsdkg bk}u

½cdamg|dkgnf |hdbs|² shns cd|sdgj}d|hm| shm cdjdsnf mun²| lkffmjm |s}cmgs|'

Shm bdu|s |hdbs mglkapn||m| ng mxpngcmc fdsmunlt |idff shns lkrmu| shm }gcmu|sngcdgj kb shm

|lummg fngj}njm' Shm |mlkgc |hdbs jkm| buka ng n}shkudst!en|mc fmls}um akcmf sk cd|lkrmut!en|mc

fmnugdgj' Shm shduc |hdbs |hkz| n akum lumnsdrm znt kb umn|kgdgj unshmu shng shm cmc}lsdrm kgm&

zhdlh d| cm|ludemc n| eudlkfnjm ku fnsmunf o}cjamgs' Ngc shm bk}ush |hdbs hn| sk ck zdsh n edn| sk

nlsdkg& zhmum fmnugdgj emlkam| |ds}nsmc dg nlsdkg& a}lh akum |kldnf shng lkjgdsdrm'

Shm n}shku nf|k pukrdcm| |kam dff}|sunsdkg| kb umnf lumnsdrm mc}lnsdkg buka zhdlh hm

lkglf}cm| shns shm znt fmnugdgj hnppmg| dg shm cdjdsnf njm |hk}fc em sung|bkuamc kg lnap}| ngc

emtkgc dgsk zhns hm lnff| n gmz igkzfmcjm mlkfkjt' Hm }|m| mxnapfm| |}lh n| ADS²|

dgsukc}lskut pht|dl| lk}u|m& shm ADS Amcdn Fne ngc Shm Kpmg ]gdrmu|dst' Hm nf|k nccum||m| shm

d||}m kb hkz shm Dgsmugms ngc kshmu smlhgkfkjdm| bnldfdsnsm gmz fmnugdgj mgrdukgamgs| shns lng

pksmgsdnfft mghnglm shm znt pmkpfm fmnug' Hm pukrdcm| shumm dgsmum|sdgj mxnapfm| bku shd|? shm

pmu|d|smgs kgfdgm zkufc|& shm a}fsdamcdn fdsmunlt pukjuna ngc shm rdus}nf }gdrmu|dsdm|' Hm

|}aanud m| et umlkgbduadgj shm umrkf}sdkgnut gns}um kb shm a}fsdamcdn fdsmunlt pukjuna ngc ds|

dapnls kg bnl}fst n| zmff n| |s}cmgs|'

Um|gdli (500>$ mxpngc| kg Eukzg²| (500>$ phdfk|kpht nek}s bk|smudgj fmnugdgj dg n

|kldnf mgrdukgamgs' Hm nuj}m| shns gmz smlhgkfkjdm| pukrdcm nllm|| sk lkgsmgs| e}s shmt ck gks



LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT ><

j}nungsmm fmnugdgj' \s}cmgs| ck gks gmmc akum lkap}smu| (shm ½nllm|| jnp² d| nfumnct |hudgidgj$&

e}s unshmu shm lumnsdkg kb n pukpmu mgrdukgamgs shns umn||}um| shm fmnugdgj puklm|| dg shm cdjdsnf

njm' Kshmuzd|m& hm znug|& shm ½bf}mglt jnp² nakgj |s}cmgs| zdff immp cmmpmgdgj' Hm nf|k

pukrdcm| n| ng mxnapfm shm mxpmudmglm kb lkap}smu lf}ehk}|m| zhmum tk}gj pmkpfm emlkam

cm|djgmu| ngc lumnsku| }|dgj cdjdsnf smlhgkfkjt dg mlkgkadlnfft cd|ncrngsnjmc lkaa}gdsdm|'

En|mc kg shk|m mxpmudmglm| ngc bkl}|dgj kg hkz pmkpfm fmnug hm pukpk|m| zhns hm lnff| ng

½mgsumpumgm}udnf nppuknlh² sk fmnugdgj' \s}cdm| |hk}fc gks em cdrdcmc dgsk cd|ldpfdgm| e}s dgsk

shmam| ngc pukomls| shns l}s nluk|| shma' \s}cmgs| |hk}fc gks em |mpnunsmc dgsk dgsmum|s ngc njm

juk}p| e}s adxmc skjmshmu& mgnefdgj shma sk fmnug buka mnlh kshmu' \s}cmgs| |hk}fc nf|k emnffkzmc sk zkui kg pukomls| bku mxsmgcmc pmudkc| kb sdam'

Um|gdli nf|k pukpk|m| sk sung|bkua |lhkkf l}uudl}fn ngc ¼bkl}| fm|| kg ½shdgj| sk igkz²

ngc akum kg ½|sunsmjdm| bku fmnugdgj shm shdgj| tk} ckg²s igkz²³' Shm cdjdsnf mun d| lhngjdgj hkz

pmkpfm fmnug& zhns pmkpfm fmnug ngc zhmum ngc zhmg pmkpfm fmnug ngc |kldmst& dg jmgmunf& ngc

mc}lnsdkg |t|sma& dg pnusdl}fnu& |hk}fc em sung|bkuamc sk amms shk|m gmz znt| kb fmnugdgj' N| hm

|}aanud m| ¼|}llm|| dg shm b}s}um zdff em en|mc gks kg hkz a}lh zm igkz& e}s kg k}u nedfdst sk

shdgi ngc nls lumnsdrmft³' Sk |}llmmc dg zhns hm lnff| shm lumnsdrm |kldmst hm pukpk|m| shns ak|s

igkzg fmnugdgj punlsdlm| em umbkuamc dg shm znt| shns shm cdjdsnf njm nffkz| ngc cmangc|' Dg

|}a& hm ncrklnsm| ng mgsumpumgm}udnf fmnugdgj bku n lumnsdrm |kldmst'

C d|l}||dkg

Shm andg fdadsnsdkg kb shd| pnpmu zn| sdam lkg|sundgs|& zdsh uk}jhft bdrm zmmi| sk

lkapfmsm shm dgrm|sdjnsdkg ds zn| gks pk||defm sk lnuut k}s pmu|kgnf dgrm|sdjnsdkg|' Shd| pnpmu

zdff shmumbkum cmpmgc |kfmft kg shm bdgcdgj| kb kshmu um|mnulhmu| shns hnrm p}efd|hmc shmdu zkui|




dg |lhkfnuft nusdlfm|' Ngkshmu fdadsnsdkg zn| shm bnls shns nff shm um|mnulh bk}gc zn| buka shm

|sngcpkdgs kb pukbm||ku| ku ncrd|ku| ngc gks buka shm nls}nf |s}cmgs|'

\kam |}jjm|sdkg| bku b}s}um um|mnulh dglf}cm lnuutdgj k}s ~}m|sdkggndum| zdsh |s}cmgs|

ngc bnl}fst sk jms n akum keomlsdrm snim kg shm anssmu' Zkui|hkp| lk}fc em hmfc zdsh |s}cmgs|&

bnl}fst ngc pnumgs| zhmumet shm dgrm|sdjnsku lk}fc umncdft nllm|| shm numn| kb amcdn fdsmunlt n| ds

pmusndg| sk shm Dgsmugms shns num ak|s dg gmmc kb cmrmfkpamgs'

Lkglf}|dkg

Dg lkglf}|dkg& shm kgm lkg|sngs zdsh smlhgkfkjt d| shns ds lhngjm| ~}dlift ngc zm hnrm

shm sn|i kb immpdgj }p sk cnsm ku mf|m zm zdff bnff emhdgc' Ak|s kucdgnut puklm||m| shns 50 tmnu|

njk zmum ngnfkjdlnf num gkz cdjdsnf' Shd| antku |hdbs hn| dapnlsmc shm znt pmkpfm shdgi&

umamaemu ngc }gcmu|sngc shm zkufc' Jdrmg shd| |hdbs ngc ds| dapnls& nff shm n}shku| D hnrm umnc

njumm shns |lhkkf (e}s gks kgft |lhkkf$ |hk}fc pukrdcm |s}cmgs| zdsh shm gmz |idff| shns shmt

zk}fc gmmc sk em b}glsdkgnf dg shd| cdjdsnf mun'

Dg um|pkg|m sk at bdu|s um|mnulh ~}m|sdkg & ¼dg ng njm kb lkgrmujmglm&hkz }ujmgs d| s hm

gmmc sk smnlh |s}cmgs| amcdn fdsmunl t n| ds pmusndg| sk s hm Dgsmugms;³Shm cdjdsnf mgrdukgamgs hn|

|zdbsft umrkf}sdkgd mc k}u l}fs}um kb lkg|}adgj amcdn& anidgj ds m||mgsdnfft pnusdldpnskut ngc

an||drmft lumnsdrm' Shm|m mfmamgs| kb k}u l}uumgs cdjdsnf l}fs}um hnrm gks emmg |k pumckadgngs dg

pumrdk}| tmnu|& |k en|mc kg shm bdgcdgj| kb shm um|mnulhmu| mxnadgmc dg shd| pnpmu& D zk}fc hnrm

sk njumm shns shmum d| n jumns }ujmglt bku |s}cmgs| sk em sn}jhs amcdn fdsmunlt n| ds pmusndg| sk shm

Dgsmugms' \kldmst |hk}fc pumpnum ds| amaemu| shuk}jh mc}lnsdkg sk em b}glsdkgnf ngc lkapmsdsdrm

dg shd| gmz l}fs}um' Shd| amng| shns shm dgbkuanf znt| kb nl~}dudgj shk|m |idff| buka |kldnf

dgsmunlsdkg msl' |hk}fc em lkapfmamgsmc et bkuanf amshkc| kb fmnugdgj n| zmff'



LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT >=

Dg um|pkg|m sk at |mlkgc um|mnulh ~}m|sdkg& ¼ | hk}fc amcdn fdsmunl t em n angcnsku t

lk}u|m bku nff |s}cmgs| kb njm sk nllm|| n lkap}smu ku z me cmrdlm;³Zhdfm |lhkfnu| |}lh n| Mgk

(5008$ ngc Omgidg| ms nf (5002$ nuj}mc dg bnrku kb smnlhdgj lhdfcumg amcdn fdsmunlt n| ds pmusndg|

sk shm cdjdsnf zkufc n| mnuft n| bk}u tmnu| kfc& shmt cdc gks shdgi shns ds |hk}fc em n angcnskut

punlsdlm'D njumm zdsh shm n}shku| shns dg um|pkg|m sk n l}fs}unf lhngjm& amcdn fdsmunlt |hk}fc gks

em fdadsmc sk lmusndg cd|ldpfdgm| (|}lh n| ½lkaa}gdlnsdkg² ku ½ok}ugnfd|a²$& ku njm| e}s shns mrmut

|s}cmgs kb ngt cd|ldpfdgm |hk}fc em fdsmunsm dg shns |mg|m' Dg bnls& shm rmut dcmn kb amcdn fdsmunlt

|sngc| bku n lkgrmujmglm kb n |mudm| kb |idff| shns lkam| buka cdbbmumgs cd|ldpfdgm|' Shmumbkum& ds

|hk}fc gks em n pnusdl}fnu |}eomls cmfdrmumc et ng n||djgmc smnlhmu e}s n sung|rmu|nf |idff shns d|nl~}dumc zhdfm zkuidgj dg nfak|s mrmut |}eomls kb ngt cd|ldpfdgm' N| |kam kb shm n}shku| hnrm

|snsmc& ds d| shm sn|i kb shm mgsdum mc}lnsdkgnf kujngd nsdkg& dglf}cdgj mxsun!l}uudl}fnu nlsdrdsdm|

ngc pnumgs|& sk mg|}um amcdn fdsmunlt d| cd||madgnsmc'




Umbmumglm|

Nansm}u uncdk' (50>0$' Dg Mgltlfkpâcdn Eudsnggdln' Umsudmrmc Gkrmaemu >3& 50>0& buka

Mgltlfkpâcdn Eudsnggdln Kgfdgm?

hssp?++zzz'eudsnggdln'lka+MElhmlimc+skpdl+>82>5+nansm}u!uncdk

N~dfd& \' R' ngc Gn|dud& E' (50>0$' Smlhgkfkjt ngc shm Gmmc bku Amcdn Fdsmunlt Mc}lnsdkg dg shm

Szmgst!Bdu|s Lmgs}ut' M}ukpmngOk}ugnf kb \kldnf \ldmglm|& >=(<$'

hssp?++zzz'm}ukok}ugnf|'lka+mo||[>=[<[>3'pcb

Eukzg& O' \' (500>$' Okhg \mmfmt Eukzg& ¼Fmnugdgj dg shm Cdjdsnf Njm&³ dg Shm Dgsmugms ngc shm

]gdrmu|dst' An}ummg Cmrfdg& Udlhnuc Fnu|kg& ngcOkmf Amtmu|kg& mc|' (Ek}fcmu& Lkfk'?

MC]LN]\M ngc ShmBku}a bku shm B}s}um kb Hdjhmu Mc}lnsdkg& 5005$& pp' :>¾:5

hssp?++gms'mc}ln}|m'mc}+du+fdeunut+pcb+bbpd}0>='pcb

Cnfmt& M' (500<$' Mxpngcdgj shm Lkglmps kb Fdsmunlt' MC]LN]\M Umrdmz&

<8(5$<3'hssp?++zzz'mc}ln}|m'mc}+du+fdeunut+pcb+mua0<55'pcb

Mgk& I' (5008$' Gks Skk Tk}gj sk Znslh& Gks Skk Tk}gj sk Anim' Tk}sh Amcdn Umpkusmu&

5(>!2$& 535!532' Umsudmrmc buka Lkaa}gdlnsdkg " An|| Amcdn Lkapfmsm cnsnen|m'

Jmu|kg& E' (500:$' LMN Bkumln|s| #>20 Edffdkg dg LM \nfm| bku 500:!08&SZDLM? Shd| Zmmi dg

Lkg|}amu Mfmlsukgdl|& 55(53$& =2'

Omgidg|& H' ms nf' (5002$ Lkgbukgsdgj shm Lhnffmgjm| kb Pnusdldpnskut L}fs}um? Amcdn Mc}lnsdkg

bku shm 5>|s Lmgs}ut' Klln|dkgnf Pnpmu kg Cdjdsnf Amcdn ngc Fmnugdgj'Okhg C' ngc

Lnshmudgm S' AnlNush}u Bk}gcnsdkg'

hssp?++zzz'pukomlsgaf'kuj+bdfm|+zkuidgj+GAFZhdsmPnpmu'pcb



LKGRMUJMGLM NGC AMCDN FDSMUNLT >:

Fdppdglkss&O' I'(500:$' \s}cmgs Lkgsmgs Lumnsku|? Lkgrmujmglm kb Fdsmunldm|' M!Lkgsmgs'

MC]LN]\M Umrdmz& 35(2$>2!>:'

hssp?++gms'mc}ln}|m'mc}+du+fdeunut+pcb+MUA0:2>0'pcb

Ffktc!Ikfidg& C' ngc Stgmu& I' U'(>44>$'Amcdn " Tk}? Ng mfmamgsnut amcdn fdsmunlt

l}uudl}f}a' \sunsmjdm| bku Amcdn Fdsmunlt& Dgl' \ng Bungld|lk& Lnfdbkugdn'

Pkssmu& Z'O' (50>>$' Amcdn Fdsmunlt (=sh Mcdsdkg$' \njm? Shk}|ngc Kni|'

Um|gdli& A' (500>$' Umrkf}sdkgd dgj fmnugdgj dg shm cdjdsnf njm' Dg P}efdlnsdkg| buka shm Bku}a

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intro to jour_final project

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