introduccion teorias de la personalidad cloning er 01
TRANSCRIPT
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Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (6th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (201)! published by Pearson. "ll rights reser#ed.
Theories ofPersonality
Power Point Presentation byChristopher T. Arra, Ph.D.
Northern VirginiaCommunity College
This presentation copyright Susan C. Cloninger.Some images are from "oly Cow! #$,$$$
%raphics," by &acmillan Digital Publishing 'SA.
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CHAPTERONE
(ntro)uction to
PersonalityTheory
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Chapter *+er+iew
Personality: The Study of IndividualsDenition of Personality
Description of PersonalityDi-erences etween People/ %roups or %ra)ations0Comparing People or Stu)ying (n)i+i)uals
Personality DynaicsA)aptation an) A)1ustmentCogniti+e ProcessesCulture
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Personality: The Study of Individuals
De!nition of PersonalityDe!nition of Personalit
y
The un)erlying causes withinthe person of in)i+i)ual beha+ioran) e4perience
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Description of Personality
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Description of Personality
Comparing People or Stu)ying (n)i+i)uals0000
Noothetic:Noothetic:comparisons with other in)i+i)uals6research base) on groups of people
comparing +arious people7s scores on a testta8ing a personality test an) seeing if you score)
higher or lower than most people Idio%raphic:Idio%raphic:focuses on one in)i+i)ual
an intensi+e case stu)y of a single in)i+i)uala clinical report about an unusual psychiatric
patient
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Personality Dynaics
Adaptation and
Adjustment
Cogniti#e Processes
Culture
$o% do people adapt
to life&s demands'
$o% does a mentally
healthy person act' hat beha#iors or
thoughts are
unhealthy'
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Personality Dynaics
"daptation and
"dustment
Cognitive Processes
Culture
*o our thoughts affect
our personality'
hat +inds of
thoughts areimportant for
personality'
*o unconscious
processes influence
us'
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Personality Dynaics
"daptation and
"dustment
Cogniti#e Processes
Culture
$o% does culture
influence our
functioning'
*oes culture affect usby its e,pectations for
men and %omen' -or
different classes'
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Personality Developent
iological /nfluences
,perience in
Childhood and
"dulthood
$o% do biological
processes affect
personality'
/s personalityinherited'
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Personality Developent
iological /nfluences
Experience in
Childhood and
Adulthood
hat do children
learn that matters for
personality'
*oes childhoode,perience determine
adult personality'
*o adults change' r
has personality been
determined earlier'
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The Scienti!c Approach
method of +no%ing based on
systematic obser#ation
conducting an e,periment to see
%hether an inter#ention
increases selfesteem
correlating defense mechanisms
%ith reports of childhood
e,perience
Scientific method:
Examples:
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The Scienti!c Approach
the assumption that
phenomena ha#e causes that
can be disco#ered by empiricalresearch
neurotransmitter causes of
e,perience thoughts that influence moods
and choices
Determinism:
Examples:
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Deterinis&&& as ina cheical
i'alance# It(s yparents( fault#)iolence in the
edia#
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The Scienti!c Approach
T$34T$34
" conceptual tool for understanding
certain specific phenomena
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9e+els of Thin8ing in Theory
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ypotheses Deri+e) :rom a Theoretical Proposition
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C5(T35(A *: A %**D T3*5;
5erifiability
/t can predict correctly or incorrectly (confirmation or
disconfirmation).
Comprehensi#eness
/t applies to a #ariety of phenomena "pplied 5alue
/t helps impro#e life
"pplied research #s. basic research
Parsimony and $euristic 5alue" small number of constructs to e,plain phenomena
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5elationship between theoryan) research
Theory Research
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5elationship between theoryan) research
ideas about personality thatare held by ordinary people
(not based on formal theory)
assuming that attracti#e peopleare %arm and trust%orthy
assuming that $/5 positi#epeople loo+ different from $/5negati#e people
Implicit theories:
Examples:
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"ethods in Personality Research
Personality measurements
3eliability
5alidity7easurement Techni8ues
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"ethods in Personality Research
repeatability! as %hen a
measurement is repeated at another
time or by another obser#er! %ith
similar results
a correlation bet%een assessment
of e,tra#ersion once and a monthlater sho%s good agreement
t%o raters assess a person&s
beha#ior! %ith similar results
Reliability:
Examples:
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"ethods in Personality Research
testretest reliability
alternate forms reliability
splithalf reliability
Methods of Reliability Testing:
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"ethods in Personality Research
desirable characteristic of a
test! indicating that it actually
does measure %hat it isintended to measure
a trait of e,tra#ersion
a fi,ation from childhoodconflict
Validity:
Examples:
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"ethods in Personality Research
easureent techni*ueseasureent techni*ues
direct selfreport measures! i.e.! 9$o% important
is achie#ement to you'9 (on a 10point scale)
indirect methods openended 8uestions! i.e.! :hat %ould you loo+ for in an
ideal ob';
proecti#e tests! i.e.! in+blots
beha#ioral measures $o% often does the person choose to spend time alone
instead of %ith other people'
$o% often does the student turn in assignments late'
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"ethods in Personality Research
research method that e,amines the
relationships among measures
research that correlates intelligence
measures %ith career success
research that correlatesmaladustment %ith childhood abuse
Correlationalresearch:
Examples:
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"ethods in Personality Research
research strategy that manipulates a
cause to determine its effect
manipulating e,posure to tele#ision
#iolence to determine effect onaggressi#e beha#ior
subliminal e,posure to stimuli to
determine effect on symptoms
Experimentalresearch:
Examples:
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"ethods in Personality Research
7anipulate the #ariable thought to be a:cause!; called the :independent #ariable.;
for e,ample! #iolent #s. non#iolent T5
e,perimental group %atches #iolent T5
control group %atches non#iolent T5
#erything constant e,cept the cause
3andom assignment to control rd #ariables
*oes the :effect; (dependent #ariable) change'
Experimentalresearch:
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"ethods in Personality Research
case study an intensi#e in#estigation of a single
indi#idual e.g.! clinical obser#ation of one person
psychobiography the application of a personality theory
to the study of an indi#idual&s life theoretical emphasis
Case Studies !sychobiography:
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One Theory or "any# Eclecticis andthe $uture of Personality Theory
combining ideas from a #arietyof theories
accepting symbolic
interpretation of dreams(psychoanalytic) and also effectof reinforcement on beha#ior(learning)
Eclectic:
Examples:
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One Theory or "any# Eclecticis and the$uture of Personality Theory
a basic theoretical model!
shared by #arious theorists and
researchers
beha#ioral perspecti#e
humanistic perspecti#ee#olutionary perspecti#e
!aradigm:
Examples:
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Chapter suaryChapter suary
Personality: The Study of Individuals
Description of Personality
Personality Dynaics
Personality Developent
The Scienti!c Approach
"ethods in Personality Research
One Theory or "any# Eclecticis and the $uture ofPersonality Theory