introduction exercise pgysiology

Chapter

Copyright ©2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display outside of classroom use.

Exercise PhysiologyExercise PhysiologyTheory and Application to Fitness and Theory and Application to Fitness and

PerformancePerformance

scott k. powersscott k. powers

eighth editioneighth edition

edward t. howleyedward t. howley

Introduction to Exercise PhysiologyPresentation revised and updated byMOHD SANI MADON (PhD)UPSI 2013

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Copyright ©2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Objectives

1. Describe the scope of exercise physiology as a branch of physiology.

2. Describe the influence of European scientists on the development of exercise physiology.

3. Name the three Nobel Prize winners whose research work involved muscle or muscular exercise.

4. Describe the role of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in the history of exercise physiology in United States.

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Objectives

5. Describe factors influencing physical fitness in the United States over the past century.

6. List career options for students majoring in exercise science or kinesiology.

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Outline

Brief History of Exercise Physiology

European Heritage

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory Physiology, Physical

Fitness, and Health

Physical Education to Exercise Science and Kinesiology

Graduate Study and Research in the Physiology of Exercise

Professional Societies and Research Journals

Training in Research Careers in Exercise Science

and Kinesiology

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Introduction

Physiology– The study of the function of tissues, organs, and systems

e.g. muscle, nerve, heart, lungs, cardiovascular system

Exercise physiology– The study of exercise on the function of these tissues, organs,

and systems Single bout of exercise (acute exercise) Repeated bouts of exercise (training)

– Responses to environmental factors Heat, humidity and altitude

– Effects in specific populations Young and old, healthy individuals and those with disease

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European Heritage

Three physiologists received the Nobel Prize for work related to muscle or muscular exercise– A.V. Hill

Heat production during muscle contraction and recovery

– Otto Meyerhof Relationship of O2 consumption and lactic acid in muscle

– August Krogh Function of the capillary circulation


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Nobel Prize Winners

Archibald V. Hill August Krogh Otto F. Meyerhof


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European Heritage

Other prominent scientists– J.S. Haldane

Role of CO2 in the control of breathing Developed respiratory gas analyzer

– C.G. Douglas Role of O2 and lactic acid in control of breathing during exercise Douglas bags

– Christian Bohr O2 binding to hemoglobin Bohr shift in oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve


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In Summary

A.V. Hill, August Krogh, and Otto Meyerhof received the Nobel Prize for work related to muscle or muscular exercise.

Numerous European scientists have had a major impact on the field of exercise physiology.


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Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

D.B. Dill– Directed the lab from 1927–1947

Conducted research in numerous areas– Exercise, clinical, and environmental physiology

Made careful and precise measurements– Using “new” instruments and techniques


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Other distinguished scientists– Steven Horvath– Sid Robinson– E. Asmussen– E. H. Christensen– M. Nielsen– August Krogh– Rudolpho Margaria– Peter F. Scholander


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Erling Asmussen, Erik Hohwü-Christensen, and Marius Nielsen

David Bruce Dill


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Steven Horvath Sid Robinson (with A.C. Burton)


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Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Metabolism– Maximal oxygen uptake– Oxygen debt– Carbohydrate and fat metabolism

during long-term work Environmental physiology

– Altitude– Dry and moist heat– Cold

Clinical physiology– Gout– Schizophrenia– Diabetes

Aging– Basal metabolic rate– Maximal oxygen uptake– Maximal heart rate

Blood– Acid-base balance– O2 saturation: role of PO2, PCO2,

and carbon monoxide– Nutrition– Nutritional assessment techniques– Vitamins– Foods

Physical fitness– Harvard Step Test


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Comparison of Old and New Technology to Measure VO2 and VCO2


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In Summary

The Harvard Fatigue laboratory was a focal point in the development of exercise physiology in the United States. Dr. D.B. Dill directed the laboratory from its opening in 1927 until its closing in 1947. The body of research in exercise and environmental physiology produced by the scientists in that laboratory formed the foundation for new ideas and experimental methods that still influence us today.


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Physiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

The Study of Physical Fitness

A popular topic today Public Health Service (1980)

– Listed “physical fitness and exercise” as one of the fifteen areas of concern related to the country’s overall health

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Civil War Until the First World War

Physical education primarily concerned with fitness Many physical education leaders were trained in

medicine Dr. Dudley Sargent

– Hired by Harvard in 1879– Set up physical training programs with individual exercise

prescriptions


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Dudley SargentPhysiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

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World War I and World War II

Large numbers of draftees failed the induction exams due to mental and physical defects– This is still an issue today due to obesity among recruits

Physical programs began to resemble pre-military training programs


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In the 1950s

Autopsies of young soldiers from the Korean War – Showed significant coronary artery disease had already

developed Hans Kraus

– Showed the American children performed poorly on a muscular fitness test compared to Europeans

AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test (1957)– Used in physical education programs nationwide– Established national norms


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In the 1980s

AAHPERD published the Health-Related Physical Fitness Test Manual– Focused on fitness, rather than performance, testing– Concerned with obesity, cardiorespiratory fitness, low-back

function Cooper Institute FitnessGram®

– Similar to AAHPERD test– Included software for scoring and generation of reports


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Efforts of U.S. Presidents

Eisenhower– Established the “President’s Council on Youth Fitness”

Kennedy– Changed name to “President’s Council on Physical Fitness”– Wrote “The Soft American” in Sports Illustrated

Nixon – Changed the name to “President’s Council on Physical Fitness

and Sports”

Obama– Changed it to the current name, “President’s Council on Physical

Fitness and Sports, & Nutrition”

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Additional Events

Epidemiological studies– Degenerative diseases relate to poor health habits– High-fat diet, smoking, inactivity

An increased use of exercise tests to diagnose heart disease

Large corporations developed “executive” fitness programs – Evolved into today’s “Corporate Fitness” programs


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Early Corporate FitnessPhysiology, Physical Fitness, and Health

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In Summary

Fitness has been an issue in this country from the latter part of the nineteenth century until the present. War, or the threat of war, exerted a strong influence on fitness programs in the public schools. In WW II, being underweight and small stature were major reasons for rejecting military recruits; today, obesity is a major cause of rejection.


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In Summary

Recent interest in fitness is related to the growing concern over the high death rates from disease processes that are attributable to preventable factors, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and smoking. The government and professional organizations have responded to this need by educating the public about these problems.

Schools use health-related fitness tests, such as the skinfold estimation of body fat, rather than the more traditional performance tests, to evaluate a child’s physical fitness.


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Physical Activity Recommendations

American Heart Association (1992)– Made physical inactivity a major risk factor for cardiovascular

diseases CDC-ACSM recommendation (1995)

– “Every U.S. adult should accumulate 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week”

Surgeon General’s Report (1996)– 60% adults do not meet recommendations– 25% not active at all

A Closer Look 0.1

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Physical Activity Recommendations

U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines (2008)– Based on review of research since 1996 Surgeon General’s

report Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2010)

– Provides important information on how to address obesity

A Closer Look 0.1

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Physical Activity and Health

Physical activity has been shown to:– Lower the risk of dying prematurely and from heart disease– Reduce the risk of developing diabetes and high blood pressure– Help maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints– Help lower blood pressure in those with high blood pressure– Promote psychological well-being– Help achieve and maintain a healthy body weight

A Closer Look 0.1

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Physical Education to Exercise Science and Kinesiology

A Change in Focus From Physical Education to Exercise Science

Reduced need for school-based physical education teachers

Increased need for professionals in preventive and clinical settings

Programs include courses in:– Biomechanics– Physiology of exercise– Fitness assessment– Exercise prescription– Exercise leadership

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Undergraduate and Graduate Study

Growth in the number of exercise physiology laboratories– Opportunities for graduate and undergraduate education

Graduates from these laboratories contributed to the field– Started new programs– Research productivity

Integrated approach to study– Importance of molecular biology

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Recent Areas of Investigation in Exercise Physiology


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In Summary

The increase in research in exercise physiology was a catalyst that propelled the transformation on physical education departments into exercise science departments. The number of exercise physiology laboratories increased dramatically between the 1950s and the 1970s, with many dealing with problems requiring specialized training in human physiology.

In the future, the emphasis will be on molecular biology and its developing technologies as the essential ingredients to solving basic science issues related to physical activity and health.


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In Summary

There is no question about the need for additional research to better understand how to permanently change the physical activity and eating behaviors of individuals in order to realize health-related goals.


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Professional Societies

American Physiological Society (APS) American Association of Health, Physical Education,

and Recreation (AAHPER) American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

– United physicians, physical educators, and physiologists

Professional and Scientific Societies and Research Journals

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Research Journals

Growth in research has led to increase in number of journals

Allow scientists to communicate research findings


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Research JournalsProfessional and Scientific Societies and Research Journals

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Training in Research

Increased specialization in research– Necessary to compete for grants– Students must specialize earlier in their careers

Basic research– Examines mechanisms underlying a physiological issue

Applied research– Examines responses to exercise, environmental, or nutritional

factors


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In Summary

The growth and development of exercise physiology over the past 60 years has resulted in dramatic increases in the number of organizations and research journals. These journals and professional meetings provide additional opportunities for research findings to be disseminated.

A greater need exists for graduate students to identify and specialize in a particular area of research earlier in their careers in order to find the best mentor and university program to realize career goals.


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Careers in Exercise Science and Kinesiology

Careers for Exercise Science and Kinesiology Majors

Personal-fitness training Strength and conditioning Cardiac rehabilitation Athletic training Massage therapy Allied health professions

– Physical or occupational therapy Medicine

– Physician or physician assistant

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Requirements for Careers for Exercise Science and Kinesiology

Coursework Practicum or internship

– Under direction of professional in field Graduate study for some careers

– Cardiac rehabilitation, athletic training Certification exam

– National Athletic Training Association– American College of Sports Medicine– National Strength and Conditioning Association

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In Summary

A variety of career paths exist for undergraduates majoring in exercise science and kinesiology. Get some practical experience while you are an undergraduate to help you make a decision about your future, and facilitate entry to a profession or graduate school.

Organizations such as the American College of Sports Medicine and the National Strength and Conditioning Association have developed certification programs to establish a standard of knowledge and skill to be achieved by those who lead exercise programs.


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Study Questions

1. Identify two of the most prolific scientists in your personal area of interest in exercise physiology and briefly describe what they have done. Use a research database at the library to find your references.

2. Pick a topic of interest in exercise physiology and describe how a molecular biologist might approach it compared to a scientist interested in doing studies with humans.

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Study Questions

3. Identify one potential career that you are interested in and find out the current expectations for growth in that profession, what the typical salary is in your part of the country, and what additional degrees (if any) are needed to realize your goal.

4. Identify the primary scientific meeting your professors attend. Find out if the organization that sponsors that meeting has a membership category for students, how much it costs, and what you would receive (e.g. journals) if you joined.

introduction exercise pgysiology

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