introduction fungi fungus mycology mykes = mushroom medical mycology 5 kingdom monera plant ...
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Introduction
Fungi Fungus Mycology Mykes = Mushroom Medical mycology 5 kingdom
Monera Plant Animal Fungi Protista
Eukaryote & Heterotrophic
FUNGIFUNGI
• Number of cellNumber of cell– Multi-cellular:Multi-cellular:
MOLD MOLD کپککپک
– Uni-cellular :Uni-cellular : YEAST YEAST مخمرمخمر
MoldMold Hyphae MyceliumHyphae Mycelium AseptateAseptate
– Coenocytic Coenocytic – ZygomycetesZygomycetes
Septate Septate
AerialAerial VegetativeVegetative
YEAST Round or oval
Budding/binary fission
Pseudohyphae or pseudomycelium
Yeast like Candida albicans
DimorphismDimorphism
► Nature Mold Nature Mold 25° Sabouraud’s glucose agar (25° Sabouraud’s glucose agar (SS))
► In body YeastIn body Yeast 37° BHI, Blood Agar37° BHI, Blood Agar
► Sporothrix schenkiiSporothrix schenkii► Histoplasma capsulatumHistoplasma capsulatum► Blastomyces dermatitidisBlastomyces dermatitidis► Coccidioides immitis Coccidioides immitis SpheruleSpherule► Paracoccidioides brasiliensisParacoccidioides brasiliensis► Penicillium marneffeiPenicillium marneffei
DimorphismDimorphism
► Parasitic Parasitic YeastYeast
► SaprophyticSaprophytic MoldMold
► Life of fungiLife of fungi SaprophyticSaprophytic MutulisticMutulistic ParasiticParasitic
► Loboa loboiLoboa loboi► Rhinosporidium sebeeriRhinosporidium sebeeri
Candida albicans
ReproductionReproduction
►Sexual Perfect Sexual Perfect TeleomorphTeleomorph
►Asexual Imperfect Asexual Imperfect AnamorphAnamorph
►Spore Spore ►Conidia Macro & MicroConidia Macro & Micro
AsexualAsexual
►SporangiosporeSporangiospore►MacroconidiaMacroconidia►MicroconidiaMicroconidia►ArthroconidiaArthroconidia►ChlamydioconidiaChlamydioconidia►BuddingBudding►Binary fissionBinary fission
SporangiosporeSporangiospore
MacroconidiaMacroconidia
MicroconidiaMicroconidia
ArthroconidiaArthroconidia
ChlamydioconidiaChlamydioconidia
BuddingBudding
Binary fissionBinary fission
Sexual Sexual
► Ascospore Ascospore Ascomycetes Ascomycetes
► Basidiospore Basidiospore Basidiomycetes Basidiomycetes
► Zygospore Zygospore Zygomycetes Zygomycetes
Deutromycetes
Environmental ConditionsEnvironmental Conditions
►Temperature Temperature ►PHPH►Moisture Moisture ►LightLight►AerationAeration
TemperatureTemperature
►ThermophileThermophile Min:20 Opt:30-40 Max:50-60Min:20 Opt:30-40 Max:50-60
►Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillus fumigatus
►MesophileMesophile 10-35 Opt:27-28 10-35 Opt:27-28
►Psychrophile Max:20Psychrophile Max:20
PH, Moisture, LightPH, Moisture, Light
►PH 6.8PH 6.8►Moi. 80%Moi. 80%►Light somatic & ReproductiveLight somatic & Reproductive
Aeration Aeration
►Obligate aerobeObligate aerobe►Facultative fermentativeFacultative fermentative►Obligate fermentativeObligate fermentative►Obligate anaerobeObligate anaerobe
Hydrogenosom Hydrogenosom
Cell envelopeCell envelope
►CharacteristicCharacteristic EnzymesEnzymes EMEM
►DynamicDynamic
Cell envelopeCell envelope
►Cell membraneCell membrane►Cell wallCell wall►Capsule Capsule
Cell envelopeCell envelope
►Cell membraneCell membrane SterolSterol
►CholesterolCholesterol► PhytostrolePhytostrole►ErgostroleErgostrole
PolyenPolyen
The plasma membraneThe plasma membrane
►Like other eukaryotesLike other eukaryotes 2 layer phospholipid + proteins + sterol 2 layer phospholipid + proteins + sterol Antifungal drugsAntifungal drugs
►Role of C.MRole of C.M Absorb & releaseAbsorb & release EnzymesEnzymes
►Chitin synthetase & glucan synthetaseChitin synthetase & glucan synthetase ProteinProtein Signal transductionSignal transduction
The Wall ComponentThe Wall Component
►PolysaccharidePolysaccharide►ProteinProtein►LipidLipid►No constantNo constant
Cell wallCell wall
► ShapeShape► InterfaceInterface► Osmotic pressureOsmotic pressure► Molecular transferMolecular transfer► PigmentPigment► Physiologic rolesPhysiologic roles
EnzymesEnzymes► Invertase: sucrose → glucose + fructose Invertase: sucrose → glucose + fructose
Ag Ag
Cell wallCell wall
►Ascomycetes & BasidiomycetesAscomycetes & Basidiomycetes ChitinChitin GlucansGlucans MannoproteinMannoprotein
►ZygomycetesZygomycetes ChitosanChitosan ChitinChitin Polyglucoronic acidPolyglucoronic acid
Cell wall Cell wall
►ChitinChitin Fungi & InsectsFungi & Insects
►N- acetylglucoseamin ( N- acetylglucoseamin ( ββ 1→4 ) 1→4 )►Elastic Elastic
►Hydrogen bandsHydrogen bands Inter & IntraInter & Intra
Cell wallCell wall
►ChitosanChitosan Glucoseamin ( Glucoseamin ( ββ 1 1→→ 4 ) 4 )
►CelluloseCellulose Oomycetes Oomycetes Glucose Glucose ( ( ββ 1 1→→ 4 ) 4 )
Cell wallCell wall
►GlucansGlucans Polysaccharide of D-Polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers monomers ββ 1 1→→ 3 3 22ndnd ( EXP Zygomycetes ) ( EXP Zygomycetes ) Structural & Reservoir Structural & Reservoir
Cell wallCell wall
►MannoproteinsMannoproteins YeastYeast
►S. cerevisiae S. cerevisiae ( 20 % )( 20 % )
Produce in ER & Golgi apparatus Produce in ER & Golgi apparatus
Cell wallCell wall
►MelaninMelanin PhenolPhenol
►Catechol →CCatechol →C66HH44(OH)(OH)22
►TyrosineTyrosine►DihydroxynaphthaleneDihydroxynaphthalene
Resistance to any enzymeResistance to any enzyme Protection Protection
►Enzyme Enzyme ►lightlight
The extrahyphal matrixThe extrahyphal matrix
►CapsuleCapsule C.neoformansC.neoformans
►Ag Ag ►PhagocytosisPhagocytosis
Structure & Ultra structureStructure & Ultra structure
►EMEM►Cytochemical stainsCytochemical stains►HyphaeHyphae►Yeast Yeast
HyphaeHyphae
►TubeTube►Solid wallSolid wall►ProtoplasmProtoplasm►No fixed lengthNo fixed length►Diameter 1-30 Diameter 1-30 μμm ( 5-10 m ( 5-10 μμm )m )►TipTip
HyphaeHyphae
► NucleusNucleus► MitochondriaMitochondria► VacuolesVacuoles► Lipid bodiesLipid bodies► Endoplasmic Endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum► Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus
Atypical Atypical
HyphaeHyphae
►NucleusNucleus AseptateAseptate
►CoenocyticCoenocytic
SeptateSeptate►Tip → Growth → MultinucleusTip → Growth → Multinucleus
SmallSmall►Light microscopeLight microscope►Fluorescence staining Fluorescence staining
Yeast Yeast
►BuddingBudding►1 nucleus1 nucleus►Great vacuoleGreat vacuole►Bud → nucleus division → cytoplasm Bud → nucleus division → cytoplasm
division → chitin sedimentation → 2 celldivision → chitin sedimentation → 2 cell ScarScar Multiple buddingMultiple budding Bipolar buddingBipolar budding
Secretory systemSecretory system
►ER, Golgi apparatus & vesiclesER, Golgi apparatus & vesicles►Ribosome → protein synthesis → ER → Ribosome → protein synthesis → ER →
golgi apparatus → processinggolgi apparatus → processing** → → vesicles → secretion vesicles → secretion * tertiary structure* tertiary structure
GlycosilationGlycosilation
Rearrangement Rearrangement
Vacuoles Vacuoles
►Round structure Round structure ►Storage Storage
PhosphatePhosphate CalciumCalcium
►RecyclingRecycling Cleavage of protein → amino acidsCleavage of protein → amino acids
►PH regulationPH regulation
Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton
►Microtubule Microtubule ►MicrofilamentMicrofilament►Myosin like proteinMyosin like protein►Fungal tubulin different from animal & Fungal tubulin different from animal &
planet ( griseofulvin )planet ( griseofulvin )
Medical MycologyMedical Mycology
►Opportunistic pathogenOpportunistic pathogen►True pathogenTrue pathogen►Allergic fungiAllergic fungi►Toxic fungiToxic fungi
Mycotoxicosis Mycotoxicosis ►Afla toxinAfla toxin
A.flavus, A.parasiticus & P.puberulumA.flavus, A.parasiticus & P.puberulum
Mycetismus Mycetismus
Medical MycologyMedical Mycology
►Superficial mycosisSuperficial mycosis►Cutaneous mycosisCutaneous mycosis►Subcutaneous mycosisSubcutaneous mycosis►Systemic mycosisSystemic mycosis►Opportunistic mycosisOpportunistic mycosis
MoldMold Yeast Yeast