introduction, grammar, and sample sentences for dagur · introduction, grammar, and sample...

SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS

Number 56 November, 1994

Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Dagur

by Üjiyediin Chuluu

(Chaolu Wu)

Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers

Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org

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Sino-Platonic Papers, 56 (November, 1994)


~ j i ~ e d i i n Chuluu (Chaolu Wu)

University of Toronto

I. Introduction

The following materials have been translated and edited by the author based on the three books: Dayur kele ba mong yo1 kele [Dagur and Mongolian languages], Da yur kelen-

u iige kelelge-yin materiyal [Language Materials for Dagur] and Dayur kelen-ii iiges

[Vocabularies of Dagur language] all written by Engkebatu, Native Dagur, Institute for

Mongolian Language Studies, The University of Inner Mongolia, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia,

People's Republic of China. The materials are in four parts: Introduction, Grammar,

Sentence, and Selected Bibliographies.

The Dagur are a minority people living in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Heilongjiang and Xinjiang provinces in People's. Republic of. China. Their total population is 94,014. In Morin dabaya Autonomous Banner, Kolon boir League1 of Inner

Mongolia live 58,611. In Tsitsikhar, Heilongjiang live 30,192 and 4369 in Tacheng

County, Xinjiang.2

The Dagur language belongs to the Mongolic branch of Altaic languages. Dagur is

usually divided into Butkha, Tsitsikar, Hailar, and Xinjiang, four dialects? Three books

mentioned above were written mostly based on the Butkha dialect, which is the most widespread of the four dialects, spoken in Morin dabaya Autonomous Banner and some

areas in Heil~ngjiang.~

Since there is a close historical and linguistic relationship between the Dagur and the

Mongols, there has been a dispute about whether Dagur is a dialect of Mongolian or an

independent language within the Mongolian languages. In the recent studies, Dagur has

been mostly regarded as one of the Mongolian languages? Dagur has many similarities in

phonetics, grammatical structure, and vocabulary with the other languages of the Mongolian

languages, especially, with Mongolian itself.

Most of the vowels in Dagur have similar corresponding vowels in either classical or

modem Mongolian. For example:

Vowel Dagur Classical Mongolian Translation

[a] alt alta 'gold'

[o] ore: oroi 'evening'

l ~ e a ~ u e and Bannar are administrative counties in Inner Mongolia. 2~ngkebatu (l988), p. 1 1. 3~ngkebatu (1988). p. 23. Dividing up the dialects of Dagur is different in the literature. For example, Poppe (1965, p. 9) lists three: Hailar, Butkha, Tsitsikar. Zhong (1982, p. 1) lists two: Butkha and Tsitsikar. Sun (1988, p. 560) lists three: Butkha (including Hailar), Tsitsikar, and Xinjiang.

4~ngkebatu (1988), p. 23. 5 ~ u n Zu (1988. p. 559) also mentions that since Dagur has many similarities not only with the Mongolian languages but also with the Manchu-Tungusic languages, Dagur is classified as either a dialect of Mongolian or one of the Manchu-Tungusic languages.

[a] ar er-e 'man'

[il irnx irnay -a 'goat'

[ail ail ay il 'village'

[oil noir noyir 'sleep' [au] g aul j y auli 'copper'

Vowel Dagur

[ad xdal

[a11 xax [ i:] bi:

[u:l dux-

Modem Mongolian xdal 'life'

xa=r ' field'

bi: 'I'

dux- 'to be full'

Morphologically, Dagur and Mongolian also share many similarities. For instance,

plural, case, tense, verbal, and converbal suffixes found in Dagur are all similar to those

corresponding suffixes in Mongolian with respect to their forms and meanings. As shown

in the following lists, plural and case suffixes in Dagur and Mongolian are mostly identical:

Dagur

Plural -sul

-nur

-tJe:n

-r

Case GEN. -id-ui/-~i

DAT. -d ACC. -id-igu

INS. ax/-or/-ax

ex/-j ax/-J ax

ABL. -as/-m(s)

COM. -ti:(te:)

Classical Mongolian Modem Mongolian

-Eul-Eiil -t(ud/-tJiid

According to comparative studies on the Dagur and Mongolian languages, more

than 45% of the Dagur vocabulary either has a similar origin or is exactly the same as

Mongolian words.6 For example (Engkebatu 1988, p. 487-88):

6~ngkebatu (1988: 486) collected 7463 words and among them 2502 words have the same origin as Mongolian words. Also see Sun Zu 1988, p. 560.

Dagur gar]

ku 1 j

aurkj

am

aY

ay nak

xaur

udur

Xar xulxn

aul

abl. aux. cont. dat . imf. gen. pef.

Classical Mongolian y ar-a

kiil

ayusgi

ama

aqa eke

nige

qabur

edur

qara ulagan

ay ula

emegel

Ablative Case Auxiliary verb Contemporal Dative-locative Case Imperative Form Genitive Case Perfective Past Tense Form Reciprocal

Modem Mongolian

Yar kiil

ex

nig xau ar

udar

Abbreviations

acc. cau. com. dtp- impf. npt. per. ptl. ref.

Accusative Case Causative Comitative Case Deductive Particle Imperfective Converb Non-past Tense Form Personal Suffix Particle Reflexive-possessive

Translation 'hand'

'food'

'lungs'

'mouth' 'elder brother'

'mother'

'one'

'spring'

'day'

'black' 'red'

'mountain'

' saddle'

con. comp. ins. itp. neg. PI. pas. ter .

Affirmative Particle Conditional Completive Instrumental Case Interrogative Particle Negative Plural Suffix Passive Terminal

11. Grammar

1. Vowels

Dagur has seven simple vowels and seven corresponding long vowels and seven diphthongs.

simple vowel Long vowel Diphthong [a] 'take' [afJ 'yogurt' [ail ail 'village'

[o] tos 'oil' [o:] to:s 'dust ' [oil noir 'sleep'

[a] amal 'front' [a:] ama:I 'saddle' [ail xais 'wind'

[el 3etJ 'heap' [e:] %eg 'second' [ui] buil 'alveolar'

[i] xitJ 'shy' [i:] xig 'do' [au] aul 'mountain'

[u] xu1 'remnant' [u:] xu9 'blow' [au] aud 'door'

The Description of Simple Vowels

[a] Low back unrounded vowel. [el Mid-high front unrounded vowel.

[0] Low-mid back rounded vowel. [i] High front unrounded vowel. [a] Mid central vowel. [u] High back rounded vowel.

2. Consonants

2.1 Consonant Contrasts in Dagur

[Tb] bal- 'berry' [p] pal 'shoot'

bar- 'finish'

[t] tar 'flash' [dl dar- 'press'

[g] gar 'house' [k] kar 'reindeer skin'

gar- 'get out' [q] gar 'must' [ a ] dp.r 'sixty'

[s] sar 'month' u ] Jar 'yellow'

[XI xar 'black' [w] war- 'enter'

ul jar L ~ ~ a r ' [m] mar- 'pick up'

[n] nar 'sun' [l] lar 'fail'

[r] aur 'air' [JJ] niggan 'thin'

2.2 The description of Consonants [b] Bilabial unaspirated plosive [p] Bilabial aspirated plosive

[dl Alveolar unaspirated plosive [t] Alveolar aspirated plosive

[g] Velar unaspirated plosive F] Velar aspirated plosive [4] Palato-alveolar unaspirated affricative [tJ] Palato-alveolar aspirated affricative

[fl Labiodental voiceless fricative [ s] Alveolar voiceless fricative

u] Palato-alveolar voiceless fricative [x] Velar voiceless fricative

[w] Bilabial voiced fricative b] Palatal voiced fricative approximant

[m] Bilabial Nasal [n] Alveolar Nasal [g] Velar nasal [I] Alveolar lateral approximant

[r] Alveolar Trill

2.3 Palatalized Consonants

The consonants b, m, d, t, n, 1, r, g, k, x all have the corresponding palatalized

consonants and these palatalized contrast and nonpalatalized consonants contrast with each other in Dagur. For example (Engkebatu 1988, p. 13 1):

palatalized tabj

am]

mjagga

bodj

djald

t jak

t alj

a1 j

g arj

g arj

kjad

kjor

g 'ad

xjat

'fifty'

'life'

'thousand'

'prairie'

'late'

'tired'

'herd'

'which'

'house'

'hand'

'string bag'

'honey'

' separate'

'break'

nonpalatalized tab 'pass through'

am 'mouth'

m a w 'capable' bod- ' think'

dald 'thimble'

tak 'horseshoe'

tal 'grassland'

a1 'lull'

gar 'torch'

gar- 'go out' karl 'reason'

kor 'poison'

gad- 'clear sky'

xat 'tie, bind'

2.4 Labialized Consonants

Some consonants also have the corresponding labialized consonants and the

labialized and nonlabialized consonants contrast with each other in Dagur. For example

(Engkebatu 1988, pp. 136-37).

Labialized Non-labialized mwa=r 'shaft of a cart' mar 'eat'

dwar 'desire' dar- 'press'

twa=l 'account' tad 'love'

swar 'flea' sar 'moon'

kwa: 'yard' ka= 'side of window'

xwal 'bed' xal 'surname'

+"ax 'mix' c!3rcc 'musk'

qWak 'green grass' ?f& 'the back of knee'

3. Plural s u f h Suffix Example Translation -sul akix-sul 'elder brothers'

-nur dau-nur 'younger brothers'

-tJea dayjda:-t(ea 'people living at the

upper reaches of a river' dwari y dx-tJem 'people living at the lower

4. Case Suffix Case Nominative

Genitive

Dative -d

Accusative

Instrumental

Ablative

kaku-r

u.t(i:a-r

Suffix -0 -kJq$-ji

-d-uj/-j i

-i:ju/-uiju/-ju

-ax/-ox/-ax

-ex

-jax/-jar

-a=r(s)/-o=r(s)/a:r(s)

-ex(s)

-jax(s)/-j az(s)

Comitative -ti=/- te:

Terminative -gax/-gax

Definite locative -kaJal/-kakal -k&Y-k&=

Indefinite locative -a=tan/-oSan/-afian

Originative - a-ta~(s)/-o=tax(s)/

-a=ta:r(s)

-efia~(s)/-e~a=r(s)

-j a~ax(s)/-j aaax(s)

reaches of a river' 'children'

'teenagers '

Example Translation mo:d 'tree'

mo:d-i: 'of treett

mo:d-d 'to tree'

mo:d-i:ju 'tree'

mo~d-ox 'with tree'

'from tree'

'with tree'

'as mountain'

'at mountain'

'at mountain'

'from mountain'

5. Reflexive-Possessive Suffix 5.1 Possessive Suffix

Suffix Example

1 st person Singular -rninj mori-rninj

Plural -mad/-namj mori - m a d

2nd person Singular - l id mori

Plural -tad/- t an j mori-tad

3rd person -inj/-j inj -mori-id

5.2 Reflexive Suffix

Suffix Example -a=/-o=/-a: Jar-a:

6. Tense and Aspect Suffix

Suffix Example Non-past -bail- w ai jau-wai

past -n - san jau-san

Present progressive *a:bai/-tJa:bai j au-4a:bai

4 d - q a:n

Past progressive 4a:san jau-%asan

7. Personal Suffix

Suffix Example

Non-pas t

1st person Singular -wail- w jau-w

-baibi/-bbi

-waibi/-wbi

Plural - u7 a: jau-wax

-baiba=/-bba: jau-b-da:

Translation

'my horse'

'our horse'

'your horse'

'your horse'

'his (their) horse'

Translation 'one's own face'

'one's own hand'

'one's own livestock'

Translation ygo'

'went'

'is going'

'was going'

Translation

'I go'

'We go' (Exclusive)

'We go' (Inclusive)

2nd person Singular - baiJi/- bJi/-bJ jau-bai-Ji 'You go'

- w ail/-wJi

Plural -baitad-btx jau-bai-ta: 'You go'

3rd person -baisul/-bsul jau-bai-sul 'They(he) go'

Past

1st person Singular -sanbi/-sanmi jau-san-bi 'I went'

Plural -sanbad-sanma: j au-san-ba: 'We went' (Exclusive)

-sand&-sanna: j au-san-da: 'We went' (Inclusive)

2nd person Singular -sanJi/-sanJ jau-san-J 'You went'

Plural -santa: jau-san-ta: 'You went'

3rd person -sansul/-bsul jau-san-sul 'They went'

Present progressive

1st person Singular +a:wai/%anv u%-4a:wai 'I am seeing'

4a:bbi

-c&c-waibi/-+awbi

Plural +anva: u4+a:-war 'We are seeing' (Exclusive)

4 a I b b z

+awba:

-3arbda: u94a:b-da: 'We are seeing7(Inclusive)

2nd person Singular 4a:bbaiJi@arbJi u+-+arb-Ji 'You are seeing'

Plural -%zbaitad-4aIbta: u3-$a:b-ta: 'You are seeing'

-d3awtaI

3ed person -4a:baisuV-4a:bsul ue+a:b-sul 'They are seeing'

Past progressive

1st person Singular +a:sanbi/ u+-%arsan-bi 'I am seeing'

-earsanmi

Plural -3a:sanbad ue-$asan-ba: 'We are

-3 itsanma: seeing' (Exclusive)

2nd person Singular

Plural

3rd person

8. Verbal Noun Suffix

Imperfective

Present progressive

Perfective

Past progressive

Agentive

Probable

9. Converb Suffix Imperfective

Perfective

Completive

Model

Objective

Conditional

Concessive

Contemporal

Terminal

Prospective

Immediate

-dgcsandad u%-dpsan-da: 'We are

-% a:sanna: seeing7 (Inclusive)

-4 azsanJi u 4 9 x s a n - J i 'You are seeing'

3 a:santa: u%+a:san-ta: 'You are seeing'

+ a:sansull u3-@a:san-sul 'They are seeing'

Suffix Exarrgle

-Y U waild-yu

4 a ~ u waild-4a,ru -sad-tad-lad-nan waild-san

-%asan waild-$ a:san

-a9J/-oztj/-a1t$ waild-a$f

- e g

-y aIy/-yaIq

-mxjar

4 3 i :

-a=r/o=r/-ax/-ex

-y ax/-y ax

-n

-ya:ned-y ame:

-yua=r

-a:s/-o:s/-as/-e:s

-y as/-ya:s

-tyaiq (iy)/-je:J

-m,-mki:, -mi:,

-rnkli:, -mdar, -mdal

-tal

-tlaned-tlame:

-madcan/-markan

-mad-max

-x+ ax/-01% ax/

-a:dpr/-e:ctgax

waild-n

waild-y a:ne:

waild-ty aitJ

waild-m

waild-tal

Abtemporal

10. Imperative Suffix

Voluntative

Imperative Concessive

Dubitative

11. Voice Form

Active

Causative

Passive

Reciprocal

Suffix Example

-ja: jau-ja: -yam/-yam jau-yxnrnid

-tu jau-tu -tyai jau-tyai

-y ui jau-yui

Suffix Example -0 uct5

-1yad-lya: u4-lya:

-yd-ya:

-ad-ad-od-e:

-rd u 3 -rd

-It( uct5-lY

Translation 'I go'

'I will go'

'You go!' 'Let them go'

'He may forgot'

Translation 'see'

'cause to see'

'be seen'

'see each other'

111. Sentences

The sentences listed below are all from Engkebatu (1985: 3-46). Originally, They

are Dagur sentences with Mongolian interlinear transcription and Chinese translation. Here

the examples begin in a romanization of Dagur, then they are in both interlinear transcription

and translation into English. When translating an individual word, I also consulted Sun

(1990).

1. ana jo: ? this what

What is this 2. ana mini bitay ?

this my book

This is my book. 3. tar nak dabtlen bitay, (iniry ja: ?

that one book book yours rrp

Is that your book ? 4. bi(in, miniry biJin, Jiniry

NEG mine ~ u ; yours

No, it is not mine, it's yours. 5. ana nak dabtlea bitay ja: ?

this one book book ITP

Is this a book ? 6. bi(in biJin, tar bitay xi:-yu dabtlen. tar mini bitay xi:-yu dabt1e:n-mini

NEG NEG that book do-IMPF book that my book do-IMPF book-PER

No. that is not a book. That is my notebook. 7 i anin-Ji ?

you who-PER

Who are you ? 8. bi: $e&, bi: Tujar-bi

I student I Tuyaa-PER

I am a student and my name is Tuyaa. 9. tar ujin xu: bas Jebj ja: ?

that female person also student rn Is that woman also a student ?

10. bijin, tar bi$in, tar sab. NEG she ~ T G she teacher

No, she is not. She is a teacher. 11. tar xu: sab bi(in, ctguyj-bai ja: ?

that person teacher not right-NPT ITP

He is not a teacher, right ?

12. auyj-bai, tar sab biJin tar amyun bas sab biJin right-m he teacher NEG that woman also teacher NEG

You are right, he is not a teacher and neither is she. 13. tar olur jamar xu: ?

that people what person

What do they do? 14. bi: ul mada-n, tar sab jum wo: ? (abj jum wo: ?

I NEG know-m they teacher AFP m student Am ITP

I don't know whether they are teachers or a students. 15. ana gub (inj 4ak-(inj ja: ?

this all your belongings-PER 1TP

Are these your belongings? 16. ana %ak-sul-d miniv bas bai, aka:-jiry-mini bas bai

this t h i n g - p ~ - ~ ~ ~ mine also AUx elder brother-GEN-PER also AUX

Some of these things are mine and some of them are my elder brother's. 17. ana gotJox miniry biJin, aka:-jiv-minj biJin, xan-jiry-i: ul mada-n

this boot mine too NEG bro the r -GE~-~~~ too NEG who-GEN-ACC NEG know-NPT

This pair of boots is not mine and it is not my elder brother's either. I don't know whose it is. 18. (i: ~ l akan usuyw Jada-b-(i ja: ?

you Chinese language be able-NPT-PER ITP

Can you speak Chinese ? 19. Jad-bai, ut(a:k (ad-bai

be able little be able-M

Yes, I speak little bit 20. (id xu:-Jinj ~lakan usuyw (ad-bai ja: ?

your wife-PER Chinese language be able-m ITP

Can your wife speak Chinese ? 21. ul (ada-n, in waxa-1 usuyw lad-bai

NEG be able-NP~ she own-~n. language be able-NP~

No, she cannot, she can only speak our language. 22. (inj agar-(inj xa:na bai ?

your father-PER where AUX

Where is your father ? 23. minj atJa:-mini garj-da: bai, minj awa:-mid bas gar-da: bai

my father-PER home-REF AUX my mother-PER also home-REF be

My father is at home and my mother is also at home. 24. Ji: 3ak-a: xana tali-lan-Je: ?

you thing-REF where put-PST-PER

Where did you put your things ?

25. id-y u $ak xo: gu:su-d bai, baitla-yu 4 a k (ira: dax bai eat-IMPF thing all cupboard-DAT AUX use-IMPF thing table on be

The food is in the cupboard and the things for use are on the table. 26. and xoir bandan bai ja: ?

here two chair AUX ITP

Are there two chairs here ? 27. xoir biJin, gwarab bai

two NEG three AUX

No, they are not two, but three chairs. 28. Ji: ja: ?

you tea-PER ITP

Do you have tea ? 29. na:d bai tand-a: ada: 9e:-ja: xana bai-ji-nw mad-yu uwai-bi

me AUX there-REF now tea-REF where AUX-ACC-REF know IMPF NEG-PER

Yes, I have, but I don't know where it is. 30. (i: xar satanti:-Ji ja: ?

you black sugar-PER ITP

Do you have brown sugar ? 3 1. na:d xar satan uwai, tfiy a x satan bai

me black sugar NEG white sugar aux

No, I don't; I have white sugar. 32. ana udur jamar udur ?

this day what day

What is the date today ? 33. ana udur utkai mjqga isan 4 a u najin xon-i: 4akunbe: Jinan, JintJi: wu.7

this day exact thousand nine hundred eighty year-GEN August new moon Friday

Today is Friday, August 1, 1980. 34. Ji: jarnar xon-d u3i-rd-san-Je: ?

YOU which year-DAT born-PAS-PST-PER

Which year were you born in ? 35. bi: mjqga isan 3 a u gogin gWarabdax xom nadanbe: (inan gwarban-d u3i-rd-tan-bi

I thousand nine hundred thlrty thlrd year July new moon-DAT born-PAS-PST-PER

I was born on July 3, 1933. 36. tar x 3 a : and-a:r jau-san ?

he when here-ABL leave-PST

When did he leave ? 37. bi: jerye:n udur-i-nj mart-san, nidanj dgwa:be: a:-san bai9e:.

1 exact day-ACC-REF forgot-PST last year February be-PST AUX-DTP

7~hinese, Xingqiwu.

I forget the exact date. Probably, he left last February. 38. xadan arin bol-lan ? xoir arin bol-lan, e u y j-bai ja: ?

how many time be-ps~ two o'clock be-PST right-NFT AUX ITP

What time is it ? It is two o'clock, isn't it ? 39. bi: ul mada-n, mid bjau8-mid xordun, Jiniry gWaida~.

1 NEG know-NPT my watch-PER fast yours slow

I don't know. My watch is fast, but yours is slow. 40. mini body-ox xoir arin-ax xadan fun9 du1a:-e-a-bai

my thought-INS two time-ABL several minute pass-IMPF-AUX-NPT

I think it is several minutes passed two o'clock. 4 1. uwai, xoir arin kur-y u udem.

NEG two o'clock reach-~MPF NEG

No, it is not two o'clock yet. 42. Jinj &au-(inj xarban fun kur-y u xordun

your watch-PER ten minute reach-WF fast

Your watch is ten minutes fast. 43. jay gwarban arin boly-ox bJau-ja: tolo:-yame:

exactly three o'clock be-INS watch-REF compare-IMF

When it is exactly three o'clock, let us compare our watches. 44. bi: jau-yu arin-mid bol-lan, bi: xar tj xi:+i: arini-da: kur-wai

I leave-IMPF time-PER be-PST I whatsoever time-DAT reach-rn

It is time I must leave. I have to be on time. 45.Ji: ul djallan-tan-Ji,arinbas 3rd a:%-a:-bai

you NEG ~ ~ ~ ~ - P S T - P E R time also early be-nux-m

You will not be late; it is still early. 46. bi: nak arin b o d e o t 3 tam-d it(-ja:

I one time arrange-IMPF you-DAT go-IMF

I want to make an appointment to see you. 47. Jint(iwu:10-jar biJin jarnar tJ udur itf-yu-d-Jinj xo: bol-bai

Friday-ABL except whichever day go-IMPF-DAT-PER all be-NP~

Except for Friday, you can visit me any day. 48. Ji: joke: xiy bol-lan-Je: ?

you how big be-PST-PER

How old are you ? 49. bi: xorin ta1wuti:-bi

I twenty ~~W-PER

I arn25.

khinese. Biao. 9~hinese. Fen. Ochinese. Xingqiwu.

50. finj aka:-(id dugin nas kur-yu udem, quyj-bai ja: ? your elder brother-PER forty age reach-IMPF h W right-rn rrp

Your elder brother is not forty yet, is he ? 5 1. bi: (am-ax- xoir-ox ay-bi, rninj dau-mini nam-ax xoir-ox- uJkan

1 you-AeL two-ABL elder-PER my brother-PER me-ABL two-INS small

I am two years older than you and my younger brother is two years younger than you. 52. tar xoir nak nas, gub xonj eilti:.

he two one age all sheep year.

They two are the same age and both of them were born in the year of the sheep. 53. mini aka:-mini akan xiy -in. bi: ~lalkinibi

my sister-PER most big-REF 1 small-PER

My elder sister is the oldest one and I am the youngest one in the family. 54. minj ujin dau-minj tara:w-ax gwarb-ax dau, (id aka:-Jid taranv-ax

my female brother her-ABL three-ABL young your sister-PER her-ABL ta:wun nas-ax xiy five age-ABL big

My younger sister is three years younger than she is and your elder sister is five years elder

than she is. 55. finj uq-yu-d bi: joke: nasti1-bi:.

YOU See-IMPF-DAT I how many age-PER

Guess how old I am. 56. bi: u4-yu-d (i: tabjti:-~i

I guess-IMPF-DAT YOU fifty-P~R

I think you are fifty. 57. daye: (in$: si:ll-d buyul dutfin dolo: nas bol-wai

next Thursday-DAT full forty seven age be-wr

Next Thursday I will be exactly forty seven. 58. (i: nuyur au-san-Ji ja: ?

you wife take-ps~-PER ITP

Are you married ? 59. (i: xail-lan-(i ja: ?

YOU marry-PST-PER lTP

Are you married ?

60. bi: xail-ya:-yu uden-mi. bi: gafka: baj-a: a:4 - x-wai I marry-CAU-IMPF NEG-PER I only body-REF be-AUX-PST

No, I am not married, I am still a bachelor. 6 1. bi: xail-y u ude:-mi

I marry-IMPF NEG-PER

~ h i n e s e . Xingqisi.

No, I am not married. 62. garj-da: xadan qgal-ta: ?

f a m i l y - ~ ~ ~ how many people-PER

How many people are there in your family ? 63. ba: garj-da: dolo: aggal-ba:

we family-REF seven people-PER

There are seven people in my family. 64. minj ujin dau-mini naktaz- xail-a xoir xom bol-lan

my female brother-PER already marry-MPF two year be-PST My younger sister has been married for two years.

65. tar xama (xand) xail-lan she where (whom) marry-PST

Who did she marry ? 66. tar nak tula:$i:12 galj-a-a-y u xu:- d xail-lan

she one tractor drive-IMPF-AUX-IMPF PerSon-DAT InXIY-PST

She married a tractor driver. 67. tad utJkar-ti: ja:

they children rrp

Do they have any children ? 68. tad ordon sar-d nak urtJkar-ti: bol-lan

they last month-DAT one child be-PST

They just had a baby last month. 69. minj kakw-mid niggunbe:-d xail-ya:-bai al-4-a-bai

my Son-PER J U ~ ~ - D A T marry-CAU-NPT Say-IMPF-AUX-NPT

My son plans to get married in June. 70. tad x e a : xolbuy-o: torto:-yu uden

they when rmrry-IMPF-REF decide-MPF NEG

They have not decided when they will get married. 7 1. tada-nj omuli-inj xo: xiy bol-lan

they-GEN grandchild-REF all big be-PST

Their grandchildren are all grown up. 72. Ji: xana u+i-rd-tan-Je: ?

you where born-PAS-PST-PER

Where were you born ? 73. bi: and-ax wairkan a:-%-a-yu u p a n gja: g 4 i . r u3i-rd-tan-mi

1 here-ABL near be-IMPF-AUX-IMPF small street place born-PAS-PST-PER

I was born in a small town not far from here. 74. Ji: xaaa xu: bol-lan-Je: ?

you where human be-PST-PER

2~hinese. Tuolaji

Where did you grow up ?

75. bi: matar ana ail-d xu: bol-lan-mi I also this village-DAT human be-PST-PER

I grew up in this village. 76. minj aka=-minj uJkan-da: gja:-d a:-san

my older brother-PER small-REF city-DAT be-PST My older brother spent his childhood in the city.

77. tar gja:-d xarban dolo~i : bol-tl-a: a:-san he city-DAT ten seven b e - m - p ~ ~ ~ ~ - P S T

He had lived in the city until he was seventeen years old. 78. (i: xa:na a:-4-a-b-(e: ?

you where live-IMPF-AUX-NFT-PER

Where do you live ? 79. bi: ail-i: amal baj-d a:-3-a-yu nak gja~lan wa:s xa i4 garj-d

1 village-GEN south side-DAT be-IMPF-AUX-IMPF one bedroom brick make house-DAT

a+ - a-w be-IMPF-AUX-m

I live in a house in the south of the village. 80. du1a:-san xorin x o n ana g e i r xiy entJkwan bol-lan

past-PEF 20 years this place big change be-PST

There were a lot of changes in the past twenty years. 8 1. tar garisul-li: xo: ana xarban xon-d bail-y x-san

that house-PL-ACC all this ten year-DAT build-CAU -PST

All those houses were built in the past ten years. 82. Jinj adikj-sul-Jini Jam-ti: xo: 4 uy i-ltf-bai ja: ?

your village-^^-^^^ you-COM all harmony-REC-NPT ITP

Are your neighbors friendly to you ? 83. ba: nak nak-a: xo: sain mada-lt(-wa:

we each other-CAU all well know-REC-NIT

We all have known each other well. 84. tar o1lo:n garitJe:n x e a : nau-4 ir-san-sul

that neighbor families-PL when move-IMPF corne-ps~-p~

When did your next door neighbor move in ? 85. tad-ni: nau-4 ir-yu arin-d bi: uJkan a:-san-bi

t h e y - G ~ ~ move-IMPF Come-IMPF ~ ~ . I I ~ ~ - D A T I small be-PST-PER

I was a small child when they moved here. 86. (i: gurJ(a1 wailad an '3 xzna a:+-a:-y u-inj na:d uku-b-Ji ja: ?

You hospital where be-IMPF-AUX-IMPF-REF me tell-IMPF ~~v~-NFT-PER ITP

Could you tell me where the hospital is ? --

I 3 ~ h i n e s e . Gongshe Weishengyuan.

87. tar yolo: xumy -ui ama1ka:n-inj bai that stone bridge-GEN south-GEN ~ u x The hospital is south of that stone bridge.

88. xo~tJa :~an l~-d kuryu-d joke: xol ? train station-DAT arrive-DAT how far

How far is the train station ? 89. and-ax antak xol bai

here-ABL quite far AVX

It's very far from here. 90. gwans luigwanj15 xasruyw a:-e-a-bai

restaurant hotel opposite be-IMPF-AUX-NPT

The restaurant is just opposite the hotel. 9 1 i a 1 olyuj-inj biJin

you find NEG find-PER NES

You cannot miss it. 92. Ji: na:-d $a:-% ukw, wairkan maimaa xana bai ?

you me-DAT tell-IMPF give near shop where Aux

Could you tell me where the nearest shop is ? 93. bi: aida: jaw-0:s-mini euyi-yu jumo: ? ti:da: jaw-0:s-mini 4uyi-yu jumo: ?

I to here go-CON-PER right-IMPF PT[, to there go-CON-PER right-IMPF m Will I go this way or that way ?

94. bi: maimax-d it(-wai, juyu: al-3:s bi: 4 a k au-wai 1 department store-DAT go-NPT what say-CON 1 thing buy-~*mr

I will go to the department store because I need to buy something. 95. Ji: tar wark-li: ams-yu-d 3 a k i - n

you that clothing-ACC wear-LMPF-DAT fit-NPT

That clothing seems to fit you perfectly. 96. ana warkl-i: t(ausl6-ax xi:-san, 4 u y uj-bai ja: ?

this clothing-ACC silk-INS made-PST right-~pr ITP

The clothing is made of the silk, isn't it ? 97. aimar sabi ana udur dur4-a-bai ja: ?

this kind shoes this day sell-IMPF-AUX-NPT ITP

Do you have this kind of shoes today ? 98. tar kunu dambal saikan sauti:baull7 ka: tanda: aiduyw katu: ka:

that AFP very nice purse AFP there very expensive AFP

That purse is beautiful but too expensive.

14chinese, Huochezhan. 5~hinese. Liiguan. 6~hinese. Chouzi.

17chinese. Shoutibao.

99. jo,yi:-da: joke: e i y a: ? all-REF how money

How much does it cost all together ? 100. xarban is xart( naiman mau durbun fan.

ten nine dollar eight ten cent four cent

Nineteen eighty four. 101. tar kata:-ji namd balj-ly a: kana

that salt-ACC me give-CAU AFP

Could you pass the salt to me ? 102. ana saran b*ir bol-lan, nak gan%inl*-inj u k u 3 bol-bai ja: ?

this umbrella dirty be-PST one clean-ACC-REF give o k a y - ~ m ITP

This umbrella is dirty, could you give me a clean one ? 103. (i: ana gwarban xatJin in3od-ox jamr-inj tJiy a u 3 bol-bai

you this three kind cigarette-INS what-REF AFP take o k a y - m

You can chose one from these three kinds of cigarettes. 104. bi: tar pi4a:-nj jans $us-id bo1unJe:-w

1 that S U ~ ~ C ~ S ~ - G E N shape color-REF 1ike-Ivp-r

I llke the shape and color of that suitcase. 105. ana bur-i: Jirb1a:-y u-d dawu: i!pulakan

this cloth-ACC touch-IMPF-DAT very soft

This cloth is soft. 106. ana-wax utJak budunqir birugkw bai ja: ?

this-ABL small thick walking stick AUX rrp

Is there a walking stick thicker than this one. 107. ana udur-i: taggar-i: arbun xar ?

this day-GEN sky-GEN situation how

How is the weather today ? 108. ana udur taggar-i: arbun sain

this day sky-GEN situation good

Today is a nice day. 109. uduJ taggar-i: arbun xar ?

yesterday sky-GEN situation how

How was yesterday's weather ? 110. udij uduri: tjab xwar xapri:-san

yesterday all day rain fall-PST

Yesterday, it rained all day. 111. bunj taggar xar xi:-bai *e:

tomorrow sky how do-NPT be

What will tomorrow's weather be ?

*chinese. Ganjing .

112. bun? gas war-bai tomorrow snow fall-NPT

It will snow tomorrow. 1 13. ana udur a d kuitun, udur amal lup aulant-san

this day very cold day morning all cloudy-PST

It is a very cold day and it was cloudy all morning. 1 14. ada: xwar war-bai ja: ?

now rain fall-NIT ITP

Is it raining now ? 1 15. ana udur xwarina gad-yu e u l uwai

this day afternoon clear-IMPF possible NEG

It will be clearing this afternoon. 1 16. taggar xaluzn bol+-a-bai

sky warm be-IMPF-AUX-NPT

It is getting warm. 1 17. andur baj-Jinj xar ?

today body-PER how

How are you feeling today ? 1 18. ana banjna baj-minj dzjkiqira:

this morning body-PER not good

I was not feeling well this morning. 119. udiJ aud-san-mi, andur nannaqir

yesterday sick-PST-PER today okay

I was sick yesterday, but I am okay today. 120. udiJ JenJin-d baj -a: u+i-ly a:-tf -san-mi

yesterday doctor-DAT body-REF see-CAU-go-PST-PER

I went to see the doctor yesterday. 12 1. ana am-i: durbun euntul-d nak o: al-lan

this drug-ACC four o'clock-DAT one drink say-PST

He told me that I should take this medicine every four hours. 122. xa1u:n-mini bar-san baitla: xaJ xane:da-ly a:-3-a-bai ?

fever-PER down-PST although still cough-CAU-IMPF-AUX-NIT

The fever has gone, but I still cough. 123. JenJin namai Jar-$id mo: dagga ov-azs baj-d-Jinj mo: al-lan

doctor me f2Ice-p~~ bad cigarette smoke-CON body-DAT-PER bad say-PST

The doctor said I look pale. Smolung is bad for my health. 124. baj-a: sain bol-y a:-ja: ala:-sa: utkai dagga ov-o: xa:- w ai

body-REF good fm-CAU-IMF say-CON immediately cigarette smoke-REF stop-NPT

If I want to be healthy, I must quit smoking. 125. dau-ji-mini xaki-nj madan aud-3 -a-bai

brother-GEN-PER head-REF very pain-IMPF-AUX-NPT

My younger brother is having a terrible headache. 126. tad udiJ oreko: jamd Jau~u:lg xi:-% ukw-san

they yesterday evening him , operation make-MPF give-PST

He had an operation yesterday evening. 127. alj garj-(inj aud-4-a-bai

which hand-PER pain-IMPF-AUX-NPT 7 . :ch of your arms has a pain ?

1- mur-minj aud-@ -a-bai, utkai ana xa:-d aud+ -a-bai A L L NIII-PER P~I~~-IMPF-AUX-NPT now this place-~AT ~ ~ ~ ~ - I M P F - A U X - N P T

The right arm. Now, there is a pain here. 129. Ji: xar xi:-3-a-b-Je: ? xak-Jinj tJikax-bai ja: ?

you how do-IMPF-AUX-m-PER head-PER dizzy-NPT m How are you feeling ? Do you feel dizzy ?

1 30. xakj tfikaxan bitt1a:n %uruyw pahjal+-bai head dizzy although hard bit-IMPF-NPT

I feel dizzy and my heart is beating a bit fast. 13 1. ana aur-i: Ji: u@-yu-d-Jig das* (ad-bai ja: ?

this illness-ACC you see-IMPF-DAT-PER cure be able-rwr m Do you think that this illness can be treated.

132. xordukun sain bol-yaxe: ! quickly good be-IMF

I hope you will get better soon. 133. ada: sain bol-lan-Ji ja: ?

now good be-PST-PER ITP

Are you feeling okay now ? 134. an , sain bol-lan-mi. ordon (int(i1~0-d aud-san a:-yu-a: twalla ada: baj-rninj

yes good be-PST-PER last week-DAT sick-PST be-IMPF-REF because now body-PER aiduyw sain very good

Yes, I am fine now. Although I was sick last week, I feel fine now. 135. nak nak xu: morj onu-yu dwarti:, bi: a:-s-sa: aul-i: t as r tyu dwarti:-bi:

one one person horse ride-IMPF like I be-IMPF mountain-ACC climb i i k e - p ~ ~

Some people like to ride horses, but I like to climb mountains. 136. Ji: an-a:r biJin ant(kwa:n dwarti: 4a.k-(id bai ja: ?

you this-ABL other special hobby thing-PER AUX ITP

Do you have any special hobby other than this ?

9~hinese. Shoushu. 20~hinese. Xingqi.

137. bi: sun-ex eaus gauwu1a:-yu dwarti:-bi: baitf i-+ jau-y u-d dwarti:-bi 1 night-ms fish hook-IMPF like-PER hunt-IMPF go-IMPF-DAT like-PER

I like to fish and hunt at night. 138. bi: karnyi: katJin dwarti: bait-i: sons-san-mi, timar +aka-d dwarti:-ji:

1 various strange hobby thing-ACC hea.r-Ps~-p~R that land thing-DAT like-ACC xare: sons-san uwai but hear-PST NEG

I have heard of many strange hobbies, but never heard of that kind of hobby. 139. Ji: nam-ti: nak pan i t - i - i ja: ?

you me-COM one game chess phy-NPT-PER ITP

Would you like to play a game of chess with me ? 140. bi: tJi: ta l j4 dawu: ul Jada-n-mi, xojod bari-ltJ-ja:

I chess play-IMPF excellent NEG be ~ ~ ~ ~ - N P T - P E R we two w r e s t l e - ~ ~ c - m

I am not good at playing chess; let's wrestle. 141. akar-mini tJox tat-yu-i s o r 3 xarban xon bol-3-a-bai

brother-PER music instrument play-IMPF-ACC learn-IMPF ten year be-IMPF-AUX-NPT

My older brother has been learning to play the musical instrument for ten years. 142. Ji: xandi: madan saikan xud-bi-Ji ka:, udur udur xu:l3-a-b-Ji ja: ?

you flute very good play-NPT-PER AFP day day play-IMPF-AUX-NFT-PER ITP

You play the bamboo flute better and better. Do you practice every day ? 143. Jinj xar torto:-sn-i:-lid nak artkan mad-ja: kana a 1 3 sana-3-a-w

you how ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ - P E R - A C C - P E R one earlier know-IMF Em say-IMPF think-IMPF-AUX-NPT

I am anxious to know what your decision is. 144. Ji: tar sana:-j a: kadarya:-Jinj bol-bai

you that thought-OMF change-PER be-NPT

I hope that you change your mind. 145. bi: xar xi:je:J xuda:-d itJ-bai 31-4 torto:-san-mi

1 how AW do countryside-DAT go-NPT say-IMPF ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ - P S T - P E R

I have already decided to go the grasslands. 146. udiJ banina xadan arin-d bos-san-Ji ?

yesterday morning what time-DAT get up-NPT-PER

What time did you get up yesterday morning ? 147. bi: uctga:n-wai ard sari-sn-a: twalla l'u:djanckpn22 bold+ sain bos-san-mi

1 Very-NPT early wake-PST-REF but six o'clock be-PEF just get up-PST-PER

I woke up earlier, but I didn't get up until six o'clock. 148. Ji: ma:Je:n23 warkl-a: amas-san-Ji ja: ?

you immediately clothing-REF wear-PST-PER ITP

21~hinese. Qi. 22~hinese. Liudianzhong. 23~hinese. Mashang.

Did you get dressed immediately ? 149. ulda:, warkl-a: a m s a 4 bara-mli: banh-i: bad=-ja: id-tan-mi

yes C ~ O ~ ~ - R E F Wear-IMPF finish-COW morning-GEN meal-REF eat-PST-PER

Yes. I had my breakfast right after I got dressed. 150. udiJ banha joke:-d g u ~ ~ s o d ~ ~ - d z ~ aurka:-san-Je: ?

yesterday morning w hen-DAT work-IMPF start-PST-PER

When did you start your work yesterday morning ? 15 1. bi: ba:djan%un25-d gar-ex--a: gar-ei: bxdjan ban-ax auks:-4 gu3so:l-lan-mi

1 eight o'clock-DAT ~ O ~ ~ - A B L - R E F go out-PEF eight thirty-ABL start-IMPF work-PST-PER

I left my home at eight o'clock and started to work at eight thirty. 152. Ji: udur-i: tjab bait iJke:-san-Ji ja: ?

you day-GEN all work do-PST-PER ITP

Did you work all day ?

153. ulda:, bi: banjna ard-a:s sunj boltal bait iJke:-san-mi yes 1 morning early-ABL evening until work do-PST-PER

Yes, I worked from dawn until midnight. 1 54. wu:djanban26-d bait-a: iJke:+ bar-4i: aran garj-da: xdsan-mi

five thirty-DAT job-REF do-IMPF finish-PEF immediately home-REF retum-pS~-~ER

I finished my work at five-thirty and I came back home. 155. bi: ore: Jiji~djanban-d kart-san-mi karta-rnli: wanta: talilan-mi, suni: tjab

1 night eleven thirty-DAT lie-PST-PER l i e - c o ~ ~ sleep PU~-PST-PER night all Jab want-san-mi fully sleep-PST-PER

I went to bed at eleven-thirty, immediately fell sleep, and didn't wake all night. 156. Ji: udiJ ore: xa:na a:-san-Je: ?

you last afternoon where be-PST-PER

Where were you yesterday afternoon ? 157. udur xwaina lup garj-da: a:-san-mi, bi: gut(-sul-ti:-ja: usuy ul-4-san-mi

day after all home-DAT be-PST-PER 1 friend-PL-COM-REF talk-IMPF-PST-PER

I was at home all afternoon and I chatted with my friends. 158. udiJ udur xwaina si:djan27-ax J i j o xi:4-a:-san-Je: ?

last day after four o'clock-INS you what do-IMPF-AUX-PST-PER

What were you doing around four o'clock yesterday afternoon ? 159. bi: gwanba:2* sons-e-a:-san-mi

I radio listen-IMPF-AUX-PST-PER

I was listening to the radio.

24~hinese. Gongsuo. %hinese. Badianzhong. 26~hinese. Wudianban. 27~hinese. Sidian. 28~hinese. Guangbo.

160. bi: Jamai arig-y u arin-d-mini (i: jo: xi:+-a:-san-Je: ? I YOU look for-IMPF when-DAT-PER YOU what do-IMPF-AUX-PST-PER

What were you doing when I was looking for you ? 16 1. (i: it(-y u arin-d-tfinj buda: i e -z - san-mi

YOU go-IMPF W ~ ~ ~ - D A T - P E R meal eat-AUX-PST-PER

I was eating my dinner when you were looking for me. 162. bi: ma9xa:-ji: ar ig-y u-d-mini in %a9 $u:%i:-ti: usy ul4-$-a--san

1 Mongge-ACC look for-IMPF-DAT-PER he Zhang Mr-COM talk-IMPF-AUX-PST

Mongge was talking to Mr. Zhang when I was looking for him. 163. Ji: ana udur amal mini jo: xi:-3-z-sn-i:-mini mada-4 Jad-bai-Ji ja: ?

you this day morning my what do-IMPF-AUX-PST-ACC-PER know-IMPF be ~ ~ ~ ~ - N P T - P E R ITP

Can you guess what I was doing this morning ? 164. bi: udi( udur xwaina in jo: xi:-4-a:-sn-i:-nj mart-san-mi

I yesterday day after he what do-IMPF-AUX-PST-ACC-REF f o r g e t - ~ s ~ - p ~ ~

I cannot remember what I was doing yesterday afternoon. 165. in xana a:-a-a:-w al-san-i:-nj mart-san-mi

he where be-IMPF-AUX-NPT say-PST-ACC-REF forget-PST-PER

I forgot that he said where he is living. 1 66. Ji: ordom mudaa Ju:(u:29-ja: 3eJyan-i:-nj 01-ox joke: gwaid-3-a:-b-Je:?

you last time uncle-REF letter-ACC-~~F receive-COMP how long to ~ ~ S ~ - I M P F - A U X - N P T - ~

How long has it been since you received a letter from your uncle ? 167. in daa mudam (am-d x*a: @e(yan ukw-san a:-san ?

he last time you-DAT when letter give-PST be-PST

When was the last time he wrote to you ? 168. joke: gwaid-3-a-yu-inj mart-san-mi

how long to last-IMPF-AUX-IMPF-ACC-REF forget-PST-PER

I forgot how long it has been. 169. udiJ oredco: bi: (u:Ju:-da: 3eJyan xi:-san-mi, daye: tulki-ly a:-% ul bolu-n

last night 1 uncle-REF letter do-PST-PER again delay-CAU-IMPF NEG b e - ~ ~ r

Last night I wrote to my uncle. I cannot delay any more. 170. bi: 4eJyan-da: xadan 4auJan30 ta:*i: jau-lyx-san-mi

I letter-^^^ several picture include-PEF send-CAU-PST-PER

I sent several pictures with my letter. 17 1. bi: borlao:n-da: kur-san uwai-bi, aud4-a:-san-mi

I appointment-REF reach-PST NEG-PER sick-IMPF-AUX-PST-PER

I didn't go to my appointment, I was sick. 172. ba: xoir xu: sol% ore: buda: ida-1ya:-bai all-a:-san-ma:

we two person invite evening meal eat-CAU-wr say-AUX-PST-PER

29~hinese. Shushu. 30~hinese. Zhaoshiang.

We invited two people for dinner. but they didn't come. 173. bud banjna (i: joke:-d bos-bai-Je: ?

tomorrow morning you when-DAT get up-NPT-PER

When will you get up tomorrow morning ? 174. bi: sarj-yu-mini 3rd h:djan sanJ fan31-d bos-wai

1 w~~~-IMPF-PER early six thirty minute-DAT get up-Na

I will probably wake up early and I get up at six thirty. 175. t i : ( i 0 : xi:-b-Je: ?

then you what do-NIT-PER

What will you do then ? 176. bi: warkl-a: amsa-3 bar-= utkaj banjn-i: bada:-j a: id-wai

I cloth-REF wear-IMPF finish-COMP immediately m o m i n g - ~ ~ ~ meal-REF eat-rvr

After I get dressed, I will have my breakfast immediately. 177. bunj banha (i: jo~-yam ida-b-Je: ?

tomorrow morning you what-PL eat-NPT-PER

What kind of breakfast will you have tomorrow morning ? 178. bi: bunj banha annuyw, jaubin32 id-bi-&-be:

1 tomorrow morning egg pan cake eat-NPT-PER

I will probably have eggs and pancakes. 179. ban'n-ai bada:-ja: i d a 4 bar-ax bi: utkai (anbad-iqi-w al-3-a:-wai

m o m i n g - ~ ~ ~ meal-REF eat finish-COMP 1 soon work-go-NP~ say-IMPF-AUX-NPT

After breakfast, I am ready to go to work. 180. bi: udur xwaina wu~djanban-d Ja:bx+i: liu:djan ordon gar-e: kur-wai

I day after five ~ ~ ~ Y - D A T off six o'clock before home-REF reach-hi

I will be off at five thirty and arrive home before six o'clock. 18 1. bi: noir-o: kur-a:s-inj ord-a: bol-yu $ul uwai

1 sleep-^^^ sleepy-CON-REF bed-REF be-IMPF possible NEG

When I am sleepy, I will probably get ready to go to bed. 182. want* ul lad-tyai tJiy bi: kart-4e: a:-wai

sleep NEG enable-IMF AFP 1 lie-IMPF b e - r n

Although I cannot sleep, I would like to lie down. 183. bud (i: jo: xi:-wai 314-a-b-Je: ?

tomorrow YOU what do-NFT Say-IMPF-AUX-NFT-PER

What are you planing to do tomorrow ?

184. bunj mo: bol-0:s-o: bi: jo: ul xi:-n tomorrow bad be-Co~-REF 1 what AFP NEG do-NFT

I am afraid I will do nothing.

lchinese. Liudian Sanshi Fen. 32~hinese. Yuebing.

185. dau-Jid bunj jo: xi:-bai al-9-a:-bai brother-PER tomorrow what do-NPT say-IMPF-AUX-m

What does your younger brother plan to do tomorrow ? 186. in jo: xi:-yu-a: bas torto:-% Jad-yu uden

he what do-IMPF-REF still decide-IMPF enable-IMPF NEG

He still has not decided what he is going to do. 187. jeryen baitinj xo: ul mad-a:s-a: torto:-yu-d katu:

true condition mG know-CON-REF dec ide -ml~~-~A~ hard

It is hard to make a decision without knowing all of the facts. 188. bi: ana xom dayjda:-ja: itf+i: xadan udur z-ja: al-$-a:-wai

I this year upward-REF go-PEF several day sit-IMF S~~-IMPF-AUX-NP~

I hope to go to the forest area for several days this year. 189. xarwul Ji: it(-y u kanay an-ti: ary a: tale:-Jinj bi: Jam-ti: nakan-d it(-j a

if you go-IMPF chance-COM have put-PER 1 you-COM together-DAT go-IMF al-3-a:-wai say -AUX-NFT

If you have a chance to go, I would like to go with you. 190. Ji: bodo* u4-3i: xar tort-sn-a: nam-d dp -y ame:

YOU think-IMPF See-PEF how decide-PER me-DAT tell-IMF

Please let me know your final decision. 19 1. Jinj ams-a-au-lid j m a r warkal jum ?

YOU W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I M P F - A U X - P E R what ~10th ITF'

What kind of clothing are you wearing ?

192. mini ams-4-au-mini kuwunti: daga:n my W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I M P F - A U X - P E R cotton overcoat

I am wearing the cotton overcoat. 193. mini warkal-sul-rninj xo: laibar bol-lan, amsa-4 ul bolu-n

my cloth-PL-PER all duly be-PST wear-IMPF NEG okay-NPT

All my clothes are duty, and I cannot wear them. 194. ada: ana warkal-mini baj -d-mini dpyj-yu-a: xal-san

now this clothing-PER body-DAT-PER fit-IMPF-REF be-PST

These clothes don't fit me now. 195. ana xakur-i: bi: amsa-3 ul Jada-n

this pants-ACC I wear-IMPF NEG enable-~pr

I probably cannot wear these pants any more. 196. (inj Jigkan mayal ams-$-a:-y u-i-Jinj lixod33-lan uwai-bi

your new hat Wear-IMPF-AUX-1MPF-ACC-PER realize-PST NEG-PER

I didn't realized you were wearing your new hat.

33~hinese. Lihui.

197. Ji: jo: xi:-4-x-b-Je: ? you what do-IMPF-AUX-NPT-PER

What are you doing ? 198. bi: bitay u9-%-a:-bai, i o xi:-4-a:-b-Je: ?

I book read-IMPF-AUX-NPT you what do-IMPF-AUX-NPT-PER

I am reading a book. What are you doing ? 199. bi: na:da: jo: xi:-yu uwai, adade:n gutf-da: 4eJyan xi:-w

1 now what AFP do-IMPF NEG later friend-REF letter write-NIT

Now I am doing nothing, but I will write a letter to my friend later. 200. (i: xa:n-Ti-b-Je: ?

you w here-go-NPT-PER

Where are you going ? 201. bi: gd-da: xarj-wai, (i: xan-tJi-b-Je: ?

I home-REF return-NPT you where-go-m-PER

I am going home. Where are you going ? 202. bi: ada: padu:34-ja: garj-t-ini iyi-w

I now friend-REF ~ O ~ ~ - D A T - R E F go-NPT

I am going to my friend's house. 203. Jinj ujin dau-~inj ada: xa:na a:*-a:-bai

you sister brother now where be-IMPF-AUX-NPT

Where is your younger sister now ? 204. tar baj-d nak guy-ti:-ja: usy ~1%-3-a:-bai

she side-DAT one friend-COM-REF talk-IMPF-AUX-NPT

She is talking with her friend over there. 205. ada: bi: ul jau-yu-d ul bolu-n, tand xu: namai ku-ltfa:3-a:-bai

now I NEG leave-IMPF-DAT NEG okay-NPT there person me W~~~-REC-WF-AUX-N~~

I have to leave now; somebody is waiting for me over there. 206. udur-da: (i: j arnar arin-d b o s 3 -a:-b-Je: ?

day-REF YOU what time-^^^ get Up-IMPF-AUX-NPT-PER

What time do you get up every day ? 207. bi: udur-da: liu:djan35-d b o s 3 -a:-wai

1 day-REF six o'clock-DAT get up-IMPF-AUX-NPT

I get up at six o'clock every day. 208. bi: bos-san xwain-a: kaltun dau-ja: sal$a:-wai

1 get up-PST after-REF often brother-REF wake-NPT

After getting up, I usually wake up my younger brother. 209. mid dau-rninj narn-a~s djalla bos-bai

my brother-PER me-ABL later get up-wr

34~hinese. Pengyu. 35~hinese. Liudian.

My younger brother usually gets up later than I. 210. tar warkl-a: wax-e: amsa-+ ul Jada-n, nasinj utJi&an

he clothing-REF oneself-REF wear-IMPF NEG enable-m age small

He cannot get dressed by himself because he is still small. 2 1 1. bi: njadam gar-i-nj wa:+ ukw-3i: warkl-i-nj amalka:+ ukw-bai

1 face hand-Acc-REF wash-IMPF give-PEF C ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - A C C - R E F wear give-NPT

I wash his face and hands, then I put on his clothes for him. 2 12. tar war-e: tortJe: tortJ1-a:-wai 31-4 4uyu:-yu-a: twala:n tortJ1a:-4 ul

he hmself-REF button button-AUX-rupr say-IMPF ~IY-IMPF-REF because button-IMPF NEG (a*-z-bai enable-AUX-NIT

He tries to button his clothing, but cannot. 213. bi: warkl-a: ams* bar-ax utyai banjn-i: bada:-ja: id-wai

I cloth-^^^ wear finish-COMP immediately morning-GEN meal-REF eat-NPT

I have my breakfast immediately after I get dressed. 2 14. daryai-da: bi: banh-inj id-y u-mid bura:-n

U S U ~ ~ ~ Y - R E F I morning-REF ear-IMPF-PER a lot

I usually eat a lot of breakfast. 2 15. udur-da: bi: udur ad- i : ba:djan36- d gar-e:s-a: gar-bai

day-REF 1 day morning-ACC eight o'clock-DAT home-ABL-REF go out-NPT

I leave my home at eight every morning. 2 16. udur-da: banjn-i: twalm 4ju:djan-ax aurka:-4 bait iJke:-wai

day-REF m o m i n g - ~ ~ ~ because nine o'clock-ABL begin-IMPF work handle-rn

I begin my work at nine o'clock every morning. 2 17. ore: u:djan siJ37 usan-d bait-a: i$ke:-y u-a: xa:-bai

evening five forty five minute-^^^ work-REF handle-~hl~~-RE~ stop-NPT

I finish my work at five-forty five in the afternoon. 2 1 8. bi: Ja:bald$:38 gaar-da: kur-%i: aiduyw tjag gal-w ai

1 off work-PEF home-REF ~ I T ~ v ~ - P E R very t i r e d - ~ a

After coming home from work, I feel very tired. 21 9. tJi:djan+un-ar bi: ore: bud=-ja: id-wai

seven o'clock-ABL I evening meal-REF eat-rn

I have my dinner around seven o'clock. 220. bi: ~i:ji:djanban39-ax or-da: bol-wai, kartyua9ar-a: wanta: talj-wai

1 eleven thirty-ABL bed-REF go-NPT lie-^^^ sleep AUX-rn I go to bed around eleven thuty and fall sleep right after I lie down.

36~hinese. Badian. 37~hinese. Wudian Sishi. 38~hinese. Xiabarz. 39~~inese. Shiyidianban.

22 1. xwar ul war-y u-did a-sa: gauwula:-tJ-bai als-a:-san-mi rain NEG fall-IMPF-REF be-co~ to fish-go-NPT say-AUX-PST-PER

If it hadn't rained, I was planning to go fishing. 222. ardkan bos-yu-d a:-sa: (i: banjn-i: buda i d a 4 eabd-yu a:-san-Je:

earlier get up-IMPF-DAT be-CON you m o r n i n g c ~ ~ meal eat-IMPF catch-IMPF be-PST-PER

If you got up earlier, you would certainly have a chance to have your breakfast. 223. (01 a:-yu-d a-sa: bi: u4ig-yu a:-san-mi

time ~~V~-IMPF-DAT be-CON 1 see-IMPF be-PST-PER

If I had time, I would certainly go see you. 224. xanvul Ji: jamai 3 u x garj lark'-san uwai az-sa:s-(id in Jamai ud3i-d3 01-yu a:-san

if you him toward hand wave-PST NEG be-CON-PER he you see-IMPF find-IMPF be-PST a ja:? be ITP

If you didn't wave your hand to him, can he see you ? 225. xarwul Ji: balda-3 ul wana-yu-d a:-sa:, kul-e: ul qaklo:-yu a:-san-Je:

if you slip-IMPF NEG fdl-IMPF-DAT be-CON food-REF NEG break-IMPF be-PST-PER

If you didn't slip, you would not have broken you leg. 226. xanvul iq-yu-i-(id mad-yu-d a:-sa: bi: mor-e aqir-3 ukw-\yu

if leave-IMPF-ACC-PER know-IMPF-DAT be-CON 1 horse-REF bring-IMPF give-IMPF

If I had known you were going, I would have lent you my horse. 227. xanvul Jarnai tolkugkw uwai al* mad-yu-d a:-sx. bi: aud-a: ul gold@-yu

if you key NEG say-IMPF know-IMPF-DAT if I door-REF NEG lock-IMPF a:-san-mi AUX-PST-PER

If I had known you didn't have the key, I would not have locked the door. 228. in nam-ti: nakan-d it(-yu a:-san. in (01 uwai

he me-COM one-DAT go-IMPF AUX-PST he time NEG

He would go with me, but he does not have time. 229. xanvul bi tarwul-a xaso:-san a:-yu-d a:-sa: ul twax-y u z-san-mi

if I there-REF ask-PST AUX-IMPF-DAT be-CON NEG lost-IMPF AUX-PST-PER

If I had asked the direction, I would not be lost. 230. ba: amar-4 bol-yu a:-san a:-tyai t j ba: ul amar-yu a:-san t( @ul uwai

we rest-IMPF be-IMPF AUX-PST be-IMF AFP We NEG rest-IMPF AUX-PST AFP possible NEG

Even if it were okay for us to rest, we would probably not take a rest. 23 1. xarwul bunj xwar ul war-a:s-id bi: 4 a k aut(-bai

if tomorrow rain NEG fd1-CON-REF 1 thing go-NPT

If it does not rain tomorrow, I will go shopping. 232. b z itJe: fl talwx, ti: talla taggar-i: arbun-ax-a1 bol-bai

we go AFP AUX that because SQ-GEN situation-INS-AFP decide-NF.~

We will probably go, but it completely depends upon the weather conditions. 23 3, bud (01-ti: azy z-sa: bi: xake: xanna:-tJ-wai

tomorrow time-co~ have-CON I hair cut-go-NPT

If I have time tomorrow, I will get my hair cut. 234. kakw-mini xiy bol-0:s-o: tJwaya-d war-bai ala-n

son-PER big be-CON-REF my-DAT enter-NIT say-NPr

My son wants to be a soldier after he grows up. 235. xarwul bi: alb-a: arin-da: bara: tal-as-a: bi: utkai, (igtJi:ji+O-d ba:%in-d

if 1 work-REF time-DAT finish AUX-CON-REF 1 soon Monday-DAT Beijing-DAT

If I finish my work on the time, I will return to Beijing on Monday. 236. xanvul bi: (am-ti: nakan-d itfi-4 ul Jada-n al-3:s-mini Ji: jo: ala-b-Je: ?

if 1 you-COM together-DAT go-IMPF NEG be able-wr say-CON-PER you what say-NPT-PER

If I say I could not go with you, what would you think ? 237. xarwul bi: (am-ti: itJwu-d kur-as-a: bi: 1ju:djan ordo:n-inj x* ir-bai

if 1 you-COM go-DAT dec ide-coN-~~~ 1 six o'clock before-REF return-NFT

If I go with you, I would have to come back before six o'clock. 238. bol: tal-e:s-i:n-a1 bi: ga@ra: karlx-ja: al-%-x-wai

okay put-CON-ACC-AFP 1 place change-MF say-IMPF-AUX-NPT

If it is possible, I want to change the place. 239. in mo: bol-0:s-o: gad-da: xarj-3i: ane:-3 ul t( Jada-n, in bas djarryun bait-a: -

he bad be-CON-REF home-DAT return-PEF NEG AI?P enable-wr he also many work-REF iJke:-@ bar-yu ude:n do-IMPF finish-IMPF NEG

He probably cannot go home, because he has still many things to do. 240. xanvul (i: sarin-d itJe: tal-e:s-a: jamar warkal amas-bi-(i:

if YOU party-DAT go AUX-CON-REF what ~10th We=-NPT-PER

If you were go to the party, what kind of clothing would you wear ? 241. (i: nam-d nak aiJil-bai-Ji ja: ?

you me-DAT one help-NIT-PER ITP

Can you do this for me ? 242. minj taray -mid (aurd-tan nam-d a i l -% tulki+ ukw

my Car-PER get S~UC~-PST me-DAT help-IMPF push-IMPF give

My car got stuck in the mud, can you push it for me please ? 243. ana ae(y an-i:-mid nak jau-ly a:-3 ukw-bi-(i ja: ? bol-bai ja: ?

this letter-ACC-PER one ~ ~ ~ ~ - C A U - I M P F give-NIT-PER ITP okay-NPT 17P

Would you please send this letter for me ?

244. aud-i: na:-3e: a:-y a:ne:, bol-bai ja: ? door-ACC open-IMPF nux-IMF okay-~pr rn Would you please open the door ?

245. ana 0s-i: tar njadam wa:-y u tunpun-d sur-a: ! this water that face wash-IMPF basin-DAT pour-IMF

Please pour water into that washbasin. 246. namai and bai a l -4 jam-d %a:

me here AUX say-IMPF him.-DA~ tell

Please tell him I am here. 247. Jam-ai nak $0~0:-ja:, danean j xu:l, bi: want-bai

you-ACC one trouble-IMF light turn off I s leep-~pr

Could you do me a favor; please turn off the light, I am going to bed. 248. ana oreko: Ji: ana Qak-sul-i: ga+da: artJ-y ane:

this evening you this th ing-~~-acc home-REF take-IMF

You can take these things to your home tonight. 249. xanvul Ji: (01 ay-as-a: bud udur nak ir-ya:ne:, bol-bai ja: ?

if you free time ~ ~ V ~ - C O N - R E F tomorrow day one come-IMF okay-~pr ITP

If you have time tomorrow, would you please come to my home ? 250. Jam-aa ana bait-i: xi:-ly a:-y u-mini (am-ai antka: 4oyo:-bai kawo: ?

you-INS this work-ACC do-CAU-IMPF-PER you-ACC very order-NP~ pn.

It is too much trouble for you that I have asked you to do this. 25 1. ana bol-0:s-o: bi: (am-ax ail-1ya:-y u madax bait-minj

this b o r d e r - c o ~ - ~ ~ F 1 you-INS help-CAU-IMPF last thing-PER

This is the last thing I will bother you to do for me. 252. (inj xi:-san ana bait-sul-d in antyam badyal-$ ul bara-n

your do-PEF this t h i n g - p ~ - ~ ~ T he always thank-IMPF NEG finish-NIT

He never forgot your help. 253. bi: Jam-az ut(ark ~@ya: jollwma:-j a: al-4-a-wai, xarban xaq jollu-4

1 you-INS little money borrow-IMF say-IMPF-AUX-NPT ten dollar borrow-IMPF (ada-bi-J j a: enable-m-PER rrp

I wanted to borrow money from you; would you please lend me $10. ? 254. ada: nam-ai bu: saz-a:, bi: aiduyw jax+-a-wai

now me-ACC NEG disturb-IMF 1 very busy-IMPF-AUX-NIT

Please don't disturb me; I am very busy. 255. xarwul biJin bas narn-arr xi:-1ya:-yu bait aqrz tal-e:s-a: narn-d @a:-y axe:

if other also me-INS do-CAU-IMPF thing have AUXCON-REF me-DAT tell-IMF

If there are any other things I can do for you, please let know ! 256. in garj-da: x d s a n baidp:

he home-DAT return-PST FTL

I guess he has already returned to his home. 257. tar xu: banin-a: karla:-yu-d katu: bol-lan

that person personality-REF change-IMPF-DAT hard be-PST

It is hard for him to change his personality. 258. (i: u3-yu-d xar ? ti: xi-yu-d 3uyj-bai ja: ?

YOU See-IMPF-DAT how that way do-IMPF-DAT okay-Nm ITP

What do you think ? Is it right to do it that way ? 259. usyul4-yu-i ul bait-lan, ana baita-d (inky xo: 4uyj-bai

sure-IMPF-ACC NEG use-PST this event-DAT your all right-NIT

Sure, you are absolutely right in this case. 260. mini: bod-y u-d tar bait dax Jiniry xo:(ke:

my ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I M P F - D A T that event on you wrong

I think you are not right in that case. 261. (i: bud udur xwar w ar-bai al-4-a-b-Ji ja: ?

you tomorrow day rain fall-NFT say-IMPF-AUX-PST-PER rrp

Do you think it will be rain tomorrow ? 262. mini bod-yu-d xwar ul wan-n kawo:

my ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I M P F - D A T rain NEG ~ ~ I - N P T PTL

I guess it will not rain tomorrow. 263. mini ue-y u-d, tar dawu: sain bodyun

my ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I M P F - D A T that quite good idea

I think it is good idea. 264. in xar aimar durti: tJqgal-lan, (i: turyun-i-nj mada-bi-J ja: ?

he how this way face tin3-P~~ you reason-Acc-REF know-NPT-PER ITP

Do you know why he looks so tired ? 265. in ana udur udur-i: tjab xaksulwai gin bait k e - : ti: gag-gal-lan kawo:

he this day all day-ACC long time hard work do-PEF that tired-PST FTL

I guess he has worked all day without having a break. 266. (id u4-yu-d mini utJkar-sul xar

your think-MPF-DAT my child-PL how

What do you think about our children ? 267. mini u4-y u-d (inj utjkar-sul-Jinj dawu: xu:-d dwalla-rd-bai

my ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I M P F - D A T your child-PL-PER quite person-DAT \-rove-P~~-NlT

I think that your children are all lovely. 268. mini bod-y u-d (i: ana oreko: garj-da: aqa:-$id 3uyj-bai

my ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I M P F - D A T you this night home-DAT RE REF right-NPT

I think you should stay at home tonight.

IV. Bibliography

This bibliography is a selection of works on Dagur language studies in Mongolian, English

and Chinese.

Badarongga. 1988.

H$ bg&& '(Dawoeryu yu Mengguyu Yitong Bijiao: Jiantan dowoelyu

Xishu. " [ A comparison of Similarities and Differences between Dagur (Dagur) and

Mongolian. Also Relevant to the Affiliation of Dagur]. &&$&$~inzu Yuwen.

6 (1988): 61-67.

Badarongga. 1987. i* & 9 "Dawoeryu Huayu Caiiiao "

[Language material of Dagur]. & $$ $3; Minzu Yuwen. 4 (1987):

73-79.

Badarongga. 1983.

"Dawoeryu, Manzhuyu he Mengguyu de Guami. " [The Relationship between

Dagur, Manchu and Mongolian]. @ * & $i /3;# @ Neieienggu ' 4 8

Shehui Kexue [Journal of Social Science Studies in Inner Mongolia]. 2 (1983):

"Xinjiang Dawoer-yu Xiaosheyin Jiami" [A preliminary analysis of the Uvular

sound of Dagur language in Xinjiang]. & a & Minru Yuwen.

Engkebatu. 1982. 6 Q -10 ?'

"Dngur kelen-ii abiyan-u sistem. " [The Phonemic System of Dagur].

--J**-+&M-~.W 0bur Mongyol--un yeke suryayuli-yi~z erdem sinjilgen-ii sedgiil [Journal of The

University of Inner Mongolia]. 4 (1982): 13 1 - 174.

Engkebatu. 1983a. %$$$' & ;g&, Dawoer Hany u Zidian.

[Dagur-Chinese Dictionary]. Huhhot: Inner Mongolian People's Press.

Engkebatu. 1983b. r. 6, -4 "Dagur klen-ii teiike-in toqai jarim asa yudal. " [Several

Issues about the History of Dagur Language]. 2 w \Y

4 -I# & Q 4 0biir ~ o n ~ y o l - u n yeke

suryayuli-yin erdem sinjilgen-ii sedgiil [Journal of The University of Inner

Mongolia]. 2 (1983): 141-156.

Engkebatu. 1985a. ' -y- '~*- d@krJ-) "Dagur kelen-ii tein ilayal-un toqai. " [The Case Suffix in Dagur].

0bor Mongyol--un yeke suryayuli-yin erdem sinjilgen-ii sedgiil [Journal of The

University of Inner Mongolia]. 3 (1985): 13-34.

Engkebatu. 1985b. okcrrbfi . . Dagur kelen-u iige kelelge-in matriyal. Language Meterials for Dagur 1. Huhhot:

Inner Mongolian People's Press. 1985.

Engkebatu. 1988. .a yu .*

Dagur kele

ba Mongyol- kele. [Dagur and Mongolian Languages]. Huhhot: Inner Mongolian

People's Press.

Engkebatu. 1984. a 6 Dagur kelen-ii iiges. .. [Vocabularies of Dagur Language]. Huhhot: Inner Mongolian People's Press.

Kara, Gyorgy. "Long Vowels in Manchu Loan-words of Dagur." Hoppo Bunka Kenkyu:

Bulletin of the Institute for the Studies of North Eurasian Culture; 17: 1 17- 130.

Hokkaido Univ. 1985.

Martin, Samuel E. 1960. Dagur Mongolian Grammar, Texts, and Lexicon. Research and

studies in Urallic and Altaic languages. Project No. 30. Mouton & co. The Hague,

The Netherlands.

Narnsarai. 1981. j$$$$, 3 &$ if & W& "Dawoeryu de

Weiyu Renche~zg Fanchou. " [The Personal Ending of Dagur Verbal Predicates].

' -If0 ' MinzuYuwen. 2(1981): 40-43.

Namsaai. ~ ~ 3 2 . MI$ 8 jd b j f l f ~ 1 2 & & "Dawoeryu Mingzi de Lingshu Fujia Chengfen. " [The Reflexive Suffixes of Dagur

Noun]. In & 34 & a&&$ Minzu Yuwen Yanjiu

Lunwenji. [The collection of articles of Minority language studies]. 448-457.

Xining: Qinghai People's Press. 1982.

Namsarai. 1989.

"Dagur kele~t-ii tiiriil satun-u dagudalga. " [About the h s h i p Terminology in

Dagur Language]. % CX-> --, Mongyol- kele bieig

[Mongolian Language]. 2 (1 989): 68-77. > Namsarai and Haserdeni. 1983. % 6 . C.

Dagur kele ba Mongyol- kelen-ii qari?a:ayulul. [A comparison of

Dagur and Mongolian]. Huhhot: Inner Mongolian People's Press.

'3 ?$ & 'Dawoeryu Zi de Onan, ~ j i i r . 1984. &$$,J, 3 a iq b $ q f Lingshuxing Fanchou " [Reflective suffix in Dagur] . In

Minzu Yuwen Yanjiu [Studies of languages of Minority Nationality]. pp. 2 17-23 1.

Chengdu: S ichuan Minority National Press. 1984.

Onan, ,urn 1987. 3 ,$ Dawoeryu [Dagur Language].

Zhongguo Shaoshu Minzu Yuyan

[The Minority Languages of China], pp. 592-608. Chengdu: Sichuan People's

Press.

Poppe. N. 1955. Introduction to Mongolian comparative Studies. Helsinki: Suomalas-

Ugrilainen Seura.

d - "Dagur kelen-ii ijil du yudal yatai iiges-un toqai "

[About the Homonym in Dagur]. L O

kele bieig [Mongolian Language]. 6 (1989): 50-59.

?MongYoz

Sun, Zhu. ed. 1990.

Cidian. [~ict ionaq of Mongolian Languages] Xining: Qinghai People's Press.

Sun, Zhu. 1987. %$$ 4 % ~ r * $ $ I b$ ,Cb& "Merrgguyu Dawoeryu Dongxiangyu de Shu de Fanchou de Bijiao. "

[A Comparative Study on the Numeral Category among the Mongolian, Dagur and

Dongxiang Languages]. && %& Minzu Yuwen. 6 (1987): 26-34.

Sun, Zhu. 1985. , f .

Yitong. " [Brief Discussion of Dagur Language: Tentative discussion on the

similarity and difference between Dagur and Mongolian]. In Sun Zhu, 1985, p.

559-624. @&&$, Mengguyu Wenji .[Article Collection of

Mongolian Language Studies] Xining: Qinghai People's Press.

Wang, Penglin. 1983. A1 *$%#$%a # p # $ a & $ b L i3S '(Guanyu Mengguyuzu Yuyiyion 'Ge Fujia Chen&enl de Wenti. " [On

the So-called Case-Suffixes in Mongolian Languages: Based on the Materials of

Dagur langauge]. &$i %& Minzu Yuwen. 1 (1983): 41-49.

Zork. 1988. ~f i ,? , I '*+ cp$mait;$f he 8 $$ ii "Dawoeryu zhong de Man-Tonggusiyu Jiezi. " [Manchu-Tungusic Loan-words in

Dagur Language]. L% % Minzu Yuwen. 4 (1988): 25-30.

-*."9 4, Zhong, Suchun. 1982. &#,f, lp ~ r j ] bL Dawoeryu Jianzhi. [A Concise

Grammar of Dagur]. Beijing: Minority Nationality Press. 1982.

Previous Issues

Number Date Author Title Pages

1 Nov. 1986

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania

The Need for an Alphabetically Arranged General Usage Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: A Review Article of Some Recent Dictionaries and Current Lexicographical Projects

31

2 Dec. 1986

Andrew Jones Hiroshima

The Poetics of Uncertainty in Early Chinese Literature

45

3 March 1987


A Partial Bibliography for the Study of Indian Influence on Chinese Popular Literature

iv, 214

4 Nov. 1987

Robert M. Sanders University of Hawaii

The Four Languages of “Mandarin”

14

5 Dec. 1987

Eric A. Havelock Vassar College

Chinese Characters and the Greek Alphabet

4

6 Jan. 1988

J. Marshall Unger University of Hawaii

Computers and Japanese Literacy: Nihonzin no Yomikaki Nôryoku to Konpyuta

13

7 Jan. 1988

Chang Tsung-tung Goethe-Universität

Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese

i, 56

8 Feb. 1988

various Reviews (I) ii, 39

9 Dec. 1988

Soho Machida Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

Life and Light, the Infinite: A Historical and Philological Analysis of the Amida Cult

46

10 June 1989

Pratoom Angurarohita Chulalongkorn University Bangkok

Buddhist Influence on the Neo-Confucian Concept of the Sage

31

11 July 1989

Edward Shaughnessy University of Chicago

Western Cultural Innovations in China, 1200 BC

8

Previous Issues, cont.


12 Aug. 1989


The Contributions of T’ang and Five Dynasties Transformation Texts (pien-wen) to Later Chinese Popular Literature

71

13 Oct. 1989

Jiaosheng Wang Shanghai

The Complete Ci-Poems of Li Qingzhao: A New English Translation

xii, 122

14 Dec. 1989

various Reviews (II) 69

15 Jan. 1990

George Cardona University of Pennsylvania

On Attitudes Toward Language in Ancient India

19

16 March 1990


Three Brief Essays Concerning Chinese Tocharistan

16

17 April 1990

Heather Peters University Museum of Philadelphia

Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses: Who Were the Ancient Yue?

28

18 May 1990


Two Non-Tetragraphic Northern Sinitic Languages

a. Implications of the Soviet Dungan Script for Chinese Language Reform

b. Who Were the Gyámi?

28

19 June 1990

Bosat Man Nalanda

Backhill/Peking/Beijing 6

20 Oct. 1990


Introduction and Notes for a Translation of the Ma-wang-tui MSS of the Lao Tzu

68



21 Dec. 1990

Philippa Jane Benson Carnegie Mellon University

Two Cross-Cultural Studies on Reading Theory

9, 13

22 March 1991

David Moser University of Michigan

Slips of the Tongue and Pen in Chinese

45

23 April 1991


Tracks of the Tao, Semantics of Zen

10

24 Aug. 1991

David A. Utz University of Pennsylvania

Language, Writing, and Tradition in Iran

24

25 Aug. 1991

Jean DeBernardi University of Alberta

Linguistic Nationalism: The Case of Southern Min

22 + 3 figs.

26 Sept. 1991

JAO Tsung-i Chinese University of Hong Kong

Questions on the Origins of Writing Raised by the Silk Road

10

27 Aug. 1991

Victor H. Mair, ed. University of Pennsylvania

Schriftfestschrift: Essays in Honor of John DeFrancis on His Eightieth Birthday

ix, 245

28 Sept. 1991

ZHOU Youguang State Language Commission, Peking

The Family of Chinese Character-Type Scripts (Twenty Members and Four Stages of Development)

11

29 Sept. 1991


What Is a Chinese “Dialect/Topolect”? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic Terms

31

30 Oct. 1991

M. V. Sofronov Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Chinese Philology and the Scripts of Central Asia

10



31 Oct. 1991

various Reviews (III) 68

32 Aug. 1992

David McCraw University of Hawaii

How the Chinawoman Lost Her Voice

27

33 Sept. 1992

FENG Lide and Kevin Stuart Chuankou No. 1 Middle School and Qinghai Education College

Interethnic Contact on the Inner Asian Frontier: The Gangou People of Minhe County, Qinghai

34

34 Oct. 1992


Two Papers on Sinolinguistics

1. A Hypothesis Concerning the Origin of the Term fanqie (“Countertomy”)

2. East Asian Round-Trip Words

13

35 Nov. 1992

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania with an added note by Edwin G. Pulleyblank

Reviews (IV) 37

36 Feb. 1993

XU Wenkan Hanyu Da Cidian editorial offices, Shanghai

Hanyu Wailaici de Yuyuan Kaozheng he Cidian Bianzuan (Philological Research on the Etymology of Loanwords in Sinitic and Dictionary Compilation)

13

37 March 1993

Tanya Storch University of New Mexico

Chinese Buddhist Historiography and Orality

16

38 April 1993


The Linguistic and Textual Antecedents of The Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish

95



39 Aug. 1993

Jordan Paper York University

A Material Case for a Late Bering Strait Crossing Coincident with Pre-Columbian Trans-Pacific Crossings

17

40 Sept. 1993

Michael Carr Center for Language Studies, Otaru University of Commerce

Tiao-Fish through Chinese Dictionaries

68

41 Oct. 1993

Paul Goldin Harvard University

Miching Mallecho: The Zhanguo ce and Classical Rhetoric

27

42 Nov. 1993

Renchin-Jashe Yulshul Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kokonor (Qinghai) and Kevin Stuart Institute of Foreign Languages, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Kham Tibetan Language Materials 39

43 Dec. 1993

MA Quanlin, MA Wanxiang, and MA Zhicheng Xining Edited by Kevin Stuart Kokonor

Salar Language Materials 72

44 Jan. 1994

Dolkun Kamberi Columbia University

The Three Thousand Year Old Charchan Man Preserved at Zaghunluq

15

45 May 1994

Mark Hansell Carleton College

The Sino-Alphabet: The Assimilation of Roman Letters into the Chinese Writing System

28

46 July 1994

various Reviews (V) 2, 155



47 Aug. 1994

Robert S. Bauer Mahidol University Salaya Nakornpathom, Thailand

Sino-Tibetan *kolo “Wheel” 11

48 Sept. 1994


Introduction and Notes for a Complete Translation of the Chuang Tzu

xxxiv, 110

49 Oct. 1994

Ludo Rocher University of Pennsylvania

Orality and Textuality in the Indian Context

28

50 Nov. 1994

YIN Binyong State Language Commission and Institute for Applied Linguistics (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

Diyi ge Lading Zimu de Hanyu Pinyin Fang’an Shi Zenyang Chansheng de? [How Was the First Romanized Spelling System for Sinitic Produced?]

7

51 Nov. 1994

HAN Kangxin Institute of Archeology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

The Study of Ancient Human Skeletons from Xinjiang, China

9 + 4 figs.

52 Nov. 1994

Warren A. Shibles University of Wisconsin Whitewater

Chinese Romanization Systems: IPA Transliteration

20

53 Nov. 1994

XU Wenkan Editorial Offices of the Hanyu Da Cidian Shanghai

Guanyu Tuhuoluoren de Qiyuan he Qianxi Wenti [On the Problem of the Origins and Migrations of the Tocharians]

11

54 Nov. 1994

Üjiyediin Chuluu (Chaolu Wu) University of Toronto

Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Jegün Yogur

34

55 Nov. 1994


Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Dongxiang

34



56 Nov. 1994



36

57 Nov. 1994


Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Monguor

31

58 Nov. 1994


Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Baoan

28

59 Dec. 1994

Kevin Stuart Qinghai Junior Teachers College; Limusishiden Qinghai Medical College Attached Hospital, Xining, Kokonor (Qinghai)

China’s Monguor Minority: Ethnography and Folktales

i, I, 193

60 Dec. 1994

Kevin Stuart, Li Xuewei, and Shelear Qinghai Junior Teachers College, Xining, Kokonor (Qinghai)

China’s Dagur Minority: Society, Shamanism, and Folklore

vii, 167

61 Dec. 1994

Kevin Stuart and Li Xuewei Qinghai Junior Teachers College, Xining, Kokonor (Qinghai)

Tales from China’s Forest Hunters: Oroqen Folktales

iv, 59

62 Dec. 1994

William C. Hannas Georgetown University

Reflections on the “Unity” of Spoken and Written Chinese and Academic Learning in China

5

63 Dec. 1994

Sarah M. Nelson University of Denver

The Development of Complexity in Prehistoric North China

17



64 Jan. 1995

Arne Østmoe Bangkok, Thailand, and Drøbak, Norway

A Germanic-Tai Linguistic Puzzle 81, 6

65 Feb. 1995

Penglin Wang Chinese University of Hong Kong

Indo-European Loanwords in Altaic

28

66 March 1995

ZHU Qingzhi Sichuan University and Peking University

Some Linguistic Evidence for Early Cultural Exchange Between China and India

7

67 April 1995

David McCraw University of Hawaii

Pursuing Zhuangzi as a Rhymemaster: A Snark-Hunt in Eight Fits

38

68 May 1995

Ke Peng, Yanshi Zhu University of Chicago and Tokyo, Japan

New Research on the Origin of Cowries Used in Ancient China

i, 26

69 Jan. 1996

Dpal-ldan-bkra-shis, Keith Slater, et al. Qinghai, Santa Barbara, etc.

Language Materials of China’s Monguor Minority: Huzhu Mongghul and Minhe Mangghuer

xi, 266

70 Feb. 1996

David Utz, Xinru Liu, Taylor Carman, Bryan Van Norden, and the Editor Philadelphia, Vassar, etc.

Reviews VI 93

71 March 1996

Erik Zürcher Leiden University Seishi Karashima Soka University Huanming Qin Tang Studies Hotline

Vernacularisms in Medieval Chinese Texts

31 + 11 + 8

72 May 1996

E. Bruce Brooks University of Massachusetts

The Life and Mentorship of Confucius

44



73 June 1996

ZHANG Juan, et al., and Kevin Stuart Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Liaoning

Blue Cloth and Pearl Deer; Yogur Folklore

iii, 76

74 Jan. 1997

David Moser University of Michigan & Beijing Foreign Studies University

Covert Sexism in Mandarin Chinese

23

75 Feb. 1997

Haun Saussy Stanford University

The Prestige of Writing: Wen2, Letter, Picture, Image, Ideography

40

76 Feb. 1997

Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky Bard College

The Evolution of the Symbolism of the Paradise of the Buddha of Infinite Life and Its Western Origins

28

77 Jan. 1998

Daniel Hsieh Purdue University

The Origin and Nature of the “Nineteen Old Poems”

49

78 Feb. 1998

Narsu Inner Mongolia College of Agriculture & Animal Husbandry Kevin Stuart Qinghai Junior Teachers’ College

Practical Mongolian Sentences (With English Translation)

iii + 49 + ii +

66

79 March 1998

Dennis Grafflin Bates College

A Southeast Asian Voice in the Daodejing?

8

80 July 1998

Taishan Yu Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

A Study of Saka History ii + 225

81 Sept. 1998

Hera S. Walker Ursinus College (Philadelphia)

Indigenous or Foreign?: A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong

iv + 110



82 Sept. 1998

I. S. Gurevich Russian Academy of Sciences

A Fragment of a pien-wen(?) Related to the Cycle “On Buddha’s Life”

15

83 Oct. 1998

Minglang Zhou University of Colorado at Boulder

Tense/Aspect markers in Mandarin and Xiang dialects, and their contact

20

84 Oct. 1998

Ulf Jäger Gronau/Westfalen, Germany

The New Old Mummies from Eastern Central Asia: Ancestors of the Tocharian Knights Depicted on the Buddhist Wallpaintings of Kucha and Turfan? Some Circumstantial Evidence

9

85 Oct. 1998

Mariko Namba Walter University of New England

Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E.

30

86 Oct. 1998

Jidong Yang University of Pennsylvania

Siba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor

18

87 Nov. 1998


Canine Conundrums: Eurasian Dog Ancestor Myths in Historical and Ethnic Perspective

74

88 Dec. 1998

Saroj Kumar Chaudhuri Aichi Gakusen University

Siddham in China and Japan 9, 124

89 Jan. 1999

Alvin Lin Yale University

Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese

4 + 41 + 4

90 Jan. 1999

Victor H. Mair et al Reviews VII [including review of The Original Analects]

2, 38



91 Jan. 1999


Phonosymbolism or Etymology: The Case of the Verb “Cop”

28

92 Jan. 1999

Christine Louise Lin Dartmouth College

The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and the Advocacy of Local Autonomy

xiii + 136

93 Jan. 1999

David S. Nivison Stanford University

The Key to the Chronology of the Three Dynasties: The “Modern Text” Bamboo Annals

iv + 68

94 March 1999

Julie Lee Wei Hoover Institute

Correspondence Between the Chinese Calendar Signs and the Phoenician Alphabet

65 + 6

95 May 1999


A Medieval, Central Asian Buddhist Theme in a Late Ming Taoist Tale by Feng Meng-lung

27

96 June 1999

E. Bruce Brooks University of Massachusetts

Alexandrian Motifs in Chinese Texts

14

97 Dec. 1999

LI Shuicheng Peking University

Sino-Western Contact in the Second Millennium BC

iv, 29

98 Jan. 2000

Peter Daniels, Daniel Boucher, and other authors

Reviews VIII 108

99 Feb. 2000

Anthony Barbieri-Low Princeton University

Wheeled Vehicles in the Chinese Bronze Age (c. 2000-741 BC)

v, 98 + 5 color plates

100 Feb. 2000

Wayne Alt Community College of Baltimore County (Essex)

Zhuangzi, Mysticism, and the Rejection of Distinctions

29



101 March 2000

C. Michele Thompson South Connecticut State University

The Viêt Peoples and the Origins of Nom

71, 1

102 March 2000

Theresa Jen Bryn Mawr College Ping Xu Baruch College

Penless Chinese Character Reproduction

15

103 June 2000

Carrie E. Reid Middlebury College

Early Chinese Tattoo 52

104 July 2000

David W. Pankenier Lehigh University

Popular Astrology and Border Affairs in Early China

19 + 1 color plate

105 Aug. 2000

Anne Birrell Cambridge University

Postmodernist Theory in Recent Studies of Chinese Literature

31

106 Sept. 2000

Yu Taishan Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

A Hypothesis about the Sources of the Sai Tribes

i, 3, 200

107 Sept. 2000

Jacques deLisle, Adelheid E. Krohne, and the editor

Reviews IX 148 + map

108 Sept. 2000

Ruth H. Chang University of Pennsylvania

Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven From Shang to Tang

vii, 54

109 Oct. 2000

Conán Dean Carey Stanford University

In Hell the One without Sin is Lord ii, 60

110 Oct. 2000

Toh Hoong Teik Harvard University

Shaykh 'Alam: The Emperor of Early Sixteenth-Century China

20

111 Nov. 2000


The Need for a New Era 10



112 July 2001


Notes on the Anau Inscription xi, 93

113 Aug. 2001

Ray Collins Chepachet, RI David Kerr Melbourne, FL

Etymology of the Word “Macrobiotic:s” and Its Use in Modern Chinese Scholarship

18

114 March 2002

Ramnath Subbaraman University of Chicago

Beyond the Question of the Monkey Imposter: Indian Influence on the Chinese Novel, The Journey to the West

35

115 April 2002

ZHOU Jixu Sichuan Normal University

Correspondences of Basic Words Between Old Chinese and Proto-Indo-European

8

116 May 2002

LIU Yongquan Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

On the Problem of Chinese Lettered Words

13

117 May 2002

SHANG Wei Columbia University

Baihua, Guanhua, Fangyan and the May Fourth Reading of Rulin Waishi

10

118 June 2002

Justine T. Snow Port Townsend, WA

Evidence for the Indo-European Origin of Two Ancient Chinese Deities

ii, 75, 1

color, 1 b-w print

119 July 2002

WU Zhen Xinjiang Museum, Ürümchi

“Hu” Non-Chinese as They Appear in the Materials from the Astana Graveyard at Turfan

21, 5 figs.

120 July 2002

Anne Birrell University of Cambridge, Clare Hall

Female-Gendered Myth in the Classic of Mountains and Seas

47



121 July 2002

Mark Edward Lewis Stanford University

Dicing and Divination in Early China

22, 7 figs.

122 July 2002

Julie Wilensky Yale Univesity

The Magical Kunlun and “Devil Slaves”: Chinese Perceptions of Dark-skinned People and Africa before 1500

51, 3 figs.

123 Aug. 2002

Paul R. Goldin and the editor

Reviews X 30

124 August 2002

Fredrik T. Hiebert University of Pennsylvania John Colarusso McMaster University

The Context of the Anau Seal Remarks on the Anau and Niyä Seals

1-34

35-47

125 July 2003

ZHOU Jixu Sichuan Normal University Shanghai Normal University

Correspondences of Cultural Words between Old Chinese and Proto-Indo-European

19

126 Aug. 2003

Tim Miller University of Washington

A Southern Min Word in the Tsu-t’ang chi

14

127 Oct. 2003

Sundeep S. Jhutti Petaluma, California

The Getes 125, 8 color plates

128 Nov. 2003

Yinpo Tschang New York City

On Proto-Shang 18

129 Dec. 2003

Michael Witzel Harvard University

Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia

70

130 Feb. 2004

Bede Fahey Fort St. John, British Columbia

Mayan: A Sino-Tibetan Language? A Comparative Study

61



131 March 2004


A History of the Relationship between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions

1, 3, 352

132 April 2004

Kim Hayes Sydney

On the Presence of Non-Chinese at Anyang

11

133 April 2004

John L. Sorenson Brigham Young University Carl L. Johannessen University of Oregon

Scientific Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages CD-ROM

48, 166,

19, 15 plates

134 May 2004

Xieyan Hincha Neumädewitz, Germany

Two Steps Toward Digraphia in China

i, 22

135 May 2004

John J. Emerson Portland, Oregon

The Secret History of the Mongols and Western Literature

21

136 May 2004

Serge Papillon Mouvaux, France and Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Influences tokhariennes sur la mythologie chinoise

47

137 June 2004

Hoong Teik Toh Harvard University

Some Classical Malay Materials for the Study of the Chinese Novel Journey to the West

64

138 June 2004

Julie Lee Wei San Jose and London

Dogs and Cats: Lessons from Learning Chinese

17

139 June 2004


A Hypothesis on the Origin of the Yu State

20

140 June 2004


Shih and Zong: Social Organization in Bronze Age China

28

141 July 2004


Chaos in Heaven: On the Calendars of Preclassical China

30



142 July 2004

Katheryn Linduff, ed. University of Pittsburgh

Silk Road Exchange in China 64

143 July 2004


Sleep in Dream: Soporific Responses to Depression in Story of the Stone

99

144 July 2004

RONG Xinjiang Peking University

Land Route or Sea Route? Commentary on the Study of the Paths of Transmission and Areas in which Buddhism Was Disseminated during the Han Period

32

145 Aug. 2004

the editor

Reviews XI 2, 41

146 Feb. 2005

Hoong Teik Toh Academia Sinica

The -yu Ending in Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Gaoju Onomastica

24

147 March 2005

Hoong Teik Toh Academia Sinica

Ch. Qiong ~ Tib. Khyung; Taoism ~ Bonpo -- Some Questions Related to Early Ethno-Religious History in Sichuan

18

148 April 2005

Lucas Christopoulos Beijing Sports University

Le gréco-bouddhisme et l’art du poing en Chine

52

149 May 2005

Kimberly S. Te Winkle University College, London

A Sacred Trinity: God, Mountain, and Bird: Cultic Practices of the Bronze Age Chengdu Plain

ii, 103 (41 in color)

150 May 2005

Dolkun Kamberi Washington, DC

Uyghurs and Uyghur Identity 44

151 June 2005

Jane Jia SI University of Pennsylvania

The Genealogy of Dictionaries: Producers, Literary Audience, and the Circulation of English Texts in the Treaty Port of Shanghai

44, 4 tables



152 June 2005

Denis Mair Seattle

The Dance of Qian and Kun in the Zhouyi

13, 2 figs.

153 July 2005

Alan Piper London (UK)

The Mysterious Origins of the Word “Marihuana”

17

154 July 2005

Serge Papillon Belfort, France

Mythologie sino-européenne 174, 1 plate

155 July 2005

Denis Mair Seattle

Janus-Like Concepts in the Li and Kun Trigrams

8

156 July 2005

Abolqasem Esmailpour Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran

Manichean Gnosis and Creation 157

157 Aug. 2005

Ralph D. Sawyer Independent Scholar

Paradoxical Coexistence of Prognostication and Warfare

13

158 Aug. 2005

Mark Edward Lewis Stanford University

Writings on Warfare Found in Ancient Chinese Tombs

15

159 Aug. 2005

Jens Østergaard Petersen University of Copenhagen

The Zuozhuan Account of the Death of King Zhao of Chu and Its Sources

47

160 Sept. 2005

Matteo Compareti Venice

Literary Evidence for the Identification of Some Common Scenes in Han Funerary Art

14

161 Sept. 2005

Julie Lee Wei London

The Names of the Yi Jing Trigrams: An Inquiry into Their Linguistic Origins

18

162 Sept. 2005


Counting and Knotting: Correspondences between Old Chinese and Indo-European

71, map



163 Oct. 2005


Huangdi and Huntun (the Yellow Emperor and Wonton): A New Hypothesis on Some Figures in Chinese Mythology

44

164 Oct. 2005


Shang and Zhou: An Inquiry into the Linguistic Origins of Two Dynastic Names

62

165 Oct. 2005


DAO and DE: An Inquiry into the Linguistic Origins of Some Terms in Chinese Philosophy and Morality

51

166 Nov. 2005

Julie Lee Wei London Hodong Kim Seoul National University and David Selvia and the Editor both of the University of Pennsylvania

Reviews XII i, 63

167 Dec. 2005

ZHOU Jixu Sichuan Normal University

Old Chinese '帝*tees' and Proto-Indo-European “*deus”: Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics

17

168 Dec. 2005

Judith A. Lerner New York City

Aspects of Assimilation: the Funerary Practices and Furnishings of Central Asians in China

51, v, 9

plates

169 Jan. 2006


Conversion Tables for the Three-Volume Edition of the Hanyu Da Cidian

i, 284

170 Feb. 2006

Amber R. Woodward University of Pennsylvania

Learning English, Losing Face, and Taking Over: The Method (or Madness) of Li Yang and His Crazy English

18



Beginning with issue no. 171, Sino-Platonic Papers will be published electronically on the Web. Issues from no. 1 to no. 170, however, will continue to be sold as paper copies until our stock runs out, after which they too will be made available on the Web. For prices of paper copies, see the catalog at

www.sino-platonic.org

171 June 2006

John DeFrancis University of Hawaii

The Prospects for Chinese Writing Reform

26, 3 figs.

172 Aug. 2006

Deborah Beaser The Outlook for Taiwanese Language Preservation

18

173 Oct. 2006


A Study of the History of the Relationship Between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions

167

174 Nov. 2006

Mariko Namba Walter Sogdians and Buddhism 65

175 Dec. 2006

Zhou Jixu Center for East Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania; Chinese Department, Sichuan Normal University

The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China: The Disparity between Archeological Discovery and the Documentary Record and Its Explanation

38

176 May 2007

Eric Henry University of North Carolina

The Submerged History of Yuè 36

177 Aug. 2007

Beverley Davis Timeline of the Development of the Horse

186

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