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ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP) Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczyslaw Kuczma Institute of Structural Engineering, PUT Structural Engineering - second cycle Prof. Mieczyslaw Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

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Page 1: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)Introduction.

Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Institute of Structural Engineering, PUT

Structural Engineering - second cycle

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 2: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 3: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 4: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 5: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 6: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 7: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 8: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 9: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 10: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 11: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 12: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Organizational issues

Contact:

Email: [email protected]

Webpage:http://etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma

Group representative: ???

Office hours (consultations):

Mon. 14:15-15:00 & Thursday 15:00-15:45 room 304BL

Final Evaluation :

Test on June 26 (Monday) 9:00-12:00 h(CW1,123BL,122BL,121BL); resit in September.

Participation in lectures: increase of the mark by 1 undercondition of max. 1 absence

Diploma thesis: Elasticity and Plasticity, Concrete Structures,(Topic of MSc thesis may be agreed).

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 13: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Literature

Fung Y. C.: Foundations of solid mechanics, Prentice Hall1965.

Mase G. E.: Theory and problems of continuum mechanics,1970.

Skrzypek J., Hetnarski R.B.: Plasticity and Creep. Theory,Examples, and Problems, CRC, 1993.

Ragab A.-R., Bayoumi S.E.: Engineering Solid Mechanics.Fundamentals and Applications, CRC, Boca Raton 1999.

Itskov M.: Tensor Algebra and Tensor Analysis for Engineers.With Applications to Continuum Mechanics, Springer 2013.

Stein E., Barthold F.-J.: Elastizitatstheorie, Hannover 2004www.bauwesen.tu-dortmund.de/nmi/Medienpool/Skripte/eth-ges.pdf

.... any book on elasticity and plasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 14: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Literature

Fung Y. C.: Foundations of solid mechanics, Prentice Hall1965.

Mase G. E.: Theory and problems of continuum mechanics,1970.

Skrzypek J., Hetnarski R.B.: Plasticity and Creep. Theory,Examples, and Problems, CRC, 1993.

Ragab A.-R., Bayoumi S.E.: Engineering Solid Mechanics.Fundamentals and Applications, CRC, Boca Raton 1999.

Itskov M.: Tensor Algebra and Tensor Analysis for Engineers.With Applications to Continuum Mechanics, Springer 2013.

Stein E., Barthold F.-J.: Elastizitatstheorie, Hannover 2004www.bauwesen.tu-dortmund.de/nmi/Medienpool/Skripte/eth-ges.pdf

.... any book on elasticity and plasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 15: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Literature

Fung Y. C.: Foundations of solid mechanics, Prentice Hall1965.

Mase G. E.: Theory and problems of continuum mechanics,1970.

Skrzypek J., Hetnarski R.B.: Plasticity and Creep. Theory,Examples, and Problems, CRC, 1993.

Ragab A.-R., Bayoumi S.E.: Engineering Solid Mechanics.Fundamentals and Applications, CRC, Boca Raton 1999.

Itskov M.: Tensor Algebra and Tensor Analysis for Engineers.With Applications to Continuum Mechanics, Springer 2013.

Stein E., Barthold F.-J.: Elastizitatstheorie, Hannover 2004www.bauwesen.tu-dortmund.de/nmi/Medienpool/Skripte/eth-ges.pdf

.... any book on elasticity and plasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 16: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Literature

Fung Y. C.: Foundations of solid mechanics, Prentice Hall1965.

Mase G. E.: Theory and problems of continuum mechanics,1970.

Skrzypek J., Hetnarski R.B.: Plasticity and Creep. Theory,Examples, and Problems, CRC, 1993.

Ragab A.-R., Bayoumi S.E.: Engineering Solid Mechanics.Fundamentals and Applications, CRC, Boca Raton 1999.

Itskov M.: Tensor Algebra and Tensor Analysis for Engineers.With Applications to Continuum Mechanics, Springer 2013.

Stein E., Barthold F.-J.: Elastizitatstheorie, Hannover 2004www.bauwesen.tu-dortmund.de/nmi/Medienpool/Skripte/eth-ges.pdf

.... any book on elasticity and plasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 17: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Literature

Fung Y. C.: Foundations of solid mechanics, Prentice Hall1965.

Mase G. E.: Theory and problems of continuum mechanics,1970.

Skrzypek J., Hetnarski R.B.: Plasticity and Creep. Theory,Examples, and Problems, CRC, 1993.

Ragab A.-R., Bayoumi S.E.: Engineering Solid Mechanics.Fundamentals and Applications, CRC, Boca Raton 1999.

Itskov M.: Tensor Algebra and Tensor Analysis for Engineers.With Applications to Continuum Mechanics, Springer 2013.

Stein E., Barthold F.-J.: Elastizitatstheorie, Hannover 2004www.bauwesen.tu-dortmund.de/nmi/Medienpool/Skripte/eth-ges.pdf

.... any book on elasticity and plasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 18: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Literature

Fung Y. C.: Foundations of solid mechanics, Prentice Hall1965.

Mase G. E.: Theory and problems of continuum mechanics,1970.

Skrzypek J., Hetnarski R.B.: Plasticity and Creep. Theory,Examples, and Problems, CRC, 1993.

Ragab A.-R., Bayoumi S.E.: Engineering Solid Mechanics.Fundamentals and Applications, CRC, Boca Raton 1999.

Itskov M.: Tensor Algebra and Tensor Analysis for Engineers.With Applications to Continuum Mechanics, Springer 2013.

Stein E., Barthold F.-J.: Elastizitatstheorie, Hannover 2004www.bauwesen.tu-dortmund.de/nmi/Medienpool/Skripte/eth-ges.pdf

.... any book on elasticity and plasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 19: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Literature

Fung Y. C.: Foundations of solid mechanics, Prentice Hall1965.

Mase G. E.: Theory and problems of continuum mechanics,1970.

Skrzypek J., Hetnarski R.B.: Plasticity and Creep. Theory,Examples, and Problems, CRC, 1993.

Ragab A.-R., Bayoumi S.E.: Engineering Solid Mechanics.Fundamentals and Applications, CRC, Boca Raton 1999.

Itskov M.: Tensor Algebra and Tensor Analysis for Engineers.With Applications to Continuum Mechanics, Springer 2013.

Stein E., Barthold F.-J.: Elastizitatstheorie, Hannover 2004www.bauwesen.tu-dortmund.de/nmi/Medienpool/Skripte/eth-ges.pdf

.... any book on elasticity and plasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 20: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Elasticity, Plasticity, Rheology

Theory of Elasticity

Part of continuum mechanics. It is concerned with movements anddeformations of elastic bodies, i.e. such ones that after removal ofexternal loadings (actions) the bodies return to their originalshape. Elastic deformations are reversible. FILM

Theory of Plasticity

Generalization of ToE. It is concerned with the states of a materialabove yield point (plastic stress), where after unloading somepermanent deformations remain which are called plasticdeformations. Application of ToP allows one to make use ofreserves of strength in structures. FILM

Rheology

Genearlization of both ToE & ToP. It takes into account theinfluence of time - creep, relaxation of stress, rates ofdeformations. Visco-elasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 21: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Elasticity, Plasticity, Rheology

Theory of Elasticity

Part of continuum mechanics. It is concerned with movements anddeformations of elastic bodies, i.e. such ones that after removal ofexternal loadings (actions) the bodies return to their originalshape. Elastic deformations are reversible. FILM

Theory of Plasticity

Generalization of ToE. It is concerned with the states of a materialabove yield point (plastic stress), where after unloading somepermanent deformations remain which are called plasticdeformations. Application of ToP allows one to make use ofreserves of strength in structures. FILM

Rheology

Genearlization of both ToE & ToP. It takes into account theinfluence of time - creep, relaxation of stress, rates ofdeformations. Visco-elasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 22: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Elasticity, Plasticity, Rheology

Theory of Elasticity

Part of continuum mechanics. It is concerned with movements anddeformations of elastic bodies, i.e. such ones that after removal ofexternal loadings (actions) the bodies return to their originalshape. Elastic deformations are reversible. FILM

Theory of Plasticity

Generalization of ToE. It is concerned with the states of a materialabove yield point (plastic stress), where after unloading somepermanent deformations remain which are called plasticdeformations. Application of ToP allows one to make use ofreserves of strength in structures. FILM

Rheology

Genearlization of both ToE & ToP. It takes into account theinfluence of time - creep, relaxation of stress, rates ofdeformations. Visco-elasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 23: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Elasticity, Plasticity, Rheology

Theory of Elasticity

Part of continuum mechanics. It is concerned with movements anddeformations of elastic bodies, i.e. such ones that after removal ofexternal loadings (actions) the bodies return to their originalshape. Elastic deformations are reversible. FILM

Theory of Plasticity

Generalization of ToE. It is concerned with the states of a materialabove yield point (plastic stress), where after unloading somepermanent deformations remain which are called plasticdeformations. Application of ToP allows one to make use ofreserves of strength in structures. FILM

Rheology

Genearlization of both ToE & ToP. It takes into account theinfluence of time - creep, relaxation of stress, rates ofdeformations. Visco-elasticity.

Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY (EP)

Page 24: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

3

Motivation • Composite beam:

a structural member composed of two or more different materials joined together to act as a unit.

• Application areas: - bridge engineering - composite floor systems in buildings

• Critical role of the interface between steel and concrete in steel-concrete composite beams; connection by steel shear studs, structural adhesives

Page 25: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

4

Bridge over the Warta River at Gorzów Wlkp.

Page 26: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

Gärtnerplatzbrücke over the Fulda River in Kassel

Page 27: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

7

Composite T-beam and its cross-section

1 - steel girder 2 - concrete plate (slab) 3 - connection layer (interface bond)

Formulation of the problem

Presenter
Presentation Notes
We can distinguish three components in the composite beam
Page 28: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

16 16

Experimental investigations using: - Instron 8804 - testing machine (two frames and two actuators ±500 kN) - Aramis & Pontos (touchless measurements) - Traveller & sensors, tensometers (wire gauges)

Page 29: Introduction. Mathematical foundations: scalars, …etacar.put.poznan.pl/mieczyslaw.kuczma/EP17-1.pdf · Mathematical foundations: scalars, vectors, tensors. Prof. Mieczysław Kuczma

• Tested beams

pcp = prefabricated concrete plate

B1 – pcp rests freely on steel girder via cilindrical rollers with diameter of 5 mm B2 – pcp bonded with steel girder by flexible adhesive SikaTack-Panel, gadh = 6±2 mm B3 – pcp bonded with steel girder by stiff adhesive Sikadur®-30 Normal, gadh = 3 mm B4 – as beam B3, but gadh = 5 mm B5 – monolithic concrete plate joint with steel girder by steel shear studs 1/2″ (13 mm), length 50 mm on cicrle foot bonded by Sikadur®-30 Normal B6 – monolithic concrete plate joint with steel girder by steel shear studs 1/2″ (13 mm), length 50 mm

17