introduction -remote sensing for the northeast …1 introduction -remote sensing for the northeast...

1

Introduction - Remote sensing for the Northeast Asian Seas

Hiroshi KAWAMURA

Graduate School of Science

Tohoku University

Contents

1. Overview of Ocean Satellite Remote Sensing

2. Northeast Asian Sea and Coastal Ocean Observing System

3. Satellite Oceanography for Monitoring Regional Marine Environments

25-years

- Earth

Environmental

Problems and Needs

of New Observation

System

- Earth Observation

Satellite Research

and development in

Geostationary and Polar

Orbiting Satellite

(around1980））））

New Satellite Components of New Satellite Components of

Global Observing SystemGlobal Observing System

Operational + R&D Satellite Operational + R&D Satellite

Present Status (1)

1. The satellite remote sensing has become mature

technology for measurements of ocean parameters in the

last decade

- Continuous data supply

- Improvement of parameter retrieval skills

- Increase of experts in the satellite oceanography

2. Experience has clearly demonstrated that space based

observations are best when used in conjunction with

complementary in situ data.

-Most of retrieval algorithms tuned against the in situ obs.

- The global tuning methodologies are well established at

the operational meteorological/oceanographic agencies and

the satellite agencies.

2

Present Status (2)

Series of OPERATIONAL and R&D satellite sensors for

oceanography has been and will be functioning more

than ten years

・Altimeter・Scatterometer・SST sensor ・Ice sensor ・Ocean Color sensor

El Nino/ La Nina(1997-2000);

Sea Surface Height (TOPEX/POSEIDON)

High Resolution Vector Surface Winds High Resolution Vector Surface Winds

((SeaWindsSeaWinds) )

January 28, 2003January 28, 2003

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Microwave Radiometer

(AMSR-E)

Wind Speed

Water Vapor Cloud

SST Rain Rate

GLI ocean products for the global coastal seasGLI ocean products for the global coastal seas

GLI band radiance

PAR: Photosynthetically

active radiationSST: Sea surface

temperature

Aerosol

optical thickness

Chlorophyll-a

concentration

Ocean primary

productivity

The West coast of North AmericaThe West coast of North America

High-resolution visible/infrared radiometer

1-km spatial resolution, Daily

9898 9999 0000 0101 0202 0303 0404 0505 0606 0707 0808 0909 1010 1111 1212

ENVISATENVISATERS-2ERS-2

RADARSAT-1 and -2RADARSAT-1 and -2

RADARSAT-3RADARSAT-3

QuikSCATQuikSCAT

SMOSSMOS

ICESatICESat

HY-1HY-1

ALOSALOS

CRYOSATCRYOSAT

IGOS Ocean Science Satellites IGOS Ocean Science Satellites

JERS-1JERS-1

COSMO-SKYMEDCOSMO-SKYMED

TERRASARTERRASAR

NOAA and DMSPNOAA and DMSP

EOS-AquaEOS-Aqua

EOS-TerraEOS-Terra NPPNPPNPOES 1330 (pm orbit)NPOES 1330 (pm orbit)

NPOES 0530 (am)NPOES 0530 (am)

CBERS-2CBERS-2 CBERS-3CBERS-3 CBERS-4CBERS-4 CBERS-5CBERS-5

WindsatWindsat

IRS-P3IRS-P3

IRS-P4IRS-P4

GCOM-B1GCOM-B1

EPSEPS

SCD-3SCD-3

NSCATNSCAT

OCEANSAT-2OCEANSAT-2

OrbView-2OrbView-2

TOPEX POSEIDONTOPEX POSEIDONJason-1Jason-1 Jason-2Jason-2

In OrbitIn Orbit ApprovedApproved Planned/pending approvalPlanned/pending approval

GODAEGODAE

GOCEGOCEGRACEGRACE

CHAMPCHAMP

(working draft 10/3/03)(working draft 10/3/03)

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Major Ocean Products

SST, Ocean Color,PAR, Vector Winds,Scalar Winds,Sea Ice, Sea Surface Height, Surface Waves

Satellites

NOAA(US)

NPOESS(US)

METOP(EU)

FY3(China)

Meteor3MN (Russia)

Jason

2005 2010

2005 2010Major Ocean Products

SST,

Sea Ice,

PAR

Satellites

GOES(US) 135W, 75W

MSG(EU) 0E/W

INSAT(India) 36-108E

FY-2(China) 36-108E

MTSAT(Japan) 140E

Future Operational Geostational Satellites ( -2012)

Future Operational Polar Orbiting Satellites ( -2012)

Operational Satellite and their products at around 2010Operational Satellite and their products at around 2010

1. Overview of Ocean Satellite Remote Sensing

SummarySummary

1.1. Increase of space platform (Satellite)Increase of space platform (Satellite)

(Geostationary and polar orbiters) (Geostationary and polar orbiters)

2.2. Increase of satellite sensors for oceanography Increase of satellite sensors for oceanography

and marine meteorology and marine meteorology

3.3. Several R&D satellites are planed for further Several R&D satellites are planed for further

technical improvements technical improvements

4.4. Capability of ocean observation is increased Capability of ocean observation is increased

drastically by the advanced satellite observing drastically by the advanced satellite observing

systemsystem

The Coastal Zone: Where inputs from land, sea, air

and people converge

Quingdao City seen from the Quindao bay


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Land Side

Population increase

High economical activities

Coastal constructions

Artificial modifications of

coastal zone

Sea Side

Global warming

Sea level rise

Violent weathers

Coastal marine

ecosystem change

Natural Driving ForceArtificial Driving Force Coastal

zone

Global Environment Change and Coastal Zone

Global surface temperature

trend(Anomaly from mean of 1960-1990））））

Predicted Sea Level Change

during 21st Century

Mean = 48cm(From 35 Special Report on

Emission Scenarios)

21002000

Global warming

Evidence (Observation)

Prediction

China Coastal

Provinces

460M

遼寧省（42.4M)河北省(67.4M)

山東省(90.8M)

江蘇省(74.4M)

上海市(16.7M)

浙江省(46.8M)

福建省(34.7M)

広東省(86.4M)

Hong Kong6.8M

North Korea24M

South Korea47M

Japan

120M

Russia

Coast

2.3M

Taiwan22M

East

China

Sea

Yellow

Sea

Japan

Sea

All Europe　　　　～～～～500M

All North America ～～～～380M

Population of Coastal East Asia　　　　660Milions

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Night lights in the East Asia

COOP Strategic Design Plan

SIX GOALS

(1) Improve the safety and

efficiency of marine operation

(2) More effectively control

and mitigate the effects of

natural hazards

(3) Improve the capacity to

detect and predict the effects

of global climate change on

coastal ecosystems

(4) Reduce public health risks

(5) More effectively protect

and restore healthy

ecosystems

(6) Restore and sustain living

marine resources

Mixed Techniques

・・・・Remote Sensing (Spatially synoptic observations)

・・・・In situ autonomous sensing (High resolution time

series)

・・・・Discreet sampling followed by laboratory analysis

(for many chemical and biological variables)

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United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP)

The Action Plan for the Protection,

Management and Development of

the Marine and Coastal

Environment of the Northwest

Pacific Region (NOWPAP)

United Nations Educational, Scientific

Cultural Organization (UNESCO)/

Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission (IOC)

Global Ocean Observing System

(GOOS) Regional Alliance

１．１．１．１．The Asian coastal seas, our living area, face a variety of difficulties, i.e., marine environmental problems, coastal

hazards, marine safety, etc.

2. Their threats enhanced by the global changes are

transported crossing the national boundaries. (Needs of

international cooperation)

3. In order to detect the throats and treat them properly, we

need high-resolution information on the present status of

oceans. (Regional Ocean Observing System)

4. Coastal applications of the advanced remote sensing are

needed to be enhanced

(This training course)


Summary

"USE" "Requirement" "Hor Res " "HR Min" "Obs Cycle""OC Min" "De lay of ava ilability""DA Min" "Acc - RMS" "AC Min"

GOOS Clima te - la rge sca le Ocean chlorophyll 25 km 100 km 1 d 3 d 1 d 3 d 0.1 % (Max) 0.5 % (Max)

GOOS Clima te - la rge sca le Ocean dynamic topography 100 km 300 km 10 d 30 d 10 d 30 d 2 cm 5 cm

GOOS Clima te - la rge sca le Ocean s a linity 200 km 500 km 10 d 30 d 10 d 30 d 0.1 psu 1 psu

GOOS Clima te - la rge sca le S ea s urface bulk tempe ra ture 10 km 300 km 6 h 720 h 6 h 720 h 0.1 K 1 K

GOOS Clima te - la rge sca le S ea -ice cove r 10 km 100 km 1 d 6 d 0.125 d 1 d 2 % (Max) 10 % (Max)

GOOS Clima te - la rge sca le Wind s peed ove r sea s urface (horizonta l) 25 km 100 km 24 h 168 h 24 h 168 h 1 m/s 2 m/s

GOOS Clima te - la rge sca le Wind vector ove r sea s urface (horizonta l) 25 km 100 km 24 h 168 h 24 h 168 h 1 m/s 2 m/s

GOOS Clima te - mesos ca le Ocean dynamic topography 25 km 100 km 7 d 30 d 2 d 15 d 2 cm 10 cm

GOOS Surface Dominant wave direction 10 km 30 km 1 h 6 h 2 h 4 h 10 degree s 20 degrees

GOOS Surface Dominant wave pe riod 10 km 30 km 1 h 6 h 2 h 4 h 0.5 s 1 s

GOOS Surface S ea s urface bulk tempe ra ture 1 km 10 km 6 h 12 h 2 h 4 h 0.1 K 2 K

GOOS Surface S ea -ice thicknes s 25 km 100 km 1 d 6 d 1 d 6 d 50 cm 100 cm

JGOOS-III Geoid 250 km 500 km 240 mo 360 mo 12 y 24 y 2 cm 5 cm

Marine biology (coastal wa te r) Aerosol (total column) s ize 1 km 10 km 24 h 48 h 3 h 7 h 0.1 µm 1 µm

Marine biology (coastal wa te r) Ocean chlorophyll 1 km 5 km 1 d 3 d 3 d 7 d 5 % (Max) 20 % (Max)

Marine biology (coastal wa te r) P hotosynthe tica lly Active Radia tion (PAR) 1 km 5 km 0.04 d 1 d 3 d 7 d 5 % (Max) 20 % (Max)

Marine biology (coastal wa te r) S ea s urface bulk tempe ra ture 1 km 5 km 24 h 48 h 3 h 7 h 0.1 K 0.5 K

Marine biology (open ocean) Aerosol (total column) s ize 4 km 50 km 24 h 48 h 3 h 7 h 0.1 µm 1 µm

Marine biology (open ocean) Air pre ss ure over s ea surface 50 km 100 km 24 h 48 h 3 h 7 h 10 hPa 15 hPa

Marine biology (open ocean) Ocean chlorophyll 10 km 50 km 1 d 3 d 3 d 7 d 0.1 % (Max) 0.5 % (Max)

Marine biology (open ocean) Ocean ye llow s ubs tance absorbance 1 km 5 km 1 d 2 d 3 d 7 d 5 % (Max) 20 % (Max)

Marine biology (open ocean) Ozone profile - Tota l column 50 km 200 km 24 h 48 h 3 h 7 h 10 DU 20 DU

Marine biology (open ocean) Photosynthe tica lly Active Radia tion (PAR) 10 km 50 km 0.04 d 1 d 3 d 7 d 5 % (Max) 20 % (Max)

Marine biology (open ocean) S ea s urface bulk tempe ra ture 10 km 50 km 24 h 48 h 3 h 7 h 0.1 K 0.5 K

Marine biology (open ocean) Specific humidity profile - Total column Miss ing Mis sing 24 h Mis s ing 3 h 7 h Miss ing Mis sing

Marine biology (open ocean) Wind vector ove r sea s urface (horizonta l) 4 km 50 km 24 h 48 h 3 h 7 h 2 m/s 5 m/s

Remote Sensing Requirements(from WMO/CEOS Database)

COOP-V 30 Sept. 2003

Sea Surface Temperature

Spatial

Resolution

Temporal

Resolution


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Use SST Spatial Temporal

Res. Res.

GOOS Climate – large Scale SST-bulk 10km 6h

GOOS Surface SST-bulk 1km 6h

Marine biology (Coastal water) SST-bulk 1km 24h

Marine biology (Open ocean) SST-bulk 10km 24h

GOOS SST requirements

All Bulk Sea Surface Temperature

Highest Spatial Resolution: 1km

Highest Temporal Resolution: 6h

Cloud-free, High Resolution, Quality-Controlled

5 Km Spatial Resolution, Daily SST Product

New Generation SST

Ver.1.0 （（（（2001)

Geostationary

Met. SatelliteHourly Infrared

TMI SSTMicrowave SST

Cloud freeMerging by

objective

analysesAVHRR、、、、VIRS

No Gap ＞　＞　＞　＞　Filling All Model Grids

High Resolution　　　　＞　＞　＞　＞　Capture Oceanic StructuresDaily ＞　＞　＞　＞　Capture Their Temporal Variations

Nowcasts and Forecasts of Ocean Short-term Variations (Ocean Weather)

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Satellite Observation and Numerical Models (1)

Fluid Ocean Iced SeaOcean

Biology

4-D

Primitive

Equation

Model

Sea-Ice

ModelEcosystem

Model

Observing System Application Areas

Oceanographic

Sensors Ocean Models

Atmospheric GCM

SST

Surface SalinityTransparency Surface Current

Vector Wind

Fluid Ocean

SST sensors

Ocean Color

Scattrometer Altimeter

Salinity sensor

Atmospheric GCM

Assimilation

Future

Forcing

Field

Satellite Observation and Numerical Model (2)

Coastal Ocean

Observing System

Local Atmospheric Model

Coastal Ocean Physics Model

Open Ocean

Observing System

Atmospheric GCM

Oceanic GCM

Ice Model

Coastal Erosion Model

Coastal Wave Model

Global Wave Model

Initial Conditions

Boundary Conditions

Model Output

Natural Hazard

Sea States

Flooding

Sea Level

Circulation

etc.

Sea Ice

Shoreline

Change

Changes in

Bathymetry

Sea States

(Surface

Waves)

Phenomena

Oil Model Oil pollution

Forecast products

Current, SST,

Salinity,….

Coastal observing system and numerical models

GOOS/COOP,2003

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Red-tides 23 July – 2 August, 2001)

Red-Tide

Occurrence

Frequency

(1997-2004)

Red-tide off Vietnam SeaWiFS Chl-a images

Tang et. al. (2004)

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Total Suspended Sediment Total Suspended Sediment Total Suspended Sediment Total Suspended Sediment in Yellow/East China Seain Yellow/East China Seain Yellow/East China Seain Yellow/East China Sea

TSM(mg/L)

- Using the SeaWiFS

OC images (1997-

2003)

- Using the SS

algorithm developed

by Tang Junwu

- Using the facility of

Tohoku University


Summary

1) High-resolution satellite-derived parameters provide new

information for the regional sea

2) They can be used for a variety of purposes:

- Various marine operations (Marine environment, Monitor

of marine conditions, Marine safety, Coastal zone

managements, etc.)

- Marine forecasts (Initial conditions and boundary

conditions of numerical models)

- Research and education

- Etc.

3) In order to enhance the satellite components of the

regional ocean observing system, we needs well-trained

operators in the various fields and young researchers

(This training course)

introduction -remote sensing for the northeast …1 introduction -remote sensing for the northeast...

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