introduction to a&p bio 103 january 23, 2008 martini chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to A&P
Bio 103
January 23, 2008
Martini Chapter 1
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Today we will discuss
• The definitions of A&P
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Today we will discuss
• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body
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Today we will discuss
• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body• organ systems
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Today we will discuss
• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body• organ systems• homeostasic regulation of the body
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Today we will discuss
• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body• organ systems• homeostasic regulation of the body• human body terminology
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Today we will discuss
• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body• organ systems• homeostasic regulation of the body• human body terminology• human body cavities
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Anatomy & Physiology
• Structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology)
"Proportions of the Human Figure" Leonardo da Vinci, 1485-1490
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Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)
• surface anatomy
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Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)
• surface anatomy
• regional anatomy
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Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)
• surface anatomy
• regional anatomy
• systemic anatomy– organ systems
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Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)
• surface anatomy
• regional anatomy
• systemic anatomy– organ systems
• developmental anatomy – embryology
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Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)
• surface anatomy
• regional anatomy
• systemic anatomy– organ systems
• developmental anatomy – embryology
• clinical anatomy– for example radiology
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Microscopic Anatomy(cannot be seen without magnification)
• cytology – looking at individual cells
• histology – looking at groups of
specialized cells called tissues
• tissues combine to form organs
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Physiology
• The function of the anatomical structure– Cell physiology– Special physiology (i.e., cardiac)– Systemic physiology (i.e., cardiovascular)– Pathological physiology (Pathos = disease)
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Levels of Organization
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Tissues: Chapter 4
1. Epithelial tissue covers body surface and body cavities, forms glands
2. Connective tissue supports/protects organs, stores energy, transports
material throughout body
3. Muscle tissue allows movement and organ contraction
4. Neural tissue coordinates bodily activities by sending and receiving
information via electrical impulses
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Organs: Chapters 5-18
• There are 11 independent, yet interconnected organ systems in the human body.
• In this class we will focus on 5 of these systems.
1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. endocrine
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The Integumentary System
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The Skeletal System
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The Muscular System
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The Nervous System
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The Endocrine System
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Organs: Chapters 19-28
• In A&P II you will learn about the remaining organ systems
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The Cardiovascular System
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The Lymphatic System
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The Respiratory System
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The Digestive System
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The Urinary System
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The Reproductive System
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Homeostasis
• The cells, tissues, organs and organ systems of a body coexist in a shared environment, which must remain in homeostasis.– Homeo (unchanging) + stasis (standing)
• In other words, the environment must be regulated to stay within specific physiological set points.– e.g., internal body temperature is maintained at 98.6
degrees.
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Homeostatic Regulation
• How does the body maintain its internal environment?– autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)
• a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to a change in the environment.
– extrinsic regulation• when the nervous or endocrine system adjusts the activities
of the other systems simultaneously.– nervous system
» electrical signal, short term and fast– endocrine system
» hormonal signal, slow, but longer lasting changes
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Homeostatic Regulation
3 necessary components:
1. a receptor/receiver to sense change in environment (i.e., stimulus)
2. a control center to receive and process the information and send out commands
3. an effector (usually a cell or organ) that responds to the command in order to keep the body in homeostasis
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An analogy of homeostatic regulation
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Negative Feedbacka common homeostatic mechanism• The effector activated by the control center opposes the
change or stimulus keeping the body within a certain physiological range.
set point
change sensed
control center sends command
effector opposes stimulus and brings physiological parameter back to set point
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An Example of Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedbacknot very common
• The effector activated by the control center exaggerates or enhances the change or stimulus.
• Some examples:– blood clotting– childbirth
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If Homeostasis fails
• When this happens, organ systems can malfunction, putting the body into a state of illness or disease
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State of Equilibrium
• opposing processes are in balance, and thus a physiological parameter appears to be in a steady state
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The role of organ systems in homeostatic regulation
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Frames of Anatomical Reference
• Anatomy uses a special language to describe body sections, regions and relative positions.
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Anatomical Position
• hands at side, palms facing forward
– STANDING FRONT = ANTERIOR– STANDING BACK = POSTERIOR
– LYING FACE UP = SUPINE– LYING FACE DOWN = PRONE
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Superficial Anatomy
• Anatomical Landmarks
– Anterior (front) View
– Figure 1-6
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Superficial Anatomy
• Anatomical Landmarks
– Posterior (back) View
– Figure 1-6
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Regions of the Human Body(Table 1-2, Figure 1-6)
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Regions of the Human Body(Table 1-2, Figure 1-6)
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Anatomical Regions
• Clinicians use:– abdominopelvic quadrants
Provides useful reference for description of pain/injury.
RLQ tenderness is a symptom of appendicitis
Figure 1-7a
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Anatomical Regions
• Anatomist use:– 9 abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1-7
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Anatomical Directional References
Figure 1-8
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Fill in the blank
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Sectional Anatomy
• 3 Sectional Planes– traverse– frontal– sagittal
Figure 1-9
Plane: a 3-dimensional axis
Section: a slice parallel to a plane
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Body Cavities
• internal chambers that serve 2 functions
1. protect organs
2. permit change in size without distorting or disrupting surrounding tissues or adjacent organs
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Ventral Body Cavity (coelom)
• Coelom:
– divided by the diaphragm into the
1. thoracic cavity
2. abdominopelvic cavity
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Figure 1–10b
Membranes Isolate the Organs
• Serous membranes: – parietal layer (next to wall of cavity)– visceral layer (next to organ)
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Thoracic Cavity
• thoracic cavity
– pleural cavity • divided by the mediastinum• organs: lungs• membranes: visceral and
parietal pleura
– pericardial cavity • organs: heart• membranes: visceral and
parietal pericardium
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Figure 1–10c
Mediastinum
• mediastinum divides thoracic cavity into 2 pleural cavities
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
• abdominopelvic cavity
– peritoneal cavity • membranes: visceral and parietal
peritoneum
– abdominal cavity
(superior peritoneal)• organs: liver, stomach, spleen,
intestine
– pelvic cavity
(inferior peritoneal)• organs: intestine, bladder,
reproductive organs.