Embedded system

Introduction to atmega16Robo Indiahttp://roboindia.com

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OverviewThe ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC Architecture.

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OverviewWHAT IS CMOS 8-bit microcontroller RISC Architecture

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CMOSCMOS -Complementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorCMOS is a technology for constructing integrated circuitsTwo important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low static power consumption.

CMOS = COMPLEMENTRY , NOISE IMUNE , LOW POWER CONSUMPTION4

OverviewWHAT IS CMOS 8-bit microcontroller RISC Architecture

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X-bit microcontroller8 bit : 00000000 capable of doing number up to 255 (0-255)

16 bit: 00000000_00000000 capable of doing numbers up to 65535 (0-65535)

32 bit: 00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000 capable of doing numbers up to 4294967295 (0-4294967295)

Qn : now convert 32 bit binary data to decimal upto 255 , 65535 , 42949672956

OverviewWHAT IS CMOS 8-bit microcontroller RISC Architecture

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RISC ArchitectureRISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer.RISC is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions

Reduced Instruction Set Computer , better then cisc8

Feature of atmega1616 Kbytes of In-System Programmable FlashProgram memory with Read-While-Write capabilities 512 bytes EEPROM, 1 Kbyte SRAM 32general purpose I/O lines32 general purpose working registers

16 KB FLASH MEMORY512 byte EEPROM9

FEATURE of atmega16Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROMData retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C(1)Programming Lock for Software SecurityUp to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz512 Bytes EEPROM

WRITE CYCLE 10KERASE CYCLE 100K

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Peripheral FeaturesTwo 8-bit Timer/Counters One 16-bit Timer/Counter Four PWM Channels8-channel, 10-bit ADC

8 and 16 Bit timer/counter4 PWM8 channel 10 bit ADC11

Peripheral FeaturesProgrammable Watchdog Timer Six Sleep Modes:IdleADC Noise ReductionPower-savePower-downStandby Extended Standby

IdleADC NOISE REDUCTIONPOWER SAVEPOWER DOWNSTANDBYEXTENDED STANDBYThe ADC features a noise canceler that enables conversion during sleep mode to reduce noiseinduced from the CPU core and other I/O peripherals.12

Peripheral FeaturesOperating Voltages2.7V - 5.5V for ATmega16L4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega16Speed Grades0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25C for ATmega16LActive: 1.1 mAIdle Mode: 0.35 mAPower-down Mode: < 1 A

2.7 5.5 QN SPEED GRADE EXPLAIN13

registerRegister is a data holding place and very fast memory, its a part of CPU.Registers serves as connection between a CPU and a Peripheral device CPU doesnt give instruction directly to peripherals or output devices.

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registerCPU doesnt give instruction directly to peripherals or output devices.CPU give output by writing registersCPU take input by reading registers

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Writing register

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Reading register

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register IN CPU

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Atmega16 Pin Diagram

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Atmega16 Pin Diagram

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Input/output Ports Atmega16 have total of 40 pins 32 I/O pins.. PORTA = 8 Pins PORTB = 8 Pins PORTC = 8 Pins PORTD = 8 Pins

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Pin descriptionVCC (PIN11) - Digital supply voltage.

GND (PIN12) - Ground

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Pin descriptionPort A (PA7..PA0) - Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit)

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Pin description

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Pin descriptionPort B (PB7..PB0) - Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16

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Pin description

PB7- Master Clock output, Slave Clock input

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Pin descriptionPort C (PC7..PC0) - Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.

JTAG JOINT TEST ACTION GROUPTCK , TMS , TDI are USED IN TAP TEST ACCESS PORT27

Pin description

Timer Oscillator pin 1: When the AS2 bit in ASSR is set (one) to enable asynchronousclocking of Timer/Counter2

JTAG JOINT TEST ACTION GROUPTCK , TMS , TDI are USED IN TAP TEST ACCESS PORT28

Pin descriptionPort D (PD7..PD0) - Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16

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Pin description

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Pin descriptionRESET - Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.

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Pin descriptionAVCC - AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.AREF - AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

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STACK POINTER

SP used for storing temporary datafor storing local variables and for storingreturn addresses after interrupts33

System Clock and Clock Options

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System Clock and Clock Options

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System Clock and Clock Options

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System Clock and Clock Options

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SLEEP MODE SELECTION

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RESET

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RESET

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Instruction Fetch and execution

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Interrupt Handling

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Interrupt Handling

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