introduction to communication irfan erdogan 2001/2011 copyright © 2001 irfan erdogan all rights...

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

irfan erdogan

2001/2011

Copyright © 2001 irfan erdogan all rights reserved

Knowing:Definition

what do we do by defining?

We’ve never met; how come you

know me?

Can any definition in social sicences be impartial?

Knowing:

What comes after definition?

Knowing: Categorization classification

can we combine apples and oranges within a group?

Knowing:

Establishing relationsEstablishing causal relations

Is uneducation the cause of poverty?

Is there a causal relation between environmental

destruction and uneducated people?

Knowing:

Prediction

How is prediction possible?

Definition can/may:

1. reflect the true nature of the explained

2. be right/wrong to varying degree

3. create images that take the place of reality

What is intersubjectivity?

Concept of communication:

Can we define what communication is?

Communication:

necessary condition of all kinds of life on earth

Necessary condition of biological existence, survival, maintenance and change

Communication

Communication is necessary conditionof societal life

No communication means no biological life no human being no society

Reproduction of life thtough communication requires:

1. existence of a need2. sensing/feeling 3. Thinking about the need

Needs: . Natural . Artificial

Self-communication:

. Biological . Socio-psycological

NeedsNatural/Real and

artificial

4. Choosing proper action for meeting a need

Activity/action to meet a need:

. Communicative action . Non-communicative action

5. Engaging in an activity to meet a need

Doing an activity: having means, tools, facilities, rights etc.

Example 1: need = water

Example 2: need = to reply or start a commnctn

4. Activity and meeting a need

Gratifying a need. Totally satisfied

. Partially satisfied. Not satisfied

4. Probable outcomes of an activity :

• Gratifying more than a need from an activity

• Same activity can be a subject of more than one communicative action


• The value of an activity can be transformed

• An activity can be devaluated and abandoned


• Replacement of a natural/social activity with parasocial activity.

• Unexpected desirable/undesirable outcomes may emerge

prevailing/dominant definitions of

communication

Does prevailing definition indicate

the truth?

Everyone says the earth is flat,I say no and I am outcasted!

Communication as message sending and receiving. Communication as transmission and reception of information. Communication as the process of transmitting and receiving messages

Aren’t they comunicative action?

Mesage sending and receiving: Linear

one way flow of communication

Message Listeners

(decoding)

Speaker

(Coding)

Message sending an receiving: Two way Interaction Model

Sender ReceiverCodes a message

Decodes it

Message

Medium

Feedback

Gürültü

Message sending an receiving: Two way Interaction Model

SenderReceiverCodes a

message Decodes it

Feedback

Now, we have a democratic communication!?

Communication is interaction of turn taking in conversation

My turn!

It is the manner of communicating

Context

Frame of reference

Transactional Model

Speaker decodes

noise

Speaker encodesnoice

Feed back

Message

Listener decodes

Listener encodes

Frame of refrence

Communication as transactionis a relationship that allows sharing

our realities with others

Here is my reality:I want to throw up! Let’s share it so that

communication happens.Otherwise communication

does not happen

Communication is ability to expressing wants and needs by using verbal and

nonverbal language and technological

tools.

Sorry, I can not communicate with you, because I am too drunk

to have ability to think straight!

Who, what and

where is sender?

Gone fishing!

What is “message”?

?

Damn it!How could I know?

What is not?

Where is the message?

What is the message?

what is medium and media?

Camera never blinks Function? Agent/actor?

Message •Necessary means of communication• Constructed for a goal attainment • Constructed for luring• A valuable commodity• An integral part of the power and property relations

Examples:

Technologically mediated:

via sms, tv, cellphone

Technologically Unmediated:

by word of mouth

Messages carry expressed content And relational factors

Why not?

Here is themessage!Take it!

Oh yeah!Here is the feedback!digest it!

Why is“message”?!

Message is much more than what is said, written or shown.

Who cares? He

cares?

Things you do not want to know may heart you

İf message is not received, then communication does not happen.

We sent it

I told you!I did not Get it!

Things you do not want to know may heart you

Why am I always a receiver?

I am sender!You are receiver! No way!

I am sender!you are receiver!

Who is“receiver”?!

Feedback and no feedback

Any kind of reaction is feedback

How about

Saying nothing?

Doing nothing?

Identify senderMessage mediumReceiver feedback

Functions of feedback

Functions

of

feedback

Communication is to say

to show to write

Is crying “shedding tears”?

Communicative action is not comnctn!

Communication is generation of meaning

He is generating a meaning!

For what?

Communication is:transmissionspeaking gesturebody languagewritingestablishing connection.

It seems like

you are disturbed!

Communication is:gesture, body languagewritingestablishing connection.

Establishing connection!

What are you doing?

CommunicationThe creation of shared understanding through interaction among two or more agents.

The creation of shared understanding?

Shared understanding between chicken and fox?

What is the shared understanding between chicken and fox? between robber and robbed?between cheater and cheated?between attacher and attached?Between owner and owned/serf?

What is the shared understanding here?

Communication: sharing the common language,common culture, common heritage, cultural symbols,rituels.

Common language and common culture?

Language is a medium of communication

Are they fighting because they have no common

languageand because they

misunderstand each other?

Uncommon language: No communication?

Here there is no sharing; hence,

There is no communication!

Really?

Who shares or don’t share what, why and how?

Communication is

construction of personal and social realities.

Who constructs your reality? You?

Whose reality can you construct viacommunication?

Who constructs whose reality

Who constructs whose reality

And how?

CommunicationProblems


1. Anything that hinders communicating

2. Anything that orients com in a specific way with undesirable outcomes


a. Because of biological deficiency


b. Induced by psychological condition


c. Induced by power relations (whose problem?)


d. Induced by

personal interest misconceived intrst

identified group intrst


e. Induced by many environmental and other relational conditions

Leading explanations of


Example

What is the

problem?

Communication Problems as problems

of effective communication:

1. Improper or complex word selection in message. Problem: mesaj prep and packaging. Solution: language ability and effective message prep

2. Improper channel selection.

3. Improper message prep. Content problem.

They are not my problems!Are they your problems?

4. Information hiding. Solution: TransperancyUnder or over load of information: Does too many junk mean information overlaod?

5. Disinterest of receiver.

6. Different attitude, belief and values of receivers

7. Different perception of receiver

Are they marketing, advertising,Propaganda-making problems?

8. Selective perception, attention of receiver

9. Different culture of receiver

10. Wrong timing

11. Lack of empathy of receiver

Aren’t they for effective marketing, advertising,

and propaganda

12. The leading problem: Misunderstanding

that creates conflict

Problems: Communication gap

and communication breakdown

Communication breakdown? Communicationlessness?

Communication problems in being together

Question:Connect com with activity and problem(s)

Solutions to Communication

problems

Is this a

Solution

or not?

Solution to Communication

breakdown and

communicationlessness

Empathy

understanding

Tolerance

Peace

Crisis

management

Solution: Effective communication

Look at the first

frame:

What is the

problem

Now, look at the

2nd frame:

what is the

solution

and why?

The best

popularized

solution

for what

problem?

Communication

problem: Noice

Sources of noice:

• Sender? No.

• On message before receiving: physical, tech

• On message during receiving

• Receiver’s biological and psychological state

Legitimization of power,domination or coercion?

Why is sender not a source of noice?

Other definitions

You cannot not communicate

Communication can not be reversed

We can be Producer

DistributorCarriermedium

Consumer Goal

Of a communication

Means

Communication

Communicationis done by

Natural and Artificial

means

Natural means:

(a) Body and organs

eye, ear, hand,

human voice system, akciger gibi

and

(b) Nature

(c) other phenomens in

the nature

Air, water, space,

humans, horse,

peagons, humans,

peagons, donkey, stone

Artificial means

Technological extentions

Artificial means of

communication:

Cell phone, computer,

film, vcd, usb, satellites,

paper, pen, gun, bombs

GOALS OF

COMMUNİCATİON

Communication is a

goal oriented activity

Goals in communication can be overt

or covert

Is a communication without a

goal possible?

If a human activity has a

goal, then commmunication

has a goal too. Why?

What does

“no common goals”

mean?

Can communication

happen by itself?

Normality appearance

Normalized necessity

would you do this job?

Unintentionally sent

messages

Planned coincidence

and

invasion

AA, merhaba, buradan geçiyordum da….

Context of

communicati

on

Every communication has more than one context

Is communication without a context possible?

Forging a context.

Why?

Bir kilo peynir al

Bizim yağdan al

Beş şise kola al

Bir de sana al

Bizim sıpa….

lira göz yüz olma

soluk iki çay

kuru dere açık

Different contexts divide

the communication

space

Present context: includes

the place and timegoalsinterestsfeelings, thoughtsand power relations

Past contextEverything that is brought to the present relations and communication:

Accumulated feelings, thoughts, perceptions, evaluations, expriences, understanding of time and place

Present context exists with the past contextis shaped by the past context

Questions:

1. Can present context conflict with the past context?

2. Can present context override the past?

Technological contextis mediated by the technological

means

Tech context are structured

according to dominant

policies and interests

Example: divergence vs convergence

Why Convergence?

Emotional Context :

İs no emotion in

communication possible?

Space context:

Place of communication:

Private space

Public space

Time context:

Unorganized Time

Organized time

In sum, a context means: Who can and cannot do

what, where, howand Under what

conditions.(conditions: e.g., formed structures of relations, roles, goals and expectations)

What is produced via

communication?

İn general, life itself is

reproduced by communication

1. a. The first product (a

communication product):

word/söz, a behavior that says

something, a tv program, a

cinema film, a music dvd, a

video clip

b. Thought content/messsages

2. Other products: Communication

products are to produce intended

(and unintendent) outcomes:

İdeas, thoughts, beliefs, behaviors

Customers, viewers, readers, users

Voters, followers, fans,

enemies, friends, us and them

Messages are produced via

communication

When is the aim message

production?

Is this man’s basic problem to produce message?

Meanings are

produced via

Communication

Is the goal to produce meaning?

When did you tell some one “let’s

produce a meaning?

Whose goal is to produce

meaning and why?

Is main goal to produce

meaining or thought and

behavior management via

production of certain meaning?

Why do we never see ads or media

messages indicating that cigaret

companies are resposible for the

dead of over 20 million people on

earth?

Meanings are produced by people in actual relations by using language .

Language is the primary means of oroduction of meaining.

Language is one of the main means of communication.

We express ourselves and interact by using language.

There is a reality outside the language, because reality is not created by language.

Existence of realities like water, air, mountain, moon, sun are not created by the language: They exist outside the language.

Some realities in our minds are shaped by those people who shape our world and our minds by using language and creating images of reality. Some images are false, but we believe that they are not.

Su veya dağ veya taş kavramları olmasaydı, su, dağ veya taş olmaz mıydı? Su veya water kendini mi yaratmakta yoksa var olanı isimlendirmekte mi?

BASIC TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

SELF- COMMUNİCATİON

Self-communication is the communication of a person with himself/herself.

In self-communication, a personthinks,talks with himself/herself,talks with others in his minddiscusses, dreams, makes plans,makes decides

He/shethinks and feels happy or unhappy,

thinks and smiles or swearsthinks over problems,

Make decisions and change decisions

He/she makes evaluations about himself/herself

about other peopleabout relations

about conditionsabout life

A person has a social self

Social self has an invisible system;

has complex brain/mind and sennse and feeling

systems.

Social self exists in social relations.

In self communicaton:

1. A person collects and keeps information, recalls them, process information and make decisions

2. Humanbeings do not only think but also feels. Hence, self-

communication includes feelings and emotions

3. Self-communication is not independent from the life processes, experiences and conditions of life. A person is never alone even if he/she is communicating by himself/herself. He/she carries all cultural, political, economical, ethical, and other values of society.

Hence, when we say “I”, “I” is an actor/subject that carries structural

characters of the world.

A person is free or slave only in society.

There is no thing like “outside the society”: We can not be outside the society even if we are all alone in a mountain.

Self-perception

A person’s way of seeing himself/herself.

Self-perception inmflurences a person’s psychology and mode of relations

Self-perception includes

(a) Self-image(b) Self-esteem

İn developing self-concept, web evaluate information by means of direct, meta and meta-meta perception.

Our aesthetic, teological, relational, intellectual and

material values are constructed via perceptual and

conceptual processes.

We carry opions and attitudes

Beside attitudes, web carry beliefs that are closed to

questioning.

Person diferentiate himself/herself from others

and outside; and thus becomes “I”.

“I” connects himself/herself via “you”, “us” and “them”

Person’s Understanding of outside

Self-commnction includes

(a)social construction of self and others (undersatnding of

himself/herself and others)

(b) social construction of realities of life

Interpersonal communication

introduction to communication irfan erdogan 2001/2011 copyright © 2001 irfan erdogan all rights...

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