introduction to earth science scientific method & the metric system introduction to earth...
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Introduction to Earth Science
Scientific Method & the Metric System
Introduction to Earth ScienceIntroduction to Earth Science
Scientific Method and theMetric System
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The Nature of Science
• The goal of science is to understand the world around us
• Special methods help to determine truths about nature
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Branches of Earth Science
The three main branches of science are:
•Life Science
•Earth Science
•Physical Science
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Earth Science
•Earth science deals with the study of the Earth, its history, changes, and its place in the Universe
•There are four branches of earth science
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Branches of Earth Science
• Geology- Earth’s origin, history, and structure
• Meteorology- Earth’s atmosphere & weather
• Oceanography- Earth’s oceans, including their physical features, life forms, and natural resources
• Astronomy- Planets, stars, and other objects in space
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The Scientific Method
• An orderly, systematic approach to problem solving
• The way scientists, and non-scientists, look for answers• There are seven basic steps to the scientific method
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Step 1: Stating the problem
–Decide what you
want to know
–State the problem
in the form of a
question
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Step 2: Gathering information on the problem
–Research what’s
already known
–Collect
information
and facts
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Step 3: Forming a hypothesis
- A hypothesis is a
proposed solution
to a scientific problem
– There are two main parts to a
hypothesis
1. An explanation- why it will happen
2. A prediction- what will happen
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Step 4: Experimenting
– Perform one or more
experiments to test the
hypothesis
– When performing experiments:
1. Divide subjects into test groups
2. In each experiment you should have a control group, that doesn’t get any of the variable, and several test groups
3. Keep everything, except the amount of the variable, the same between groups
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Step 5: Recording and analyzing data
–Observe and write
down important
information (data)
–Organize data using graphs, tables, and charts
–Look for patterns or trends
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Step 6: Stating the conclusion
–Look at data and
form conclusions
–Did the conclusions
support your hypothesis?
(why or why not?)
–Re-evaluate the hypothesis and formulate new questions
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Step 7: Repeating the work
– In order for a hypothesis to be
excepted it has to be able to
withstand repeated testing
– After many experiments, where a hypothesis has continually been proven to be correct, it may be accepted by the scientific community and then considered to be a theory
– A theory is the most logical explanation for events that occur in nature
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The Metric System
• A universal measurement system (also called the International System)
• Being based on multiples of ten makes it easy to use
• Uses prefixes to identify larger or smaller units of measure
Prefix Symbol Multiple
kilo K 1000
centi c .01
milli m .001
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Metric Conversions - Length
Km m dm cmmm
x 1000 x 10 x 10 x 10
÷ 1000 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 ÷10
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Metric Conversions - Volume
Kl l dl clml
x 1000 x 10 x 10 x 10
÷ 1000 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 ÷10
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Metric Conversions - Mass
Kg g dg cgmg
x 1000 x 10 x 10 x 10
÷ 1000 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 ÷10
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Length
• A measure of linear distance• Basic unit of length is the meter (m)• Use a meter stick or metric ruler to make
measurements
•The entire meter stick represents one meter
•Each number represents a centimeter (there are 100 centimeters in a meter)
•Each little line is a millimeter (there are 1000 millimeters in a meter)
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Area
• The amount of surface included within a set of boundaries
• Determined by measuring the length and width of an object, then multiplying
Length = 14 cm
Width = 7 cm
Area = 14 cm x 7 cm = 98 cm2
(Area is always expressed in square units)
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Volume
• Volume is the space that an object occupies
• Represents the length, width, and height of an object
• For solids, measurements are based on units of length (ex. cm3) and can be calculated using specific formulas
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Calculating the volume of a rectangle
Volume of a rectangle = length x width x height (l x w x h)
Length = 10 cmWidth = 3 cmHeight = 4 cm
Volume = l x w x h = 10 cm x 3 cm x 4 cm = 120 cm3
10 cm
4 cm3 cm
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Calculating the volumeof a cylinder
Volume of a cylinder = x radius 2 x height ( x r2 x h)
= 3.14
Radius = ½ diameter = ½ 10 cm = 5 cm
Height = 20 cm
Volume = x r2 x h = 3.14 x (5 cm)2 x 20 cm = 3.14 x 25 cm2 x 20 cm
= 1570 cm3
Diameter = 10 cm
20 cm
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Volume of a liquid
•A graduated cylinder is used to accurately measure the volume of liquids in milliliters
•Determine the volume in a graduated cylinder by reading the bottom of the meniscus at eye level
•Once the volume of a liquid is known, it can be converted to a “solid volume” by using the formula 1 ml = 1 cm3
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Mass
•Mass is a measure of the amount of matter
•Mass is measured in grams using a balance
•The mass of an object remains the same, no matter where in the universe it is measured
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WeightWeight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object by a massive body
•Weight is measured in Newtons (N) using a spring scale
•Weight varies from place to place depending on the strength of the gravitational force
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Gravity
Gravity is the force of attraction between objects
The strength of the gravitational force between objects depends on:
- the distance between the objects ( the gravitational force between objects decreases with distance) -Mass ( the greater the mass of an object, the greater it’s
gravitational force)
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Density•Density is the mass of a specific volume of an object
•Density is calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume
•Units for density are usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3 )
•Since the density of water is 1 g/cm3 anything with a density less than 1 g/cm3 will float in water and anything greater will sink