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UNI STU 3 SQ05 (Dutt) Introduction 1
Introduction to Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems
Nikil DuttUC Irvine
Freshman Seminar Spring 2005
UNI STU 3 SQ05 (Dutt) Introduction 2
Welcome to UNI STU 3Professor
Nikil Dutt [email protected]
Course Pagehttp://eee.uci.edu/05s/87555/Visit regularly for updates and announcements
Class MeetsTuesdays 11-11:50 AM CS 432
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Course RequirementsNone, really!
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EvaluationClass participation
One short presentation (case study)Last two weeks of class
May have some short writing assignments
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Embedded SystemsAutomobiles
Handheld
Medical
AirplanesMilitary
Entertainment
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What’s an Embedded System?Embedded systems =
information processing systems embedded into a larger product
Two types of computingDesktop – produced millions/yearEmbedded – billions/year
Non-Embedded SystemsPCs, servers, and notebooks
The future of computing!Automobiles, entertainment, communication, aviation, handheld devices, military and medical equipments.
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An Example Embedded System
Digital Camera Block Diagram
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Embedded SystemsEmbedded Computer Systems
Devices other than desktop PCs, servers, and notebooks
Electricity running throughPerform something intelligent
Hardware/software which form a component of a larger system, but are concealed from user
Computers camouflaged as non-computers
The future of computing!
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Profusion of Embedded SystemsGartnerGroup estimates 70 Billion µP used in embedded systems in 2001
Other estimates say 50 to 120 Billion µP
Average embedded system has 4 µP
Of all µP sold, 90% go into “non-computers”, 10% in “computers”
You will most likely end up working with a “non-computer” at some point in your career
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Components of Embedded SystemsMemory
Coprocessors
Controllers
Converters
Processor
Interface
Software(Application Programs)
ASIC
Analog Digital Analog
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Components of Embedded SystemsAnalog Components
Sensors, Actuators, Controllers, …Digital Components
Processor, CoprocessorsMemoriesControllers, BusesApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)
Converters – A2D, D2A, …Software
Application ProgramsException Handlers
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Computing Elements in ESProcessing
Transformation of dataUse processors
Storage Retention of dataUse memories
CommunicationTransfer of dataUse buses
Peripherals
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Example: BMW 745i
2, 000, 000 LOCWindows CE OS53 8-bit µP11 32-bit µP7 16-bit µPMultiple NetworksBuggy!
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CharacteristicsApplication Specific
Applications are known a prioriOptimize for cost, area, power, and performance
Digital Signal ProcessingSignals are represented digitally
ReactiveReacts to changes in the system’s environment
Real-timeCompute certain tasks before deadline
Distributed, Networked, …
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CharacteristicsReliability
Probability of system working correctly provided that is was working at t=0
MaintainabilityProbability of system working correctly d time
units after error occurred.Safety
Not harmful for userSecurity
Confidential and authentic communication
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ICS212 – Lecture 2Embedded Applications
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OverviewHybrid embedded systems
Aerospace, automobiles, robotics, process control, and sensor nets
Multimedia
Consumer electronicsAppliances, office electronics, and home/office automation
Network componentsBridges, routers, switches, and hubs
Medical instrumentsPatient monitoring, MRI, and artificial hearts
E-BusinessATM, vending machines
Distributed & grid computing
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AerospaceFlight control
Stability: real-time differential feedback loops
Positioning & navigationGPS, INS
InstrumentationData acquisition, display, processing, and archive
RadarCommunication
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AutomobilesEngine management
Fuel, ignition, timing
Emission controlInstrumentation
Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive
Safety & stabilityAirbags, active control
Entertainment & comfortRadio, A/C, …
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RoboticsImplies autonomous operationN physical degree of freedomArtificial intelligenceControl heavyMission oriented
Repair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks
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Process Control
Industrial automationPlant monitoring and production controlSimilar to control systems but with emphasis on management
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Sensor NetsMany sensor nodes each capable (but limited) of sensing, computation/storage, and communication
Structure safetySearch and rescueMilitary use
Self organizationEnergy EfficientDistributed
Modern Sensor Nodes
UC Berkeley: COTS Dust
UC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: Smart Dust
UCLA: WINS Rockwell: WINS JPL: Sensor Webs
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MultimediaAn exercise in
Signals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversionInformation theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression Images, audio, video
Virtual RealityPresentationQuality of serviceThink lots of data (formats and standards too)!
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Consumer ElectronicsHome appliances
Yesterday’s appliances: add computationTomorrow’s appliances: add networking (Internet)
Office electronicsIntegration Electronic paper (filing, printing, sending, and receiving)
Home/office automationCommon fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort
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Network ComponentsStitching LANs
BridgeConnects two parts of the same network
RouterLink networks using different network identities
Extending portsSwitch
Transmit to recipient onlyHub
Transmit to all
Handle large volume of highly structured data with little transformation
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Medical InstrumentsPerform diagnosis (screening/evaluation)
Data collectionAppraisal of that dataDeveloping a plan of action
Observation or monitoring
Sensing and instrumentationAccuracy and precision
Other applications:Radiation therapyArtificial hearts, arms, legs, …
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E-BusinessInformation processing systems
ATMCash registersScannersCredit-card readers
Often the interface behind a database
Automation and convenience
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Distributed & Grid ComputingCoordinated resource sharing and problem solving
The grid is static, reliable, and has infinite resource (for practical purposes)
Users (the mobile device e.g., PDA) has limited resources
Middleware mitigates the resource sharing and coordination efforts
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Summary of Application Domains
Looked at a number of application domains
Large amount of overlap between these domains
Often each domain has associated standards, design methodologies, and certification programs
The future appears to suggest a fusion of design differences into a single methodology