Introduction to Human Anatomy& Physiology

   ANATOMYANATOMY - the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts.

        Hististologyology - the microscopic study of

tissues.       CytoCytologylogy - the microscopic study of

cells.

 

PHYSIPHYSIOLOGYOLOGY - the study of the function of body parts.

  Life Processes Distinguish Living from Non-Living Things.

• Movement• Responsiveness• Growth• Reproduction• Respiration• Digestion• Absorption• Circulation• Assimilation• Excretion

  Mental Mapping (use characteristics to categorize the

following)• I am walking to McDonalds • I stop at the traffic light • I am getting taller• I am breathing air • I get a hamburger and eat it• My body absorbs nutrients from hamburger • The nutrients I absorbed from

hamburger is turned into things my body needs

• Eventually I go to the restroom • Someday I may reproduce

MovementResponsiveness

Growth

Respiration

Digestion

Absorption

Assimilation

Excretion

Reproduction

Environmental Needs

Nutrients for energy Oxygen for cellular respiration Water for most metabolic

reactions, lubrication, etc… Heat to maintain 37C body

temperature, enzyme action Pressure for breathing and

filtering blood through kidneys

HOMEOSTASIS

The tendency of an organism to The tendency of an organism to maintain a maintain a stable internal stable internal environment.environment.All life processes and metabolic reactions

work to maintain homeostasis.

Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback (system acts to oppose changes)

Example - maintenance of body temperature at 98.6F/37C.

3 Componentsof homeostaticmechanism:

3 Componentsof homeostaticmechanism:

1. Thermoreceptors

2. Hypothalamus

3. Skin blood vessels,Sweat glands,Heart, Lungs.

Structural Levels of Organization

The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element.Atoms combine with one another to formAtoms combine with one another to form…

Molecules (i.e. CO2, H2O); Molecules combine with another to Molecules combine with another to

formform…

Macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids);Macromolecules combine to formMacromolecules combine to form…

Organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome); small organs of a cell, each with a particular function;Organelles collectively compose…Organelles collectively compose…

Cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron); The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things! Similar cells are arranged into…Similar cells are arranged into…

Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous);Two or more tissues combine to formTwo or more tissues combine to form…

 

Organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain);Two or more organs combine to formTwo or more organs combine to form…

 

Organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular), The eleven organ systems The eleven organ systems

collectively form the…collectively form the…

The human organism; the most complex level of organization.

Divisions of the Human Body

• Axial Portion Appendicular Portion

Head Arms Neck Legs Trunk

Axial Portion is divided into 2 major Axial Portion is divided into 2 major cavities. (organs within these cavities cavities. (organs within these cavities are referred to as are referred to as visceraviscera.).)

• Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity• Subdivided into Subdivided

int0 2 parts 2 parts

2 Divisions of Axial Portion of the 2 Divisions of Axial Portion of the BodyBody

 

Cranial Cavity

Vertebral Cavity

Thoracic cavity

Abdomino-pelvic Cavity

Separated by diaphragm

Body Cavities

Figure 1.9a

Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b

Cranial CavityCranial Cavity

•Brain

Vertebral CavityVertebral Cavity

•Spinal Cord

Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity

•Lungs

•Mediasitum - separates thorax into right and left sides

•Heart

•Esophagus

•Trachea

•Thymus gland

Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity

• Stomach

• Liver

• Spleen

• Gall bladder

• Small and large intestines

• Rectum/Anus

• Urinary bladder

• Internal reproductive organs

Abdominal Region

Pelvic Region

1.

3.

2. Dorsalcavity

4.

5.

6.

7.

Ventralcavity

Vertebral cavity

1

2

3

4. Pleuralcavity

5.6.

7.

8.

9. 10. Ventralcavity

Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity

Membrane - a soft, thin pliable layer of tissue that either:   Covers a vital (visceral organ) = Visceral

membrane. Lines a body cavity = Parietal

Membrane.  There is a space between a visceral and

parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.

Serous Membranes of the Heart

The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium.

The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called the parietal pericardium.

The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

Cardi = Heart

Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes of the Lungs

The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura. 

The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

Pleur = lung

Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Organs:

The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum.

The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum.

The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10a

Comparable to parietal peritoneum

Comparable to visceral peritoneum

Serous Membranes

Anatomical Terminology

Definition - a language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication.

 • Anatomical positionAnatomical position - standing erect, face forward,

palms forward

• It is helpful in as much as they allow medical staff to speak to each other and view images (X-ray or MRI) without having to continuously clarify meanings.

Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position

1. Superior = above; Inferior = below; 2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back;  3. Medial = Center; Lateral = side; 4. Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail; 5. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back 6. Proximal = closer to trunk of body or

other point of reference; (Elbow proximal to wrist)

Distal = farther from trunk of the body orother point of reference (Fingers are distal to

the wrist); 7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.

Directional Terms Table 1.1

Directional Terms Table 1.1

Pop Quiz…

1. Label:

Heart

Lung11.

Diaphragm

12. Draw a picture to show the axial and appendicular portions of the body.

Give the correct terms:13. Membrane that covers the heart14. The study of the function of the body parts.15. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

Terms Referring to Body Sections (Cuts, Planes)

Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.

Midsagittal: equal right and left portions.

Frontal/Coronal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Transverse cut: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

1.2.

4.

2

3.

MidsaggitalTransverse Frontal/Coronal

Abdominal Subdivisions

Left hypochondriac region

Right hypocondriac region

Epigastric region

Right lumbarregion

Umbilical region

Left lumbarregion

Right iliacregion

Hypogastricregion

Left iliac region

Right Left

Regions in the abdominopelvic area

Right upper quadrant

RUQ

Left upper quadrantLUQ

Right lowerQuadrant

RLQ

Left lower quadrant

LLQ

Terms referring to surface anatomy (landmarks)

  Anterior landmarksAnterior landmarks:a. cranial=skull b. facial=facec. cephalic=head d. cervical=necke. axillary= armpit f. brachial= upper

armg. antecubital=anterior elbowh. antebrachial= forearmi. carpal=wrist j. metacarpal= handk. digital=finger l. femoral= thighm. patellar= knee cap n. crural= lego. frontal= forehead p. orbital=eyeq. otic= ear r. buccal=cheeks. nasal= nose t. oral= mouthu. mental= chin v. mammary=breastw. umbilical=naval x. coxal= hipy. inguinal= groin aa. Pubic= pelvicbb. tarsal=ankle 

Terms Referring to Surface Anatomy (Landmarks)

Posterior land marksPosterior land marksa. acromial = shoulder b. cubital = elbowc. gluteal = buttocks d. popliteal = back of kneee. pedal = foot f. plantar = soleg. dorsal = back h. lumbar = loini. calcaneal = heel

12

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

28

27

17

18

1920

21

22

23

24

25

26

29. Otic (Ear)

30

31

32

3334

35

3637

38

39

40

4142

43

Calcaneal