introduction to ipm & insect pests

INTRODUCTION TO IPMINTRODUCTION TO IPM&&

INSECT PESTSINSECT PESTS

Pam ComptonPam Compton

IPM TechIPM Tech

CES/UAFCES/UAF

IPM – Integrated Pest ManagementIPM – Integrated Pest Management

The use of all available tactics or strategies toThe use of all available tactics or strategies to

attain an economically acceptable yield or plant attain an economically acceptable yield or plant

quality while causing the least disruption to quality while causing the least disruption to people, pets and the environment.people, pets and the environment.

The 6 Steps of IPMThe 6 Steps of IPM

1. Inspect and Investigate1. Inspect and Investigate

2. Identify and Learn2. Identify and Learn

3. Monitor3. Monitor

4. Choose Control Methods4. Choose Control Methods

5. Evaluate5. Evaluate

6. Educate6. Educate

1. Inspect & Investigate1. Inspect & Investigate

Locations discoveredLocations discovered

ConditionsConditions

Number observedNumber observed

When noticedWhen noticed

2. Identify & Learn2. Identify & Learn

Id the pestId the pest

life cyclelife cycle

pest/beneficialpest/beneficial

what does it eatwhat does it eat

where does it livewhere does it live

Is it native to Alaska, to South Central?Is it native to Alaska, to South Central?

3. Monitor3. Monitor

TrapTrap

Check back with clientCheck back with client

Learn which control method works Learn which control method works bestbest

4. Choose Control Methods4. Choose Control Methods

Habitat ModificationHabitat Modification cleanclean

fix leaksfix leaksseal holesseal holesremove food & shelterremove food & shelter

Biological ControlsBiological Controlsencourage beneficalsencourage beneficals

Physical MethodsPhysical Methodstrappingtrappingremove by handremove by handfly swatterfly swatterpest proof barrierspest proof barriersvacuumingvacuumingstrong spray of waterstrong spray of water

PesticidesPesticidesleast poisonousleast poisonouspest specificpest specific

5. Evaluate 5. Evaluate

Check if the pests are still there. Check if the pests are still there. Which control method is working the best.Which control method is working the best. Use a different control if necessary.Use a different control if necessary.

6. Educate6. Educate Teach others what you have learned.Teach others what you have learned.

INSECT PESTSINSECT PESTS

Of The GardenOf The Garden

Dave GuinnDave Guinn

APHIDSAPHIDS

Green Peach Aphid, more Green Peach Aphid, more than 800 plant species host than 800 plant species host this insectthis insect

Appear to over winter in Appear to over winter in the egg stage, aphids can the egg stage, aphids can produce live young produce live young continuously over the continuously over the summer without matingsummer without mating

P F Compton, UAF/CESP F Compton, UAF/CES

Winged mated adults Winged mated adults produce the over produce the over wintering eggs in the wintering eggs in the fallfall

Eggs are often laid in a Eggs are often laid in a protected site; near a protected site; near a leaf bud or on the bark leaf bud or on the bark of treesof trees

STINKBUGSTINKBUG

Nymphs go through 5 Nymphs go through 5 instars before instars before becoming adultsbecoming adults

Feed on over 52 Feed on over 52 different plants, different plants, including native and including native and ornamentalsornamentals

Overwinter as adultsOverwinter as adults

www.hortnet.co.nz P F Compton, UAF/CESP F Compton, UAF/CES

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Leaf distortion caused by Leaf distortion caused by feeding; feeding can also feeding; feeding can also distort flowers and fruitdistort flowers and fruit

Loss of plant vigorLoss of plant vigor

Aphids also secrete Aphids also secrete honeydew on which sooty honeydew on which sooty black mold can growblack mold can grow

Spread of diseaseSpread of disease

Control OptionsControl Options Use a high Use a high PF Compton UAF/CESPF Compton UAF/CES

pressure spray of waterpressure spray of water Rub insects offRub insects off Encourage predatorsEncourage predators Reflective mulchesReflective mulches Insecticidal soap sprayInsecticidal soap spray Horticultural oilsHorticultural oils Other registered Other registered

pesticidespesticides

Ipm ncsu eduIpm ncsu edu

Pam Compton CES/UAFPam Compton CES/UAF

CUTWORMSCUTWORMS

Different species of soil-Different species of soil-dwelling caterpillars dwelling caterpillars (Noctuidae)(Noctuidae)

Curl into a ‘C’ when Curl into a ‘C’ when disturbeddisturbed

Usually feed at night, clip Usually feed at night, clip plant off at soil levelplant off at soil level

Some climb mature plants Some climb mature plants to feed on leavesto feed on leaves

DamageDamage Many over winter as Many over winter as eggs that hatch in early eggs that hatch in early springspring

Feed on crops or weedsFeed on crops or weeds

Move into the soil to Move into the soil to pupate by mid summerpupate by mid summer

Adults emerge in July Adults emerge in July or Augustor August

Control OptionsControl Options Keep the areas surrounding the garden free of sod and Keep the areas surrounding the garden free of sod and

weedsweeds

Cultivate the soil in the fallCultivate the soil in the fall

Use collars, barriers or screens to keep cutworms from Use collars, barriers or screens to keep cutworms from reaching plantsreaching plants

Sticky bands can trap climbing cutwormsSticky bands can trap climbing cutworms

Insecticides including Bt can be used before serious Insecticides including Bt can be used before serious damage occurs damage occurs


MITESMITES

Tiny, eight-legged, Tiny, eight-legged, round-bodied animals round-bodied animals that resemble spidersthat resemble spiders

Both young and adult Both young and adult pierce the plant then pierce the plant then feed on the plant juicesfeed on the plant juices


DAMAGEDAMAGE

Feeding result in a mottled Feeding result in a mottled pattern and leaf distortionpattern and leaf distortion

Can result in reduced flower Can result in reduced flower and fruit productionand fruit production

Some mites produce Some mites produce webbing or gallswebbing or galls

Clover MitesClover Mites

CONTROL OPTIONSCONTROL OPTIONS If possible use a forceful spray of water to dislodgeIf possible use a forceful spray of water to dislodge

Insecticidal soap if labeled for mitesInsecticidal soap if labeled for mites

Predator introductionPredator introduction

IGR’s (Insect Growth Regulator)IGR’s (Insect Growth Regulator)

MiticidesMiticides

Insect Images Jack T ReedInsect Images Jack T Reed

THRIPSTHRIPS

Small, fast moving, Small, fast moving, dark-brown insects with dark-brown insects with feathery wingsfeathery wings

Deposit eggs in slits Deposit eggs in slits made in the leafmade in the leaf

Generally over winter as Generally over winter as adultsadults

Insect Images-Ronald Smith-Whitney CranshawInsect Images-Ronald Smith-Whitney Cranshaw

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Leaves where feeding Leaves where feeding has occurred may has occurred may become silvery-grey become silvery-grey with brownish feces left with brownish feces left by feeding thripsby feeding thrips

Leaves may become Leaves may become distorted; flowers distorted; flowers mottledmottled

CONTROL OPTIONSCONTROL OPTIONS

Insecticidal soap, check label for precautions Insecticidal soap, check label for precautions when using on delicate bloomswhen using on delicate blooms

Botanical and synthetic insecticides are also Botanical and synthetic insecticides are also availableavailable

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.orgWhitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

The rose tortrix moth is The rose tortrix moth is established in established in Anchorage and has now Anchorage and has now been introduced to the been introduced to the Mat-SuMat-Su

European leaf-rollerEuropean leaf-roller

Attacks the rose family; Attacks the rose family; wild & cultivated roses, wild & cultivated roses, raspberry, cotoneaster, raspberry, cotoneaster, apple and mt ash.apple and mt ash.

DAMAGEDAMAGE Stop local growth by chewing terminal buds below Stop local growth by chewing terminal buds below

calyxcalyx Damage to blossoms can cause premature drop or Damage to blossoms can cause premature drop or

malformed fruitmalformed fruit Webbing can interfere with photosynthesisWebbing can interfere with photosynthesis

Larch SawflyLarch Sawfly

Imported Currant WormImported Currant Worm

Diamond Backed MothDiamond Backed Moth

Raspberry Cane MaggotRaspberry Cane Maggot

Greenhouse and Houseplant Greenhouse and Houseplant PestsPests

Insect Images-Whitney CranshawInsect Images-Whitney Cranshaw

FUNGUS GNATSFUNGUS GNATS

Adults live ~1 week and Adults live ~1 week and tend to be a pest due to tend to be a pest due to their flying behavior their flying behavior and numbersand numbers

Eggs are laid in the soil Eggs are laid in the soil soon after matingsoon after mating

Larvae feed on organic Larvae feed on organic material including plant material including plant rootsroots

Insect Images-Gerald J LenhardInsect Images-Gerald J Lenhard

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Plant injury occurs Plant injury occurs when the larvae feeds when the larvae feeds on tiny plant rootson tiny plant roots

Seedlings are more at Seedlings are more at risk to feeding damagerisk to feeding damage


Vacuum pests off plantsVacuum pests off plants Sticky trapsSticky traps Introduce beneficial insectsIntroduce beneficial insects Insecticidal soap, botanical insecticide, or Insecticidal soap, botanical insecticide, or

other; listing host plant, pest and the site on the other; listing host plant, pest and the site on the labellabel

Eliminate any easy way inEliminate any easy way in Alter habitat, reduce moistureAlter habitat, reduce moisture

Insect Images-Whitney CranshawInsect Images-Whitney Cranshaw

LEAFMINERSLEAFMINERS

Foliage of many plants Foliage of many plants may be attacked; may be attacked; vegetables, houseplants, vegetables, houseplants, and trees and trees

Leafminers may be Leafminers may be flies, sawflies, or mothsflies, sawflies, or moths

Eggs are laid on the Eggs are laid on the surface or inserted into surface or inserted into plant tissueplant tissue

(top)Pam Compton, CES/UAF (bottom)Insect (top)Pam Compton, CES/UAF (bottom)Insect Images-John A WeidhassImages-John A Weidhass

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Larvae live and feed Larvae live and feed between leaf surfacesbetween leaf surfaces

Photosynthetic activity Photosynthetic activity is reduced and plant is is reduced and plant is weakenedweakened


Screen or cover susceptible plants when adults Screen or cover susceptible plants when adults are presentare present

Removal of infested plant leaves will reduce Removal of infested plant leaves will reduce future pest populationsfuture pest populations

Systemic insecticides; plant, pest, and site Systemic insecticides; plant, pest, and site listed on labellisted on label

IGR’s (Insect Growth Regulators) pest specificIGR’s (Insect Growth Regulators) pest specific Secure points of access for pestsSecure points of access for pests

Insect Images-Whitney Cranshaw//USDA ARS photo unitInsect Images-Whitney Cranshaw//USDA ARS photo unit

MEALYBUGSMEALYBUGS The nymph move freely The nymph move freely

about the plant until about the plant until they find a spot to settlethey find a spot to settle

Once they settle Once they settle production of the waxy production of the waxy covering begins or else covering begins or else will develop into short will develop into short lived winged maleslived winged males

Females will lay Females will lay hundreds of eggs hundreds of eggs beneath the waxy beneath the waxy coveringcovering

Insect Images-William M CieslaInsect Images-William M Ciesla

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Cousin to the aphid, Cousin to the aphid, mealybugs pierce the mealybugs pierce the plant and feed on the plant and feed on the sapsap

The plants vigor and The plants vigor and growth is reduced as growth is reduced as they feedthey feed

Plants then become Plants then become more susceptible to more susceptible to other insects and diseaseother insects and disease


Hand pickHand pick Shower with high pressure spray (careful with Shower with high pressure spray (careful with

fragile foliage)fragile foliage) Stationary insects can be swabbed off with Stationary insects can be swabbed off with

alcoholalcohol Introduce beneficial insectsIntroduce beneficial insects Sticky trapsSticky traps Systemic insecticides, labeled for plant, pest, Systemic insecticides, labeled for plant, pest,

and siteand site

Stevehopkin.co.ukStevehopkin.co.uk

SPRINGTAILSSPRINGTAILS

Primarily are decomposersPrimarily are decomposers

Can be found in rich Can be found in rich organic soilorganic soil

They have a short life They have a short life cyclecycle

www.emporia.edu/biosciwww.emporia.edu/biosci

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Rarely are plants Rarely are plants damaged by springtailsdamaged by springtails

Large populations may Large populations may damage root hairs of damage root hairs of most greenhouse most greenhouse plantingsplantings


Change the organic content of your potting Change the organic content of your potting soilsoil

Eliminate high moisture areasEliminate high moisture areas

Introduce beneficial insectsIntroduce beneficial insects

Insecticides which list pest, plant, and siteInsecticides which list pest, plant, and site

(top)Insect Images-David Riley—(down) Central Science Lab. Harpenden (top)Insect Images-David Riley—(down) Central Science Lab. Harpenden ArchivesArchives

WHITEFLIESWHITEFLIES Females lay circular groups Females lay circular groups

of eggs on the undersides of of eggs on the undersides of leaves leaves

Nymphs resemble the young Nymphs resemble the young of mealybugs or scaleof mealybugs or scale

The adults emerge after The adults emerge after pupationpupation

Broadly oblong wings are Broadly oblong wings are covered with a white waxy covered with a white waxy powderpowder

Insect Images-David RileyInsect Images-David Riley

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Most greenhouse and Most greenhouse and houseplants are hostshouseplants are hosts

Adults can usually be Adults can usually be seen resting on the seen resting on the foliagefoliage

Nymphs decrease the Nymphs decrease the vigor of the plant by vigor of the plant by sucking the sapsucking the sap


Hand pick or vacuum visible pestsHand pick or vacuum visible pests Sticky trapsSticky traps Spot kill with an alcohol swabSpot kill with an alcohol swab Introduce and encourage beneficial insectsIntroduce and encourage beneficial insects Alter plant habitatAlter plant habitat Insecticidal soap, botanical insecticide listing Insecticidal soap, botanical insecticide listing

host plant, pest, and sitehost plant, pest, and site IGR’sIGR’s

In and Around Your HomeIn and Around Your Home

(top) Edward H Holsten, USDA Forest Service, (top) Edward H Holsten, USDA Forest Service, www.insectimages.org (bottom) Whitney (bottom) Whitney

Cranshaw, Colorado StateCranshaw, Colorado State University,University, www.insectimages.orgwww.insectimages.org

CARPENTER ANTSCARPENTER ANTS

Among the most efficient Among the most efficient wood-destroyers in Alaskawood-destroyers in Alaska

Construct nests in wood Construct nests in wood

Winged ants develop in Winged ants develop in mature nests of >2,000mature nests of >2,000

Important decomposers of Important decomposers of decaying treesdecaying trees

(top) USDA Forest Service-NW Area Archives, (top) USDA Forest Service-NW Area Archives, www.insectimages.org (bottom) R. Werner, USDA(bottom) R. Werner, USDA Forest Forest

Service, www.insectimages.orgService, www.insectimages.org

DAMAGEDAMAGE

Often enter standing Often enter standing trees through a woundtrees through a wound

Nesting sites; Nesting sites; between insulation & between insulation & subfloor, ceilings, wall subfloor, ceilings, wall voids, supports in crawl voids, supports in crawl places, & heartwood of places, & heartwood of live treeslive trees

Only need 12% Only need 12% moisture to colonizemoisture to colonize

Edward H Holsten, USDA Forest Service. www.insectimages.orgEdward H Holsten, USDA Forest Service. www.insectimages.org

Control optionsControl options

Determine location of nest and Determine location of nest and look for signs of wood damagelook for signs of wood damage

Prune or remove foliage near Prune or remove foliage near homehome

Avoid storing wet or rotting Avoid storing wet or rotting wood, or firewood, along side wood, or firewood, along side structuresstructures

Remove the nestRemove the nest Use diatomaceous earth or Use diatomaceous earth or

silica aerogel on the exposed silica aerogel on the exposed nestnest

Boric acid can be used Boric acid can be used according to label directionsaccording to label directions


STORED FOOD PESTSSTORED FOOD PESTS

Life history varies among species, Life history varies among species, though many can have several though many can have several generations a year depending on generations a year depending on temperature and food availabilitytemperature and food availability

Adult and larval stage of stored Adult and larval stage of stored food beetles infest foods; food beetles infest foods; consuming and often breeding in consuming and often breeding in the material.the material.

Pam Compton UAF/CES Pam Compton UAF/CES Laura Jesse, Iowa State UniversityLaura Jesse, Iowa State University

DAMAGEDAMAGE A wide range of stored foods A wide range of stored foods

can be contaminated:can be contaminated:

-grains-grains

-flours-flours

-nuts-nuts

-beans-beans

-pasta-pasta

-dried fruit-dried fruit

-spices-spices

Plus the areas where foods Plus the areas where foods are storedare stored

CONTROL OPTIONSCONTROL OPTIONS Examine foods for pests before storingExamine foods for pests before storing

Use airtight containers to keep pests out of foods, or Use airtight containers to keep pests out of foods, or store susceptible foods in the refrigerator or freezerstore susceptible foods in the refrigerator or freezer

Kill pests in foods by freezing or heatingKill pests in foods by freezing or heating

Keep food service and storage areas clean and free of Keep food service and storage areas clean and free of spilled food; use vaccum or stiff brush and spongespilled food; use vaccum or stiff brush and sponge

Monitor for pests with trapsMonitor for pests with traps

RESOURCESRESOURCES

Identifying & Controlling Pests in Alaska, CES, Identifying & Controlling Pests in Alaska, CES, College of Rural Alaska, University of Alaska College of Rural Alaska, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks