introduction to latex
DESCRIPTION
LaTeX is a document preparation system with emphasis on logical structure and mathematical and scientific typesetting.TRANSCRIPT
Document Preparation using LATEXDocument Processor not a Word Processor
A.B. Raju and Satish Annigeri
B.V.B. College of Engineering & TechnologyHubli 580 031
20 Sep, 2014
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 1 / 23
LATEXversus MS Word
Microsoft Word is good forshort documents, such as coverpages, letters, or documentswith about 100 pages. Basicfeatures are easy to learn andGUI is useful for normal users.
If you are writing a longdocument like a Technicalpaper, Project report, an article,or a review, you are better offwith LATEX. Initial learning curveis steep, but persist with it andyou will be rewarded.
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 2 / 23
Document Preparation
Document Preparation is concerned with creating documents for print orelectronic distribution.
Typical document structure for long documentsFront matterMain matterBack matter
Mathematical equation typesetting
Lists
Tables
Reference citation
Cross referencing within the document
LATEX lets the author take care of logical structure while it takescare of visual structure
Word processors require the author to take care of both logical andvisual structure
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 3 / 23
LATEX History
Donald Knuth
Professor Emeritus, StanfordUniversity
Author of the multi-volume TheArt of Computer Programming
Creator of TEX computertypesetting system andMETAFONT font definitionlanguage
TEX was developed in late 1970sby Donald Knuth Donald Knuth
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 4 / 23
LATEX History contd
Leslie Lamport
Initially developed the LATEXsystem as a documentpreparation system
Developed when Leslie Lamportwas working at SRI International
Currently works at MicrosoftResearch
LATEX was first released in theyear 1985
Current version is LATEX 2εLeslie Lamport
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 5 / 23
Installing LATEX
Microsoft WindowsMiKTeX is a popular LATEX distribution for Microsoft WindowsHas a package manager to install additional packages or removeinstalled packagesHas an update manager to update installed packagesCan be downloaded from http://miktex.org
GNU/LinuxTeXLive is a LATEX distribution for GNU/LinuxInstallation and package management is done through the systempackage manager - one of apt-get, yum, zypper depending on yourGNU/Linux distribution
LATEX editorsTeXstudio - Windows and GNU/Linuxhttp://texstudio.sourceforge.net/
TeXMaker - Windows and GNU/Linuxhttp://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/
TeXnicCenter - Windows http://www.texniccenter.org/
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 6 / 23
LATEX Document Preparation Workflow
1 Write the LATEX source document in a text editor
2 Compile the LATEX source document to your preferred output format
3 View the document
4 Repeat this loop to modify the document
Popular output formats
DVI – DVI viewer (xdvi on GNU/Linux, YAP in MiKTeX)
PDF – Acrobat reader or other PDF viewers (xpdf or evince onGNU/Linux, Sumatra on Windows)
Postscript (PS) – Ghostview viewer (Ghostscript)
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 7 / 23
Minimal LATEX document
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello, World
\end{document}
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 8 / 23
Structure of a Document
A document can be structured into the followingPart \part BookChapter \chapter Book, ReportSection \section Book, Report, ArticleSub Section \section Book, Report, ArticleSub Sub Section \section Book, Report, ArticleParagraph \subsection Book, Report, ArticleSub Paragraph \subsubsection Book, Report, Article
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 9 / 23
Choosing the Right Document Class
BookTitle page on a separate page by itselfCan contain parts, chapters, sections, subsections, subsubsections andparagraphsNew chapters begin on a new page, on the right side by defaultDocument is two sided by default, can be changed to one sidedCan optionally have appendices.
ReportTitle page on a separate page by itselfCan contain chapters, sections, subsections, subsubsections, paragraphsNew chapters begin on a new pageDocument is one sided by default. Two sided is optional
ArticleNo separate page for title pageCan contain sections, subsections, subsubsections, paragraphsDocument is one sided by default. Two sided is optional
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 10 / 23
Adding Sections
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\section{Word} \label{sec:word}
I prefer using \LaTeX{} to using Microsoft Word or
other word processors.
\section{Latex}\label{sec:tex}
I love \LaTeX. As I mentioned in Section~\ref{sec:word},
I do not like word processors.
\end{document}
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 11 / 23
Some Tips for Beginners
Words are separated by spaces. Number of spaces doesn’t matter,one is as good as 100.
Paragraphs are separated by empty lines. Number of empty linesdoesn’t matter, one is as good as 100.
LATEX is a markup language. To make something to be printed inbold in the document, you mark it in the source with\textbf{this will be in bold}.
Following characters are reserved for use by LATEX –# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }. To print these characters in your document,you will have to escape tem. For example \& to print &.The characters that can appear in your text are:
Alphabets: a-z, A-ZDigits: 0-9
Punctuation: . : ; , ? ! ‘ ’ ( ) [ ] - / * @
Mathematical symbols: + = < >
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 12 / 23
Some More Tips
A soft return is introduced with two backslashes: \\
A non-breaking space is: ~ as in Chapter~1
LATEX automatically hyphenates words where necessary
Beginners must look out for some common errors:
A misspelled command or environment nameImproperly matching bracesTrying to use one of the ten special characters # $ % & _ { } ~ ^ \,as an ordinary printing symbol without escaping themImproperly matching formula delimiters – for example, \( without amatching \)
The use in ordinary text of a command like ^ that can appear only in amathematical formulaA missing \end commandA missing command argument
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 13 / 23
All the Fuss about Spaces
Space after a sentence is longer than a normal space. Can you see itjust before this sentence begins?
Sometimes the period does not represent end of a sentence, such as,Prof. Donald Knuth. The period after Prof. does not end a sentence.You can tell this to LATEX. \ prints a normal space. Compare thefollowing in the printed document:Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof. Donal Knuth
Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof.\ Donald Knuth
Non-breaking space is introduced with ~
Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof. Donal Knuth
Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof.\ Donald Knuth
Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof.~Donald Knuth
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 14 / 23
Equation Example
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation} \label{eq:sum}
s = \sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}
\end{equation}
\end{document}
Mathematical equations can be displayed in displaymath orequation environment, with or without numbers.
Displaymath mode without numbering: \[ x’ + y^2 = z_i \] oruse the \begin{equation*} x’ + y^2 = z_i \end{equation*}
environment
Inline math mode: Mathematical expressions within runningsentences: radius of a circle is $r^2 = x^2 + y^2$ orradius of a circle is \( r^2 = x^2 + y^2 \), which willprint as: radius of a circle is r2 = x2 + y2
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 15 / 23
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation} \label{eq:mean}
\bar{x} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}} {n}
\end{equation}
The equation for mean is given in Equation \ref{eq:mean}.
\end{document}
x̄ =
∑ni=1 xin
(1)
The equation for mean is given in Equation 1.
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 16 / 23
Document Class Examples
\documentclass{book}
\documentclass{report}
\documentclass{article}
\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\documentclass[a4paper,11pt,twocolumn]{report}
\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper,oneside]{book}
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 17 / 23
\documentclass{report}
\title{Learn \LaTeX}
\author{A.B. Raju}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\end{document}
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 18 / 23
\documentclass{report}
\title{Learn \LaTeX}
\author{A.B. Raju}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\include{chapter_1}
\include{chapter_2}
\include{chapter_3}
\end{document}
In the above example, each chapter is typed in a separate file, andincluded into the main document in the right sequence.
Filenames usually have the .tex extension, but it is not included inthe \include{filename} command
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 19 / 23
Including Graphics
Convert images into .jpg/.eps or .pdf format
Include package graphicx
Use the \includegraphics{filename} command
Filename is case sensitive on some GNU/Linux and Mac OS X
To specify options, use the\includegraphics[options]{filename} command
Options may include [width=2.5cm], [height=5cm] etc
LATEX understand several standard length units such as:in for inch, cm for centimeter, pt for point. 1 inch is 72 points
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 20 / 23
An example
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{MyBat}
\caption{This is My Bat} \label{fig:bat}
\end{figure}
In Figure \ref{fig:bat}
\end{document}
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 21 / 23
TikZ Pictures
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw[step=0.5,blue!20,very thin] (-1.5,-1.5) grid (1.5,1.5);
\draw[thick] (-1.5,0) -- (1.5,0);
\draw[thick] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5);
\draw[very thick] (-1,0) .. controls(-1,0.555) and (-0.555,1)
.. (0,1) .. controls(0.555,1) and (1,0.555) .. (1,0);
\end{tikzpicture}
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 22 / 23
Thank You
A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 23 / 23