Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist. Mad. Vol. XXII pp. 145 to 158

INTRODUCTION TO MADHAVANIDANA

MOMIN All'"

ABSTRACT

The Rogavinishchaya, traditionally known as Madhavanidana or Nidanais first work of this typa compiled by Madhavakara in 700 A.D. ona section of

Ayurveda i. e. etiology, Pathogenesis and diagnosis etc.. of the diseases

mentioned in all the branches of Ayurvada. It is comprehensive, standard and

indisputable work on this section. The order in which the diseases have beendescribed in it became so popular that, the:same is reflected in the works ofsubsequent authors. This work is given first rank in the knowledge of diag-

nos's and it is very oftenly said that, Madhava is supreme in diagnosis.

The Hoqavinlscava. traditionallyknown as Madhavanidana or Nidanais a comprehensive, standard, indis-putable and very popular work com-piled by Mildhava on etiology, patho-genesis and diagnosis etc. of thediseases mentioned in all the branchesof Ayurveda. This work has remaineda classic till date and given first rankin the field of diagnosis. Therefore,it is very oftenly said that, Madhavais supreme in Nidana (diagnosis) asVaqbhar a is in Sutra (principles andpractice of medicine), Susruta is in~arira (surgery and anatomy) andCaraka is in Cikitsa (therapeutics).

The early authorities of Ayurveda gavedue importance, devoting their atten-tion to the investigation of etiology,pathogenesis and diagnosis of disea-ses under a separate section i.e.Nidanasthana. To the NidanasthanaCaraka has devoted eight chapters,Susruta sixteen chapters and Vagbhataalso devoted sixteen chapters. Afterthese three classics, known as thevraddh a-tr avj (Great-trio) of theancients, Madhavanidana achievedan outstanding reputation dealingexclusively and exhaustively with thediagnosis of diseases among thelater works.!

'" Research Officer incilarge Indian Institute of History of Medic'ne. OMC Buildings,Putlibowli, Hyderabad-500 195.

1. a. 'Hindu Medicine' by Zimmer, H.R .. pp. 60·61.

b. "A short History of Aryan Medical Science" by Bhaqvat Sinh .Jse. Chapter 2,p~. 35·36 and Chapter 8. pp. 151-152

146

Greater part of the Madhavanida nadraws appropriate to its nature andscope, from the above mentionedthree classics, while a small numberof verses has been taken from theAstariqa Sarnqraha and the remainingverses are from unidentified sourcesor composed by Miidhava himself.Many diseases described in brief inthe samhitas, have been describedhere in detail, more clearly and inan independent torrn.s

The order in which the diseaseshave been described in this workattained so much popularity that thesame is reflected in the works of sub-sequent authors, viz. Vranda's Siddha-yoga Cakrapauis Cikitsasarasarnqraha,Yangasena' s Cikitsasara-sarnqrahaand Bhavarnisras Bhavaprakasa etc.Regarding his work, Miidhava himselfsays "This (work) called 'Roqavinis-cava' (the ascertainment of diseases)containing the secondary effections,precursory signals of death, causesand signs, is making use of the wordsof various sages, composed now ina succinct wayan the request ofaccomplished physicians", Further,giving utility of this work he says"This very work (book) entitled'Roqaviniscava' will enable physicianslacking the knowledge of various trea-tises and possessing little intelligence,to discern a disorder with ease. "Thefive means of getting knowledge

Bull. lnd , Inst, Hist. Me a. Vol. XXii

about an illness, one wants to under-stand, as mentioned by him are:"The discernment of diseases is tradi-tionally said to consist of five elementsnidana (the origin), purvarupa(prodromes), rupa (symptoms) andalso upasava (therapeutic diagnosis)and samprapti (onset). These wordsindicate its purpose, to be knowledgeabout disaases.!

PERIOD OF M.\DHAVANIDANASince Caraka and Susruta are

cited by Vaqbhat a, while Miidhavani-dana is not mentioned by him, thiswork must be later than the work ofViigbha\a II, who belongs to 600 A.D.Vrnda and Cakrapani have followedthe order in which the diseases havebeen described in Madhavanidana.This shows, the period of compilationof Madhavanidana, is before Vrndaand Cakrapani. The period of Cakra-pani is 11th century A.D., he hasarranged his work 'Cikitsasarasarn-qraha' on the basis of Vrnda's Siddha-yogasarhgraha. So, Vrnda must havelived before Cakrapanidatta, i.e. around9th century A.D. Madhava is consi-dered to be 100 or 200 years earlierto Vrnda. According to a number ofevidences, the Madhavanidiina wasknown to Arabs in 850 A.D , whichproves that, it must have existedbefore 8th century A.D, So, the periodof compilation of M1idhavanidanamay be fixed as 7th century A.D,*

2. 'Indian Medicine' by Jolly, J.P" pp. 10.3. 'Madhavan-dana and its chief commentary' by Meulenbeld. G. J. Chapter I. pp. 29-32.4. a. 'Ayurveda Ka Brihat Itihasa' by Atridev. 1st Edn. pp. 268-269.

b. "Avurvada Ka Vaijnanika ltihasa ' by Sharma, P. V" pp 242-243.

Introduction to Madhavanidana-Momin AI;

G.J. Meulenbeld says, among thenumber of Indian medical worksrecorded by Ibn Abi Usavbia (whodied in 1270 A.D.) in his twelfthbook of History of Physicians, the'Uvun-al-anba fi tabaqat-al-atibba'the title of one of these treatises iswritten bdan (a variant reads ydiin):this word is usually vocalized asBadan, though it is equally admissibleto r-ead Bidiin. Usavbia observes thatthe signs of 404 diseases are descri-bed in the work, without indicatingtheir treatment. This indicates to theMadhavanidana and not to the Nida-nasthana of one of the classicalsarnhitas. as a restricted number ofdiseases onlv, is dealt with, in thelatter under that heading. The Nidanais also mentioned by the Arab historian(Ibn Wadih)-AI-Yaqllbi. This author,who is earlier than Usavbia andAI Razi (he lived in the second halfof the ninth cent urv): descri bes thework in the same way as Usavbia.Abul Hasan Ali b Sahl Rabban-al-Tabari wrote 'Firdows-al-Hikma-fil-tibb' i.e. Paradise of Wisdom inSamrra in the third year of the reignof the Caliph al-Mutaw akkil, i.e. 849-850 A.D. Its thirtieth and last sectiondeals with Indian medicine. Itdescribes succinctly in thirty sixchapters, the theory and generaltherapeutic principles of Indian medi-cine, while at the end many recipesare given. Ali b Sahl made use of thetranslations of Sanskrit medical worksexecuted by order of the first AbbasidCaliphs, in particular Harun-al-Rasheed

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(768-809 A.D.) and the Barmakids.Ali b Sahl based his work on earliertranslations of Indian texts into Syriacor Persian. Among the Indian booksof this treatise several Indian medicalworks are mentioned-Jrk, ssrd, ndanand ashtanqhrdy, i.e. Caraka. Susruta,Nidana and A~tangahrdaya. It ishighly probable that ndan is theMadhavanidana, because no otherfamous Indian book with a similartitle could have spread to the Arabworld at so early as date (about 850A.D.). This reference to the Nidanaas a separate book is mentioned oncein the Indian books of 'Firdows-al-Hikrna'. The term Nidana appears ontwo other occasions, where however,it is not the Madhavanidana which isreferred to, but the nidana section ofsome other treatise. No direct trans-lation of parts of the Madhavanidanaare traceable, nor of the Carakasam-hita, Susrutas amhita and As\angahr-daya, only summaries of Indian medicaldoctrines have been given. Acceptingthe evidence afforded by Ali b Sahland later Arabic authors, it appearsreasonable to suppose, that Madhavasdate is about 700 A.D., taking intoaccount the time, needed for the workof an Indian writer to become sofamous as to be translated intoArabic in Persia and to be employedas one of his chief sources by anArabic author in 849-850 A.D.

THE COMMENTARIES ONM \DHAVANIDANA

Many commentaries were written

148

on Madhavanidiina being an excellentand very popular work, such as :1. MADHUKO~A by Vijavaraksita

and his disciple Srikanthadatta inthe first halfof 14thcenturyA.D.

2. ATANKADARPANA by VacaspatiVaidya in second half of the 14thcentury A.D.

3. SIDDH.\NTACINTAMANI by Na-rasimhe Kaviraja. This workseems to be the same as the Sid-dhantacandrika by NarasirhhaKavira]a, son of Nllakantha Bha-t ra and disciple of Ramakr:;;I)aBhat t a. According to Dasguptait is an excellent work based onthe Madhukos a, containing muchthat is both introductive andnew. T. Aufrecht also recordedthe Siddhantac andrika.

4. SUBODHINI by Vasudeva Mathur,consisting of short interpretationsof difficult portions of the Nida na.

5. MADHAVANIDf\NATIPPA~I byBhavarnisra. A work of sametitle is also recorded withoutauthor's name in R. Mitra's Bika-ner catalogue.

6. RUGVINIRNAYAlIKA by BhavaniSahava. This is a little known,recent, short and incorrect com-mentary.

7. A short commenta ry written byRamanatha Vaidya. This is alittle known, recent, short andincorrect commentary, which isnot procurable.

Bul!. Ind. tnst. Hist. Med. Vol. XXII

8. VAIDYAMANORAMA by Rama-krsna son of Gauri and NilBkall-tha.

9. A commentary by Rais arrnan.

10. A commentary by Ganesa Bhi-saja.

11. RUGVINI5CAYAPARI~I~TA byHaradhana son of Visarada.

12. SARADA by Sri SardaCaraI)aSena,which is relatively a recent workin Sanskrit.

13. SUDHALAHARI by UmssanandaSarrnan, which is also a recentwork in Sanskrit.

14. NID,\NAPRADlpA by Naganathathe eldest son of Krsnabhat t a issometimes said to be a commen-tary on the Madhavanidiina.According to Eggeling it is rathersurprising that, Miidhava is neveronce alluded to by the author,unless indeed, the title of thework is meant to imply that thework is intended to be an expo-sition or paraphrase of the Mad-havanidana. J. P. Jolly is of theopinion that, it is an extensivework in verse on pathology andnot a commentary on Madhava-nidan a.

15. VIKASINIVYAKHY'\ by Dinanath aSarma Siistri in Hindi.

16. VIDYOTINIVYAKHYA by Sudar-sana Siistri in Hindi".

5. a. 'The Madhavanidana and its chief cornmenra-v ' by Meulenbeld G. J • p p. 1. 2. 16. 21 & 22(Intr oduct-on) and Chapter 1 pp.29.31.

b. 'Ayurveda Ka Vajnanika ttihas a ' by Sharma P. V .• 1st Edn pp.242-245.

Introduction to Madhavanidana- Momin AI;

Madhukosa is the excellent workamong all the above commentaries.This work from sections 1 to 32 is byVijavaraksita and remaining portioni.e. from sections 33 till end by hisdisciple SrikaIghadatta. Caraka, Sus-ruta and Vagbha\:a have extensivelybeen quoted in this work. It alsorefers to the views of .Jejjat a. Vapya-candra, Kirtikund a (Kartika). SudantaSena, Bhaqiira Haricandra, Gadad-nara. Palakapva. Karavira. Parasara,Harrta, Bhoja, Jatukarana. Gayasena,Cakra, Bha.luki, Kharanada and Drdh-abala. It also distinguishes betweenVrddha Susruta (the original compi-ler of the teachings of Dhanvantari)and Susruta (the author of the pres-ent Susruta Samhita). The commen-tary promises to supply during thecourse of the commentary diagnosticmaterial that will be useful, but leftunsaid by the author Madhava. Sri-kanrhadatta has two verses beforethe commentary on the section 33(Prameha), wherein he tells us that,his commentary was motivated byhis reverence for the teacher Vijaya(rak-ita): At the close of the com-mentary he refer's to his teacher'swork 'Sukti-rnuktavali' (which isprobably another name for 'Madhu-kosa"), in which whatever was leftunarticulated by his teacher has beensupplied by himself in the very wordsof his teacher. Many of the medicalworks quoted in this commentary are

149

not available now. Its earliest avail-able manuscript is d atad 1529 A.D.Among the early editions of thiscommentary .Jibananda Vidyasagar's(1876) and the Nirnavasaqare edition(alongwith Atank adarpana commen-tary) may be mentioned.s

TRANSLATION OF MADHAVANI-DANA IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES

1. It was translated into Arabic in8th century A.D.

2. Its first five chapters were trans-lated into Italian language byMario Vallauri in 1913-14 A.D.

3. First ten chapters of this workalongwith Madhukosa and Atan-kadarpana commentaries weretranslated into English by G. J.Meulenbeld in 1974.7

4. It was translated from secondchapter in English by K. R. L.Gupta in 1892.

CCNTENTSThis work dealing with the bra-

nch of etiopathogenesis, clinicalpathology and diagnosis of diseases,is divided into three sections by itsauthor. In the first section, fiveaspects necessary for proper diagno-sis of a disease have been describedas the 'Pancanidanal aksanam' whichare as follows:1. NIDANA (etiology) : The root

causes of the diseases, such asbad food, bad water, indulgence,

6. 'Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine' Vol. I. pp, 70, 93. 94 & 101.7. 'Ayurveda K3 Vaijn amk a Itihasa ' by Sharma, P. V. pp. 245.

150

excesses etc. They very often givea clue to diagnose diseases. Thepopular meaning of the termNIOANA is diagnosis, which alsoincludes prognosis. This term isgenerally applied to the collectiveAyurvedic name for etiology,pathology, predromata, and sym-ptomatology etc., although in arestricted sense it refers speciallyto the causes that bring aboutdiseases.

2 P(TRVAROPA (prodromal fea-tures) : The pre-disposing signsand symptoms occuring duringincubation period i.e., before thedisease fully manifests itself maygive a clue to the disease. Butat this stage one can not becertain whether any disease willmanifest itself or whether thedisease may subside. Theseindications help a physician toguess the advent of the diseasevery often and to correlate parti-cular doshic derangement with aparticular group of prodromata.

3. ROPA (symptomatology) : Thesymptoms by which a diseaseexhibits itself. By means of thestudy of signs and symptoms aphysician is enabled to judgethe special feature of the deve-loped stage of disease and do-a,dii,ya etc.

4. UPA::',AYA (Therapeut ic test lea-ding to diagnosis in its differentaspects) : It is a form of diagno-

Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist . Me d . Vol. XXII

sis in which a disease is ascer-tained by the experimental useof particular conduct, diet ordrug. Such as, there is a doubtthat a particular disease is dueto the derangement of vata. thenB diet, exercise or any otherknown remedial measure is pres-cribed to cure the suspectedderangement, which is then eit-her ameliorated or aggravated. Ifit is ameliorated, then the hypo-theticated proposition is confir-med. If not, it is rejected. Thus,the medicine or food or thehygienic treatment which hasgiven relief is called UPASAYA.On the other hand, if the patientfeels worse, the anti-vata treat-ment in this instance is termedANUPASAYA. Then it is imme-diately stopped and suitableother measures are undertaken.UPASAYA is also called VY.\.O-HIS \.TMY A, that, which is con-ducive to the welfare of thepatient by giving relief from thedisease.

5. SA:\IPR.\PTI (Pathoqe nesis andclinical pathology) : It is theobservation of the course of thedisease, or in other words, it isthe description in detail of allthe morbid processes that takeplace in different stages of thesame disease. The accumulationof the dosas, their movementsand the' particular forms ofthe diseases are included inSA]\IPRApTI.8

8. 'Ayurveda Siksha ' by Lakshrnipathi A. Vol. IV, Sec. I, Chapters II, III, VI & VII. pp. 18-47.

Introduction of Madhavanidana·--Momin AJi

The second section has dealt withthe detailed description of the follo-wing diseases including their clinicalvarieties: Jvara (fever), Atisara(diarrhoea), Pravahika (dysentery),Grahani (chronic diarrhoea), Arsa(haemorrhoids / piles), Agnimiindya(dyspepsia/sluggishness of the (tran-forming) fire), Ajirr.la (indigestion!disorders of the process of disintegra-tion (ofthefood), Visucika (cholera),Alasaka (intestinal inertia), Vilarnbika(retardation of evacuation), Krimi(worms), Paridu (an aemi a.mcrbidpallor), Kamala (jaundice), Kurhbha-kamala (cholaemia), Halirnaka (chlo-rosis), Raktapitta (h aernorrhaqe'blood-bile/haemorrhagic disorders),Rtjayak,:ma (Phthisis Kingly consurn-ption.pulmoriarv tuberculosis), K~ata-k-In a (pulmonary cavitation/ a lesionof the chest, ulcer), Kasa (cough),Hikka (hiccup), ~vasa (bronchialasthma), Svarabheda (hoarseness ofvoice), Arocaka (loss of appetite/anorexia/aversion to toed): chardi(vomiting), Trsna (abnormal thirst),Murccha (fainting, syncope), Bhrama(vertigo/giddiness). Nidra (coma),Tandra (drowsiness), Sannvasa(apoplexy), Piinatya-Paramada Pana-jirna-Panavibhr arna (alcoholism),Djiha (burning sensation), Unrnada(insanity), Apasrnar a (epilepsy, hyste-ria), Vatavyadhi (nervous diseases),Vatarak t a (gout), Urustarnbha (para-plegia), .vrnavata (rheumatoid arthritis),~ula (colic), Parinarn asula (duodenalulcer), Annadravasula (chronic gastri-

757tis/gastric ulcer) Udavarta (distensionof abdomen/retention of discharges),.vnaha (pyloric obstruction; intestinalobstruction/constipation), Gulrna(swellinqsin the'abdomenyabderninaltumour), Hrdroqa (diseases of theheart), Mutrakrcchra (painful micturi-t ion/dvsurea/stranqu rv). Miitraghata(obstructed micturition/retention ofurine), Asmari (calculus/urinary calculi),Prameha (urinary abnormalities/morbidsecretion of urine), Madhumeha(diabetes), Pramehapidaka (boilsassociated with the urinary abnorma-lities/carbuncles). Medoroga (obesity),Udara (abdominal enlargements/abdominal disease). sotha (oedema!swellings/dropsy), Vrddhi (inguino-scrotal swellinqs/hemia/ nvdrocele/h a-ematacele etc.): Galaqanda (goitre),Gandrnala (scrofula). Apacl (chroniclymphadenitis), Granthi (glandularswellings), Arbuda (tumours), ~lipada(elephantiasis), Vidradhi (abscess),Vrariasotha (inflammation). Sarira-vrana (idiopathic ulcer), Sadvovrana(wou nds/recent traumatic wounds),Bhagna (fractures and dislocations),Nalivrana (sinus or fistula), Bhagan-dara (fistuta-in-ano). Upadarnsa (softchancre/genital ulcer/venereal diseases)Si'lkado,?a(various genital conditions/diseases caused by local applicationsto increase the size of penis). Kustha(diseases of the skin includingleprosy), Sit apitta -Udarda- Kot ha(urticaria/exanthvrneta) , Amlapitta(hyper acidity), Visarpa (erysipelas/cellulitis), Vispho ta (bullous eruption/

152

boils), Maslirikii (small-pox), Roman-tika (measles), Ksudraropa (minordiseases). Mukharoga (diseases ofthe oral cavity). Karnaroqa (diseasesof the ears), Nisiroga (diseases ofthe nose), Netraroga (diseases of theeyes), Siroroqa (diseases of the head/brain). Asrqdara (dysmenorrhoea andmenorrhagia). Yonivyapat (diseases offemale genital organs), Yonikanda(uterovaqinal turnours) , Mu<;lhagarbha(malpresentation I abnormal foetalpresentations/unnatural labour). sen-karoqa (puerperal diseases). Stana-roga (breast diseases). Stanvadusriabnormal milk discharge), Balaroqa(diseases of children). Visaroqa(effects of poisons).

The last section of this workcontains a list of diseases describedin the Rogavini~caya and it ends witha prayer that all living beings be freedfrom the entire host of diseases.

THE AUTHOR OF ROGAVINI~CAYAIn the colophon of the Hoqavinis-

cava the name of its author is givenas Madhava son of lndukar a. InMadhukosa commentary he is calledas Madhava and Madhav akara.t Nosufficient information is availableregarding his lineage The name ofhis father is given in few works only,but there is no agreement amongthese sources. In the colophon of amanuscript of Vacaspati's commentaryon the Nida na, his father's name is

Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist . Med. Vol. XXII

given as lndukara, whereas the nameof the father of Madhavakara, theauthor of Nidana and Cikitsa (Madha-vacikitsita) is given as Candrakara, Ifthe author of Miidhavanidana andMadhavaclkitsita is one, which ismost possible, then Candrakara maybe taken as a synonym of Indukara.It is assumed that Indukara is thecorrect form of the name of Madhava'sfather.

Hoernle had created confusionwith regard to the identity of Madhavaand his works. He observed that,Dalhaua in the introduction to hiscommentary on Susrutasamhita men-tioned that, before starting to writehis own comments, he had studiedthe glosses of Sri Madhava. So, hemade a link between Madhava, theglossator and Vrnda, the author ofthe Siddhayoga, after noticing theobservation of ::;rika1.1t hadatta that,Vrnda added glosses of his own tostanzas of the Siddhayoga, takenfrom the Carakasarnhita or Susruta-samhita, He then, assumed thatMadhava and Vrnda were probablyone and the same person. In supportof this assumption he drew attentionto the fact that the Siddhayoga, asper its colophon is also called Vrnda-rnadhava. The author has given hisname as Vrnda at the end of hiswork. In this way Hoernle came toregard wrongly that the Madhavani-dana and Siddhayoga as the twoparts of one great work by Vrnda.

9. 'Madhavanidana' edited by Yadunanandana Upadhyaya Part-II, pp. 416.

Introduction to fI/1'J.dhavanidfwa- Momin Ali

Madhavakara is supposed to belongto the 'Kar a ' family mentioned as oneof the families of Bengali physiciansby Bha rata mall ika (a bout 1800 A. D ),a Bengali commentator in his Candra-prabhii.. Bhattacarva is also of theopinion that, he belongs to Bengal,and in support of this theory, he drewattention to the Bengali synonyms ofsubstances of vegetable, animal andmineral origin mentioned in Parvava-ratnarnala, which is said to be one ofthe Madhava's work. N. N. Dasguptaalso believes that, Madhava was aBengali and pays attention to thevernacular words in the Parvavaratna-mala, adding that the substances,occuring in it are for the greater partstill known by the same name inBengal.10 Gauanatha Sen also assignshim to Benqal.! J It is also said that,Madhava was born in Kishkindha,now, called Golkon da, in South India,and was Prime Minister to King ViraBukka of Vijayanagar in the 12tr,century A.D. He was a brother of thefamous scholar Say ana the author ofthe great commentary on the I~gveda,to which, Madava is said to have alsocontributed'. Besides the 'Roqavinic-cava' or 'Madhavanidana'. the otherworks attributed to this rvHidhavaare-s- "Sarvadar+anasarnqraha'. 'Mad-dhav avedarthapr akasa', 'Pa ncada'!','Ma dhavavrtti", 'Ka larn.tdhava'. 'Vya

753

vaha ramadhava'. '.\caramadhava' and'Sankaradigvijaya' etc.!: Here alsothe author of the Nidana. a native ofBengal belonging to 7th century A.D.is wrongly identified with Madhavathe brother of the famous Sayalla la.In T. Aufrecht's catalogus catalo-gorum also, many Madhavas havebeen mentioned. Among them theMadhava or Madhavakara son ofIndukara is considered as the authorof a number of works. viz. '.1..yur-vedaprakasa', "vvurvedarasasastra'.'Ku] amudgara', 'Parvavaratnamala'Rasakaurnudi' and 'Ruqviniscava' or'Madhavanidana' etc. H

From the above description it isclear that there were many medicalauthors called Madhava or Madhava-kara. Apart from the Hoqaviniscayaor the Nidan a many other works arealso attributed to the author of theNidiina. Prominent among theseworks are as follows:

1. .\yurvedarjraka~l'I: This work WGlS

composed by Madhavaupadh-vava, He was originally fromSaurashtra but settled in Kashi.He was later than the author ofthe Hoqaviniscav a or Madhava-nidan a. since he has quoted fromTrirnallabha t t as 'Yo qatar anqini'of 17th century A. D.

10. 'The Madhavanidana and its Chief Commentary' by Mc!ulen:,dd, G. J. PD. 5-8 (Introduction).

11. "Pr atvaksha Sh ar ir arn ' by Gananath Sen, Part-I, p p , 51-52 (Sanskrit Introduction).12. 'A Short History of Arvan Medical Science', by Bhagvat Sinh .Jes. Chapter II, pp. 35-36,

13. 'Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine', Vol. I. No. 69.14. 'Cat aloqus Cata!ogorum' by T. Autr echt Part-I. FP. 449.

154

2. Ayurvedarasa~astra: Though theauthor of this work is also Mad-hava the son of Indukara, but,probably he was again differentfrom the author of the Nidana.

3. Kui amudqara : This work is attri-buted to Bhisak Madhava. Accor-ding to S. K. De, there is nothingto identify him with the authorof the Nidana. Neither 'Kara' isthere with his name nor thename of his father is Indukara.This work belongs to tantrik orprobably modern period.

4. Parvavaratnarnala Accordingto P. V. Sharmaji, its author isMadhavakara, the son of Indu-kara, who has given his place as'~ilahrda'. Some people take Si-lahata by ~ilahrda and few othertake it Pathar aqhat t a. the site ofthe university of Vikrarnasila,near Bhagalpur (Bihar). Probablyhe must have been related as ateacher with the university, whichwas established during the reignof Palavamsa in 8th century A. D.Its author is different from theauthor of the 'Roqaviniscava'. Itcontains mercury, sulphur andmica etc. which indicates somewhat developed state of Rasa-sastra. This work seems to beposterior to Madhavacikitsita, awork ascribed to the author ofthe Nidana, which does not con-

eon. Ind. tnst, Hist. Med. Vol. XXII

tain any mercurial preparations.Vrnda (9th century A.D.) hasquoted and followed the Hoqavi-niscava, while the Parvavaratna-malA has not been quoted by anyauthor prior to Sarvana nda (12thcentury A.D.) the famous com-mentator of 'Arnarakosa'. Apartfrom this 'Bradhna' disease foundmentioned in it has not beendescribed in the Nidana. So, theauthor of both the works is notthe same, otherwise, this diseasewould have certainly been men-tioned in the Nidiina also. It isalso certain that, this work is notlater than 11th century A.D., asopium is not given in it. Itsperiod, therefore, must be laterthan the Nidana. Since theperiod of the Nidana has beenfixed as 7th century A.D., theParvavaratnarnala must havebeen composed between 7th and11th centuries i.e. 9th centuryA.D. i~ But G. J. Meulenbeldbelieves that the Ratnamalii canwithout much doubt, be regardedas an authentic work by Madhava,the author of the Roqaviniscava.He has mentioned one moreParvavaratnarnala written byMahesvara Misra. He has alsoreported another work known asRatnamala written by Govardha-na. who was later than Madh av aand also one of the Niscalaker a'sdistinguished authorities. Mad-

15. (a) 'Ayurveda Ka Vaijnanika luhasa'. by Sharma, P. V., pp , 240-241.

(b) 'Introduction to Dravyaguna' by Sharma, P. V., pp. 93-99.

Introduction to Mftdhavanidana-Momin Ali

hava's Ratn arnala is quoted byVandvaqhauva-Sarvananda in hiscommentary called Tikasarv asva,on Amarasimha's Narnalinqanu-~asana, composed in 1159 A.D.Madhava's work was known toMedinikara (14th century A.D.),who refers to the Ratnamalii andMadhava in his Nanarthasabda-kosa, also known as MedinikosaRiiyamukuta, the author of thecommentary 'Padacandrika ' onthe Amarakosa. in 1431 A.D.also quotes from Madhava'sRatnamiWi.. The Hatnamala bythe physician Madhavakara isclearly referred to by Haricar ana-sena in the introductory stanzasof his Parvavarnuktavali, whichindicates that the work wasbased on that by Madhava.!"

5. Miidhavacikitsita: S. K. De saysthat, it is not a separate workdifferent from the Ho qaviniscava,but it is either identical with theNldana or represents a version ofit. According to N.N. Dasgupta,this work was composed byMiidhavn as a supplement to theNidana, which is quoted bySrikant hadatta in his commentaryon the Siddhayoga. Miidhava'streatise on therapy was alsoknown to Niscalakara, who refersto it as the Madhavasarhgraha.

6. Rasakaumudi: The author of this

155

work is also Mftdhava, the sonof lndukara, but, it was probablycomposed in 16th or 17th cen-tury. Its contents are comparableto Rasapradipa in many aspects.Opium and mineral acids arefound mentioned in it,lT

7. Hasasiddhlprakasa: It was compo-sed by Madhavabhat r a not bythe Madhavakara.

8, Yoqavvakhva: Its author isMadhava, No other informationregarding the author of this workis available except, as given bySrikaDthadatta and Niscalakara.

9. Susrutaslokavartika or Prasnasa-hasravidhana: It is difficult tosay something with regard to itsauthor. But, most probably it isalso a work of the author ofParvavaratnarnala ,

10. Dravvaquna (Bhavasvabhavavada ):Madhava, the author of this workwas grandson of Srikanthadatta,son of Cakr apa ni and father ofPurusottama.t"

On the basis of the above discu-ssions, it can be concluded that'Hoqaviniscava', 'Parvavaratnarnala','Madhavacikitsita' and "Su irutaslok a-vartika' or 'Prasnasahasravidhana'can be attributed to Miidhava orMiidhavakara, the son of lndukara, anative of Bengal, belonging to 7thcentu ry A. D.

16. 'The Madhavanidana and its Chief Commentary' by Meulenbeld. G. J .• pp. 8-12.17. 'History of Chemistry In Ancient and Medieval India' by Ray, P .. pp. 162,229 & 307.

18 'Avurve d a Ka Vaijnanika l t+ha s a" by Sharma P. V., pp 238-241,

156

Aufrecht, T. 1962

Bhagvat Singh Jee 1896

Gananath Sen 1940

Jadavji Trikarnji 1955

Jolly, J. 1951

Lakshrnipathi, A. 1945

Meulenbeld, G.J. 1974

Ramachandra 1985Rao, S.K.

Ray, P. 1955

Ray, P. C. 1903

Sharma, P.V. 1975

Sharma, P. V. 1976

Yadunandana 1986Upadhyaya

Bull. Ind. If/st. Hist . /tiled. Vol. XXII'

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Catalogus Catalogorum, Parts I & Il, byFranz Steiner Verlag GMBH Wisebaden.A Short History of Aryan Medical SciencePublished by MacMillan & Co. Ltd., London.Pratyaksha-Shariram, 4th Edn.. Part-I, Publishedby Kaviraj S. K. Sen, Kalpataru Palace. 223Chittaranjan Avenue, Calcutta, India.Madhavanidan. 1st Edn r Published by NirnayaSagar Press, Bombay, India.Indian Medicine, Translated from German andsupplemented with notes, Published by Kashikar,C.G., 196/27 Sadashivpeth, Poona-2, India.Ayurveda Siksha (A Text book of Ayurveda),Vol. IV, Sec.-I, 1st Edn., Circus Maidan,Governorpet, Bezwada, India.The Madhavanidana and its chief commentary,Published by Leiden, E J. Brill.Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine, Vol. I, Publishedby Popular Prakashan, Bombay, India, on behalf ofDr. V. Parameshvara Charitable Trust, Bangalore.History of Chemistry in Ancient and MedievalIndia, Published by G. Banerjee. Indian ChemicalSociety, 92 Upper Circle Road, Calcutta-9, India.A History of Hindu Chemistry, Vol. I, Publishedby The Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical WorksLtd., Calcutta, India.Ayurveda Ka Vaijnanika ftihasa, Published byChaukhamba Orientalia P.O. Chaukhamba,Post Box No. 32, Varanasi-221001, India.Introduction to Dravyaguna, Published byChaukhamba Orientalia, P.O Chaukharnbha,Post Box No. 32, Varanasi-221 001, India.Madhavanidanam with Vidyotini Hindi Commentary& Notes by Sri Sudarsanashastri, Parts I & /I,6th Edn., Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, P.O.Chaukhambha, Post Box No. 1139, Varanasi-221 001India.

1948 Hindu Medicine, Edited by Edelstein, L., Publishedby The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore,U.S.A.

Zimmer, H. R.

Introduction to Madhavanidana-Momin Ali 157

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