introduction to ns-2 - aut
TRANSCRIPT
3/29/2007 NCKU 1
Introduction to ns-2
3/29/2007 NCKU 2
Outline
•An introduction to ns-2•What is ns-2•Fundamentals•Writing ns-2 codes•Wireless support•Traces support and visualization•Emulation•Related work
3/29/2007 NCKU 3
What is ns-2
•History•What does it support
3/29/2007 NCKU 4
Ns Goals•Support networking research and education•Protocol design, traffic studies, etc•Protocol comparison
•Provide a collaborative environment•Freely distributed, open source•Share code, protocols, models, etc
•Allow easy comparison of similar protocols•Increase confidence in results•More people look at models in more situations•Experts develop models
•Multiple levels of detail in one simulator
3/29/2007 NCKU 5
Alternatives•Experimentation•Private lab•Public testbed (e.g.
Planetlab)•Shared labs (e.g.
Utah Emulab)
•Analysis•Other simulator•Custom simulators•Other general
simulators
•Operational details,but•Limited scale•Expensive, limited
flexibility•Higher overhead
•Can provideunderstanding, but•Limited details
•Important niches•Limited re-use
3/29/2007 NCKU 6
History of ns-2• History• Cornell REAL simulator -1989• VINT project (UCB, Xerox ,USC/ISI) –1995• USC/ISI SAMAN/CONSER project –1999
• Size• ~220K lines of codes
•45% C++•31% OTcl•23% test suite/example/documents
• ~400 pages of mannual•Very steep learning curve for a new user!
• The most popular non-commercial discrete event packet-levelsimulator• Used by 10000+ users from 1000+ institutes from 50+ countries• 300+ posts to [email protected] every month
3/29/2007 NCKU 7
ns-2 support
•Platform•FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Windows and Mac
•Release•Periodical release: ~6 months•current release: ns-2.27, Jan 18, 2004
•Daily snapshot•Validation•~100 test suites and 100+ examples
3/29/2007 NCKU 8
What ns-2 can simulate•Wired network•Traffic model and applications•Transport protocol•Routing and Queuing•QoS•LANs
•Wireless network•Ad hoc routing and mobile IP•Sensor network•Propagation model/Energy model•WLAN (802.11)•Satellite
•Error modules•Tracing, visualization, emulation, various utilities
3/29/2007 NCKU 9
Wired network• Application• HTTP, web caching• telnet, FTP, RealAudio• CBR, on-off source
• Transport• UDP, TCP (almost all variants of TCP), RTP• SRM, PLM, LMS, PGM
• Routing• Unicast (DV, LM, etc) and multicast routing (PIM etc)• Hierarchical routing• Manual routing• Broadcasting• MPLS
• Queuing• RED, FIFO, FQ, SFQ, DRR, CBQ• Diffserv and IntServ• ECN
3/29/2007 NCKU 10
Wireless network• Ad-hoc network routing
• AODV, DSR, TORA, DSDV• Mobile IP• ARP• Radio propagation model
• Friss-space attenuation• Two-ray ground reflection model• Shadowing model
• Sensor network• Direct diffusion• SMAC
• WLAN• Ad-hoc mode• Infrastructure mode
• Satellite• Geostationary• LEO
• Energy model• Omni-directional antenna with unity gain
3/29/2007 NCKU 11
“Ns” Components•Ns, the simulator itself•Nam, the network animator•Visualize ns (or other) output•Nam editor: GUI interface to generate ns scripts
•Pre-processing:•Traffic and topology generators
•Post-processing:•Simple trace analysis, often in Awk, Perl, or Tcl
3/29/2007 NCKU 12
Installation
•Getting the pieces•Tcl/TK 8.x•http://dev.scriptics.com
•OTcl, TclCL, ns-2, nam-1:http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/dist
•Other utilities•http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-build.html•Tcl-debug, GT-ITM, xgraph, …
3/29/2007 NCKU 13
Getting Help
•ns-2 build questions•http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-build.html
•[email protected]•[email protected]•“subscribe ns-users” in body•Archive: http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
3/29/2007 NCKU 14
Resources
•Tcl (Tool Command Language)•http://dev.scriptics.com/scripting
•OTcl (MIT Object Tcl)•~otcl/doc/tutorial.html (in distribution)
•ns manual•Latex sources are included in distribution: ~ns/doc•http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html
3/29/2007 NCKU 15
Cautions
•Abstraction of the real world is necessaryfor a simulator•You must justify the usage of the
simulator based on your research goals
3/29/2007 NCKU 16
Question?
3/29/2007 NCKU 17
Outline
•An introduction to ns-2•What is ns-2•Fundamentals•Writing ns-2 codes•Wireless support•Traces support and visualization•Emulation•Related work
3/29/2007 NCKU 18
Prerequisite
•Some programming experience ofobject-oriented language (such as C++,Java)
3/29/2007 NCKU 19
Discrete Event Simulation•Model world as events•Simulator has list of events•Scheduler: take next one, run it, until done•Each event happens in an instant of virtual
(simulated) time, but takes an arbitrary amount ofreal time
•Ns uses simple model: single thread ofcontrol => no locking or race conditions toworry about
3/29/2007 NCKU 20
Discrete Event Examples
Consider two nodeson an Ethernet:
A B
simplequeuingmodel:
t=1, A enqueues pkt on LANt=1.01, LAN dequeues pkt
and triggers B
detailedCSMA/CDmodel:
t=1.0: A sends pkt to NICA’s NIC starts carrier sense
t=1.005: A’s NIC concludes cs,starts tx
t=1.006: B’s NIC begins reciving pktt=1.01: B’s NIC concludes pkt
B’s NIC passes pkt to app
3/29/2007 NCKU 21
Ns Architecture•Object-oriented (C++, OTcl)•Lots of code reuses (e.g. TCP + TCP variants)•Use TclCl to bind C++ and OTcl together
•Modular approach•Fine-grained object composition•From the simulator to a single event
•Reusability•Maintenance•Performance (speed and memory)•Careful planning of modularity
Tcl
OTclTclCL
ns-2C++
EventScheduler
NetworkComponents
3/29/2007 NCKU 22
C++ and OTcl Separation
•“data” / control separation•C++ for “data”: •per packet processing, core of ns•fast to run, detailed, complete control
•OTcl for control:•Simulation scenario configurations•Periodic or triggered action•Manipulating existing C++ objects•fast to write and change
+ running vs. writing speedLearning and debugging (two languages)
3/29/2007 NCKU 23
Control vs. Data
•Create topology•Setup routing•Create transport
connection•Create traffic
•Details of links andnodes•Details of a routing
protocol•Details of TCP
implementation•Details of a packet
OTcl C++
3/29/2007 NCKU 24
Otcl and C++: The Duality
•OTcl (object variant of Tcl) and C++ share classhierarchy•TclCL is glue library that makes it easy to share
functions, variables, etc
C++
otcl
C++/OTclsplit objects
ns
usersimulationscripts
3/29/2007 NCKU 25
Basic Tclvariables:set x 10puts “x is $x”
functions and expressions:set y [pow x 2]set y [expr x*x]
control flow:if {$x > 0} { return $x } else {
return [expr -$x] }while { $x > 0 } {
puts $xincr x–1
}
procedures:proc pow {x n} {
if {$n == 1} { return $x }set part [pow x [expr $n-1]]return [expr $x*$part]
}
Also lists, associative arrays,etc.
=> can use a realprogramming language tobuild network topologies,traffic models, etc.
3/29/2007 NCKU 26
Compare Otcl to C++•Object oriented extension of Tcl•C++ constructor/destructor => OTclinit/destroy method
•C++ this => OTcl $self•OTclmethods always “virtual”•C++ static variable => OTcl class
variable•Multiple inheritance is supported
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Basic otclClass Person# constructor:Person instproc init {age} {
$self instvar age_set age_ $age
}# method:Person instproc greet {} {
$self instvar age_puts“$age_ years old: How are you doing?”
}
# subclass:Class Kid -superclass PersonKid instproc greet {} {
$self instvar age_puts“$age_ years old kid: What’s up, dude?”
}
set a [new Person 45]set b [new Kid 15]$a greet$b greet
=> can easily make variations of existing things (TCP, TCP/Reno)
3/29/2007 NCKU 28
Using ns
Problem
Simulationmodel
Setup/runsimulation
with ns
Resultanalysis
Modifyns
3/29/2007 NCKU 29
C++/OTcl Linkage
Root of ns-2 object hierarchy
bind(): link variable values betweenC++ and OTclTclObject
command(): link OTcl methods to C++implementations
TclClass Create and initialize TclObject’s
Tcl C++ methods to access Tcl interpreter
TclCommand Standalone global commands
EmbeddedTcl ns script initialization
3/29/2007 NCKU 30
TclObject
•Basic hierarchy in ns for split objects•Mirrored in both C++ and OTcl•Example••setset tcptcp [new Agent/TCP][new Agent/TCP]••$$tcptcp setset packetSizepacketSize_ 1024_ 1024••$$tcptcp advancebyadvanceby 50005000
3/29/2007 NCKU 31
TclObject: Hierarchy andShadowing
TclObject
Agent
Agent/TCP
Agent/TCP OTclshadow object
_o123Agent/TCP C++
object
*tcp
TclObject
Agent
TcpAgent
OTcl classhierarchy
C++ classhierarchy
3/29/2007 NCKU 32
TclObject::bind()
•Link C++ member variables to OTclobject variables•C++•TcpAgent::TcpAgent() {•bind(“window_”, &wnd_);•… …
•}
•OTcl••setset tcptcp [new Agent/TCP][new Agent/TCP]••$$tcptcp set window_ 200set window_ 200
3/29/2007 NCKU 33
TclObject::command()
•Implement OTcl methods in C++•Trap point: OTcl method cmd{}•Access the shadow object
•Send all arguments after cmd{} call toTclObject::command()
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TclObject::command()
$tcp send TclObject::unknown{} $tcp cmd sendno suchprocedure
TcpAgent::command()
match“send”?
Invoke parent:return Agent::command()
process and return
Yes No
OTcl space
C++ space
3/29/2007 NCKU 35
TclObject::command()•OTcl
set tcp [new Agent/TCP]$tcp send 10
•C++int TcpAgent::command(int argc,
const char*const* argv) {if (argc == 3) {
if (strcmp(argv[1], “send”) == 0) {int newseq = atoi(argv[2]);……return(TCL_OK);
}}return (Agent::command(argc, argv);
}
3/29/2007 NCKU 36
TclObject: Creation andDeletion
•Global procedures: new{}, delete{}•Example••setset tcptcp [new Agent/TCP][new Agent/TCP]••……••delete $delete $tcptcp
3/29/2007 NCKU 37
C++
OTcl
TclObject: Creation andDeletion
invoke parentconstructor
Agent/TCPconstructor
Parent(Agent)constructor
invoke parentconstructor
TclObjectconstructor
create C++object
AgentTCPconstructor
invoke parentconstructor
invoke parentconstructor
parent (Agent)constructor
do nothing,return
TclObject (C++)constructor
bind variablesand return
bind variablesand return
create OTclshadow object
completeinitialization
completeinitialization
which C++object to create?–TclClass
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TclClass
TclObject
Agent
Agent/TCP
TclObject
Agent
TcpAgent
NsObject ??
OTclC++ mirroringStatic class TcpClass : public TclClass {public:
TcpClass() : TclClass(“Agent/TCP”) {}TclObject* create(int, const char*const*) {
return (new TcpAgent());}
} class_tcp;
Static class TcpClass : public TclClass {public:
TcpClass() : TclClass(“Agent/TCP”) {}TclObject* create(int, const char*const*) {
return (new TcpAgent());}
} class_tcp;
3/29/2007 NCKU 39
NsObject
•Other important objects:•NsObject: has recv() method•Connector: has target() and drop()•BiConnector: uptarget() &
downtarget()•Class hierarchy•NsObject•Connector•PingAgent
•BiConnector•Mac802_11
PHY
MAC
NETWORK
TRANSPORT
SESSION
PRESENTATION
APPLICATION
3/29/2007 NCKU 40
Class Tcl
•Singleton class with a handle to Tcl interpreter•Tcl& tcl = Tcl::instance();
•Usage•Invoke OTcl procedure•tcl.evalc(“callbackX”);
•Obtain OTcl evaluation results•clock_ = atof(tcl.result());
•Pass a result string to OTcl•tcl.resultf(“%g”, clock())
•Return success/failure code to OTcl•tcl.error(“command not found”);
3/29/2007 NCKU 41
Class Tcl
Tcl& tcl = Tcl::instance();if (argc == 2) {
if (strcmp(argv[1], “now”) == 0) {tcl.resultf(“%g”, clock());return TCL_OK;
}tcl.error(“command not found”);return TCL_ERROR;
} else if (argc == 3) {tcl.eval(argv[2]);clock_ = atof(tcl.result());return TCL_OK;
}
3/29/2007 NCKU 42
Class TclCommand
•How to implement an OTcl command “ns-random” in C++
class RandomCommand : public TclCommand {public:
RandomCommand() : TclCommand("ns-random") {}virtual int command(int argc, const char*const* argv);
};
int RandomCommand::command(int argc, const char*const* argv){
Tcl& tcl = Tcl::instance();if (argc == 1) {
sprintf(tcl.buffer(), "%u", Random::random());tcl.result(tcl.buffer());
}
3/29/2007 NCKU 43
Brief summary
•TclObject•Unified interpreted (OTcl) and compiled
(C++) class hierarchies•Seamless access (procedure call and variable
access) between OTcl and C++•TclClass•Establish interpreted hierarchy•Shadowing objects
•Tcl: primitives to access Tcl interpreter
3/29/2007 NCKU 44
Question?
3/29/2007 NCKU 45
Ns programming
•Create the event scheduler•Turn on tracing•Create network•Setup routing•Insert errors•Create transport connection•Create traffic•Transmit application-level data
3/29/2007 NCKU 46
Creating Event Scheduler
•Create event scheduler•set ns [new Simulator]
•Schedule events•$ns at <time> <event>•<event>: any legitimate ns/tcl commands
•$ns at 5.0 “finish”•Start scheduler•$ns run
3/29/2007 NCKU 47
Event Scheduler
•Event: at-event and packet•List scheduler: default (FIFO)•Heap: good for many events (O(log n)•Calendar queue•A priority queue having N buckets each with width w. An item with
priority p goes in bucket (p/w)%N
•Real-time scheduler•Synchronize with real-time•Network emulation
• set ns_ [new Simulator]• $ns_ use-scheduler Heap•$ns_ at 300.5 “$self halt”
3/29/2007 NCKU 48
Some scheduler-relatedcommands
•Set now [$ns now]•$ns cancel <event>•$ns after <delay> <event>•Execute <event> after <delay>
•$ns dumpq•Dump all events in the scheduler queue
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Discrete Event Scheduler
time_, uid_, next_, handler_head_ ->
handler_ -> handle()
time_, uid_, next_, handler_insert
head_ ->
3/29/2007 NCKU 50
Hello World - InteractiveMode
Interactive mode:swallow 71% ns% set ns [new Simulator]_o3% $ns at 1 “puts \“Hello
World!\””1% $ns at 1.5 “exit”2% $ns runHello World!swallow 72%
Batch mode:simple.tcl
set ns [new Simulator]$ns at 1 “puts \“Hello
World!\””$ns at 1.5 “exit”$ns run
swallow 74% ns simple.tclHello World!swallow 75%
3/29/2007 NCKU 51
Tracing and Monitoring I
•Packet tracing:•On all links: $ns trace-all [open out.tr w]•On one specific link: $ns trace-queue $n0 $n1$tr
• <Event> <time> <from> <to> <pkt> <size> -- <fid> <src> <dst> <seq><attr>• + 1 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0• - 1 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0• r 1.00234 0 2 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0
•Event tracing (support TCP currently)•Record “event” in trace file:$ns eventtrace-all• E 2.267203 0 4 TCP slow_start 0 210 1
3/29/2007 NCKU 52
Tracing and Monitoring II•Queue monitor• set qmon [$ns monitor-queue $n0 $n1 $q_f $sample_interval]
•Get statistics for a queue$qmon set pdrops_
•Record to trace file as an optional
•Flow monitorset fmon [$ns_ makeflowmon Fid]$ns_ attach-fmon $slink $fmon$fmon set pdrops_
3/29/2007 NCKU 53
Tracing and Monitoring III•Visualize trace in nam
$ns namtrace-all [open test.nam w]$ns namtrace-queue $n0 $n1
•Variable tracing in namAgent/TCP set nam_tracevar_ true$tcp tracevar srtt_$tcp tracevar cwnd_
•Monitor agent variables in nam$ns add$ns add--agentagent--trace $trace $tcptcp $$tcptcp$ns monitor$ns monitor--agentagent--trace $trace $tcptcp$srm0$srm0 tracevartracevar cwndcwnd__…………$ns delete$ns delete--agentagent--trace $trace $tcptcp
3/29/2007 NCKU 54
Ns Internals
•Tcl commands translates into•series of object creation•plumbing of these objects
3/29/2007 NCKU 55
Creating Network•Nodes
set n0 [$ns node]set n1 [$ns node]
•Links and queuing$ns <link_type> $n0 $n1 <bandwidth>
<delay> <queue_type>•<link_type>: duplex-link, simplex-link•<queue_type>: DropTail, RED, CBQ, FQ, SFQ,
DRR, diffserv RED queues
Network Topology: Node
n0 n1
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
Node entry
UnicastNode
MulticastClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
Node entry
MulticastNode
multiclassifier_
set n0 [ns_ node] Set ns_ [new Simulator–multicast on]Set n1 [ns_ node]
0 0
1
3/29/2007 NCKU 57
Node Addressing
•Two basic address styles available: flatand hierarchical•Default flat address: 32 bits each for node
and port id•Default hier address:•3 levels of hierarchy•10 11 11 or 1 9 11 11 if mcast specified
•Different bit allocation possible for specifichier addresses
58
Hierarchical Node
n2
Nodeentry
Level 1Level 2
Level 3
Addressclassifier To Port
demux
ns_ node-config–addressing hier
3/29/2007 NCKU 59
Classifiers•Table of n slots•When a packet is received
•classify() identifies the slot to forward the packets
•Address Classifiers•Parse address in packet
•Methods•Install{}:•Elements{}•Clear{}
Network Topology: Link
n0 n1
enqT_ queue_ deqT_
drophead_ drpT_
link_ ttl_
n1entry_head_
tracing simplex link
duplex link
[ns_ duplex-link $n0 $n1 5Mb 2ms drop-tail]
3/29/2007 NCKU 61
Connectors
•Connectors•Receive incoming packets, and transmit them to their target_
•Different types of connectors•Queue•Holds a certain number of packets. Packets exceeding their
queue-size are sent to the queue’s drop-target_•LinkDelay•Model delay/bandwidth of the link
•TTLChecker•Decrements TTL on each packet, drops the packet if the TTL
becomes 0•DynaLink•Transmit packets if the link is up, drop packet otherwise
•Trace
3/29/2007 NCKU 62
Creating Network: LAN
$ns make-lan <node_list> <bandwidth><delay> <ll_type> <ifq_type><mac_type> <channel_type>
<ll_type>: LL<ifq_type>: Queue/DropTail,<mac_type>: MAC/802_3<channel_type>: Channel
3/29/2007 NCKU 63
Setup Routing
•Unicast$ns rtproto <type><type>: Static, Session, DV, cost, multi-path
•Multicast$ns multicast (right after [new Simulator])$ns mrtproto <type><type>: CtrMcast, DM, ST, BST
•Other types of routing supported: source routing,hierarchical routing
3/29/2007 NCKU 64
Routing..
n0 n1
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
Node entry 01 enqT_ queue_ deqT_
drophead_ drpT_
link_ ttl_
n1entry_
head_
3/29/2007 NCKU 65
..Routing
n0 n1
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
01
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
10
Link n0-n1
Link n1-n0
3/29/2007 NCKU 66
Class RouteLogic
•Route configuration•rtproto{} -> configure{} -> compute-routes{}
•Query nexthop•[$ns get-routelogic] lookup $n1 $2
•Recompute route on topology change•[$ns get-routelogic] notify
3/29/2007 NCKU 67
Inserting Errors
•Creating Error Moduleset loss_module [new ErrorModel]$loss_module set rate_ 0.01$loss_module unit pkt$loss_module ranvar [new RandomVariable/Uniform]$loss_module drop-target [new Agent/Null]
•Inserting Error Module$ns lossmodel $loss_module $n0 $n1
3/29/2007 NCKU 68
Network Dynamics
•Link failures•Hooks in routing module to reflect routing
changes•Four models
$ns$ns rtmodelrtmodel Trace <Trace <configconfig_file> $n0 $n1_file> $n0 $n1$ns$ns rtmodelrtmodel Exponential {<Exponential {<paramsparams>} $n0 $n1>} $n0 $n1$ns$ns rtmodelrtmodel Deterministic {<Deterministic {<paramsparams>} $n0 $n1>} $n0 $n1$ns$ns rtmodelrtmodel--at <time> up|down $n0 $n1at <time> up|down $n0 $n1
•Parameter list[<start>] <up_interval> <down_interval> [<finish>][<start>] <up_interval> <down_interval> [<finish>]
3/29/2007 NCKU 69
•UDPset udp [new Agent/UDP]set null [new Agent/Null]$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp$ns attach-agent $n1 $null$ns connect $udp $null
•CBRset src [new
Application/Traffic/CBR]
•Exponential or Paretoon-off
set src [newApplication/Traffic/Exponential]
set src [newApplication/Traffic/Pareto]
$src attach-agent $udp
Creating Connection andTraffic I
3/29/2007 NCKU 70
Creating Connection andTraffic II
•TCPset tcp [new Agent/TCP]set tcpsink [new
Agent/TCPSink]$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp$ns attach-agent $n1
$tcpsink$ns connect $tcp $tcpsink
•FTPset ftp [new Application/FTP]$ftp attach-agent $tcp
Telnetset telnet [new
Application/Telnet]$telnet attach-agent $tcp
3/29/2007 NCKU 71
Creating Traffic: TraceDriven
•Trace drivenset tfile [new Tracefile]$tfile filename <file>set src [new Application/Traffic/Trace]$src attach-tracefile $tfile<file>:•Binary format (native!)•inter-packet time (msec) and packet size (byte)
Transport
n0 n1
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
Agent/TCP
agents_
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
Agent/TCPSink
agents_
dst_=1.0 dst_=0.0
set tcp [new Agent/TCP]ns_ attach-agent $n0 $tcp
set tcpsink [new Agent/TCPSink]ns_ attach-agent $n1 $tcpsink
ns_ connect $tcp $tcpsink
0
0
1
0
73
Application
n0 n1
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
Agent/TCP
agents_
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
classifier_
dmux_
entry_
Agent/TCPSink
agents_
dst_=1.0 dst_=0.0Application/FTP
set ftp [new Application/FTP]$ftp attach-agent $tcp$ns at 1.2 “$ftp start”
0
0
1
0
3/29/2007 NCKU 74
Packet Flow
01
n0 n1
AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
entry_
0 Agent/TCP AddrClassifier
PortClassifier
entry_
10
Link n0-n1
Link n1-n0
0 Agent/TCPSink
dst_=1.0 dst_=0.0Application/FTP
3/29/2007 NCKU 75
Application objects I
•Exponential•packetSize_•burst_time_•idle_time_•rate_
•CBR•packetSize_•rate_•interval_•random_•maxpkts_
3/29/2007 NCKU 76
Application objects II•Pareto•packetSize_•burst_time_• idle_time_• rate_•shape_
•Telnet• interval_
•FTP•maxpkts_
•All above are virtual applications• focus only on “size” and “time” when data are transferred
3/29/2007 NCKU 77
Application-LevelSimulation
•Simulate applications that actually transfer theirown data•e.g. simulate various webcaching algorithms
•Features•Build on top of existing transport protocol•Transmit user data, e.g., HTTP header
•Two different solutions•TCP: Application/TcpApp•UDP: Agent/Message
3/29/2007 NCKU 78
Compare to Real World
•More abstract (much simpler):•No addresses, just global variables•Connect them rather than name
lookup/bind/listen/accept
•Easy to change implementationSet tsrc2 [new agent/TCP/Newreno]Set tsrc3 [new agent/TCP/Vegas]
3/29/2007 NCKU 79
Summary: Generic ScriptStructure
set ns [new Simulator]set ns [new Simulator]# [Turn on tracing]# [Turn on tracing]# Create topology# Create topology# Setup packet loss, link dynamics# Setup packet loss, link dynamics# Create routing agents# Create routing agents# Create:# Create:## -- multicast groupsmulticast groups## -- protocol agentsprotocol agents## -- application and/or setup traffic sourcesapplication and/or setup traffic sources# Post# Post--processingprocessing procsprocs# Start simulation# Start simulation
3/29/2007 NCKU 80
Question?
3/29/2007 NCKU 81
Two examples
•Multicast•Web traffic
3/29/2007 NCKU 82
G2time1.3s
G2time1.2s
G1G2
time1.35s
Example: MulticastRouting
•Dynamic group membership
n0 n1
n2
n3
1.5Mb, 10ms
1.5Mb, 10ms
G1
time1.25s
G2
1.5Mb, 10ms
3/29/2007 NCKU 83
Multicast: Step 1
•Scheduler, tracing, and topology
# Create scheduler# Create schedulerset ns [new Simulator]set ns [new Simulator]
# Turn on multicast# Turn on multicast$ns multicast$ns multicast
# Turn on Tracing# Turn on Tracingsetset fdfd [new “[new “mcastmcast..namnam” w]” w]$ns$ns namtracenamtrace--all $all $fdfd
3/29/2007 NCKU 84
Multicast: Step 2
•Topology
# Create nodes# Create nodesset n0 [$ns node]set n0 [$ns node]set n1 [$ns node]set n1 [$ns node]set n2 [$ns node]set n2 [$ns node]set n3 [$ns node]set n3 [$ns node]
# Create links# Create links$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n0 $n1 1.5Mb 10mslink $n0 $n1 1.5Mb 10ms DropTailDropTail$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n0 $n2 1.5Mb 10mslink $n0 $n2 1.5Mb 10ms DropTailDropTail$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n0 $n3 1.5Mb 10mslink $n0 $n3 1.5Mb 10ms DropTailDropTail
3/29/2007 NCKU 85
Multicast: Step 3
•Routing and group setup
# Routing protocol: let’s run distance vector# Routing protocol: let’s run distance vector$ns$ns mrtprotomrtproto DMDM
# Allocate group addresses# Allocate group addressesset group1 [Nodeset group1 [Node allocaddrallocaddr]]set group2 [Nodeset group2 [Node allocaddrallocaddr]]
3/29/2007 NCKU 86
Multicast: Step 4
•Sender 0
# Transport agent for the traffic source# Transport agent for the traffic sourcesetset udp0udp0 [new Agent/UDP][new Agent/UDP]$ns attach$ns attach--agent $agent $n1n1 $$udp0udp0$$udp0udp0 setset dstdst__addraddr_ $_ $group1group1$$udp0udp0 setset dstdst_port_ 0_port_ 0
# Constant Bit Rate source #0# Constant Bit Rate source #0setset cbr0cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR][new Application/Traffic/CBR]$$cbr0cbr0 attachattach--agent $agent $udp0udp0# Start at time 1.0 second# Start at time 1.0 second$ns at 1.0 "$$ns at 1.0 "$cbr0cbr0 start"start"
3/29/2007 NCKU 87
Multicast: Step 5
•Sender 1
# Transport agent for the traffic source# Transport agent for the traffic sourcesetset udp1udp1 [new Agent/UDP][new Agent/UDP]$ns attach$ns attach--agent $agent $n3n3 $$udp1udp1$$udp1udp1 setset dstdst__addraddr_ $_ $group2group2$$udp1udp1 setset dstdst_port_ 0_port_ 0
# Constant Bit Rate source #0# Constant Bit Rate source #0setset cbr1cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR][new Application/Traffic/CBR]$$cbr1cbr1 attachattach--agent $agent $udp1udp1# Start at time 1.1 second# Start at time 1.1 second$ns at 1.1 "$$ns at 1.1 "$cbr1cbr1 start"start"
3/29/2007 NCKU 88
Multicast: Step 6
•Receiver with dynamic membership
# Can also be Agent/Null# Can also be Agent/Nullsetset rcvrrcvr [new Agent/[new Agent/LossMonitorLossMonitor]]
# Assign it to node $n2# Assign it to node $n2$ns at$ns at 1.21.2 "$n2 join"$n2 join--group $group $rcvrrcvr $$group2group2""$ns at$ns at 1.251.25 "$n2 leave"$n2 leave--group $group $rcvrrcvr $$group2group2""$ns at$ns at 1.31.3 "$n2 join"$n2 join--group $group $rcvrrcvr $$group2group2""$ns at$ns at 1.351.35 "$n2 join"$n2 join--group $group $rcvrrcvr $$group1group1""
3/29/2007 NCKU 89
Multicast: Step 7
•End-of-simulation wrapper (as usual)
$ns at 2.0 "finish"$ns at 2.0 "finish"proc finish {} {proc finish {} {
global nsglobal ns fdfdclose $close $fdfd$ns flush$ns flush--tracetraceputs "runningputs "running namnam..."..."execexec namnam mcastmcast..namnam &&exit 0exit 0
}}$ns run$ns run
3/29/2007 NCKU 90
Example: Web traffic
1
2
0
8 3
56
49
7
10 11
1.5Mb, 40ms
10Mb, 20ms
3/29/2007 NCKU 91
Web traffic: Step 1
•Scheduler and tracing
# Create scheduler# Create schedulerset ns [new Simulator]set ns [new Simulator]
# instantiate web traffic class# instantiate web traffic classset poolset pool [new[new PagePoolPagePool//WebTrafWebTraf]]
# Turn on Tracing# Turn on Tracingsetset fdfd [new “web.[new “web.namnam” w]” w]$ns$ns namtracenamtrace--all $all $fdfd
3/29/2007 NCKU 92
Web traffic: Step 2
•Topology# Create nodes# Create nodesfor {set i 0} {$i < 12} {for {set i 0} {$i < 12} {incrincr i} {i} {
set n($i) [$ns node]set n($i) [$ns node]}}$ns set$ns set srcsrc_ [list 2 3 4 5 6]_ [list 2 3 4 5 6]$ns set$ns set dstdst_ [list 7 8 9 10 11]_ [list 7 8 9 10 11]
# Create links# Create links$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n(0) $n(1) 1.5Mb 40mslink $n(0) $n(1) 1.5Mb 40ms DropTailDropTail$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n(0) $n(2) 10Mb 20mslink $n(0) $n(2) 10Mb 20ms DropTailDropTail$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n(0) $n(3) 10Mb 20mslink $n(0) $n(3) 10Mb 20ms DropTailDropTail
3/29/2007 NCKU 93
Web traffic: Step 3•Set up client and server nodes
$$poolpool setset--numnum--clientclient [[llengthllength [$ns set[$ns set srcsrc_]]_]]$pool$pool setset--numnum--serverserver [[llengthllength [$ns set[$ns set dstdst_]]_]]
set i 0set i 0foreachforeach s [$ns sets [$ns set srcsrc_] {_] {
$pool$pool setset--clientclient $i $n($s)$i $n($s)incrincr ii
}}set i 0set i 0foreachforeach s [$ns sets [$ns set dstdst_] {_] {
$pool$pool setset--serverserver $i $n($s)$i $n($s)incrincr ii
}}
3/29/2007 NCKU 94
Web traffic: Step 4
•Specify the distributions for page arrival,page size, object arrival, object sizesetset interPageinterPage [new[new RandomVariableRandomVariable/Exponential]/Exponential]$$interPageinterPage setset avgavg_ 1_ 1setset pageSizepageSize [new[new RandomVariableRandomVariable/Constant]/Constant]$$pageSizepageSize setset valval_ 1_ 1setset interObjinterObj [new[new RandomVariableRandomVariable/Exponential]/Exponential]$$interObjinterObj setset avgavg_ 0.01_ 0.01setset objSizeobjSize [new[new RandomVariableRandomVariable//ParetoIIParetoII]]$$objSizeobjSize setset avgavg_ 10_ 10$$objSizeobjSize set shape_ 1.2set shape_ 1.2
3/29/2007 NCKU 95
Web traffic: Step 5
•Schedule web sessions
# Let’s schedule two sessions# Let’s schedule two sessions$pool set$pool set--numnum--session 2session 2# Let’s have 10 pages per session# Let’s have 10 pages per sessionsetset numPagenumPage 1010
# session 1 starts at time 0.1s# session 1 starts at time 0.1s$pool$pool createcreate--sessionsession 0 $0 $numPagenumPage 0.1 $0.1 $interPageinterPage $$pageSizepageSize$$interObjinterObj $$objSizeobjSize
# session 2 starts at time 1.2s# session 2 starts at time 1.2s$pool create$pool create--session 1 $session 1 $numPagenumPage 1.2 $1.2 $interPageinterPage $$pageSizepageSize$$interObjinterObj $$objSizeobjSize
3/29/2007 NCKU 96
Web traffic: Step 6
•End-of-simulation wrapper (as usual)
$ns at 10.0 "finish"$ns at 10.0 "finish"proc finish {} {proc finish {} {
global nsglobal ns fdfdclose $close $fdfd$ns flush$ns flush--tracetraceputs "runningputs "running namnam..."..."execexec namnam web.web.namnam &&exit 0exit 0
}}$ns run$ns run
3/29/2007 NCKU 97
Question?
3/29/2007 NCKU 98
Outline
•An introduction to ns-2•What is ns-2•Fundamentals•writing ns-2 codes•Wireless support•Traces support and visualization•Emulation•Related work
3/29/2007 NCKU 99
Writing ns-2 codes
•Extending ns•In OTcl•In C++
•Debugging
3/29/2007 NCKU 100
ns Directory Structure
TK8.3 OTcl tclclTcl8.3 ns-2 nam-1
tcl
ex test lib
...
...
examples validation tests
C++ code
OTcl code
ns-allinone
mcast
ensure new changes do not
break the old codes
3/29/2007 NCKU 101
Extending ns in OTcl
•If you don’t want to compile•source your changes in your simulation
scripts
•Otherwise•Modifying code; recompile•Adding new files•Change Makefile (NS_TCL_LIB), tcl/lib/ns-lib.tcl•Recompile
3/29/2007 NCKU 102
Example: Agent/Message
n0 n1
n4
n5
n2
n3
128Kb, 50ms
10Mb, 1ms 10Mb, 1ms
C Ccrosstraffic
S R
message agent
3/29/2007 NCKU 103
Agent/Message
•An UDP agent (without UDP header)•Up to 64 bytes user message•Good for fast prototyping a simple idea•Usage requires extending ns functionality
SS RR
pkt: 64 bytesof arbitrarystring
Receiver-sideprocessing
3/29/2007 NCKU 104
Agent
•A protocol endpoint/enity•Provide•a local and destination address (like an IP-layer sender)•Functions to generate or fill in packet fields
•To create a new agent•Decide its inheritance structure•Create recv function (and timeout if necessary) to
process the packets•Define OTcl linkage if necessary•Create new header if necessary
3/29/2007 NCKU 105
Exercise
•Define a new class “Sender” and a new class “Receiver” which are based on class Agent/Message
•Sender•Send a message to the Receiver every 0.1 sec•Message contains its address and a sequence number
•Receiver•Receive message from the Sender•Acknowledge the receive message to the sender•The acknowledgement contains its address and the
sequence number of received message
3/29/2007 NCKU 106
Agent/Message: Step 1
•Define senderclass Senderclass Sender ––superclasssuperclass Agent/MessageAgent/Message
# Message format: “# Message format: “AddrAddr OpOp SeqNoSeqNo””SenderSender instprocinstproc sendsend--next {} {next {} {
$self$self instvarinstvar seqseq_ agent__ agent_addraddr__$self send “$agent_$self send “$agent_addraddr_ send $_ send $seqseq_”_”incrincr seqseq__global nsglobal ns$ns at [$ns at [exprexpr [$ns now]+0.1] "$self send[$ns now]+0.1] "$self send--next"next"
}}
3/29/2007 NCKU 107
Agent/Message: Step 2
•Define sender packet processing
SenderSender instprocinstproc recvrecv msgmsg {{$self$self instvarinstvar agent_agent_addraddr__setset sdrsdr [[lindexlindex $$msgmsg 0]0]setset seqseq [[lindexlindex $$msgmsg 2]2]puts "Sender getsputs "Sender gets ackack $$seqseq from $from $sdrsdr""
}}
3/29/2007 NCKU 108
Agent/Message: Step 3
•Define receiver packet processing
Class ReceiverClass Receiver ––superclasssuperclass Agent/MessageAgent/MessageReceiverReceiver instprocinstproc recvrecv msgmsg {{
$self$self instvarinstvar agent_agent_addraddr__setset sdrsdr [[lindexlindex $$msgmsg 0]0]setset seqseq [[lindexlindex $$msgmsg 2]2]puts “Receiver gets puts “Receiver gets seqseq $$seqseq from $from $sdrsdr””$self send “$$self send “$addraddr__ ackack $$seqseq””
}}
3/29/2007 NCKU 109
Agent/Message: Step 4
•Scheduler and tracing
# Create scheduler# Create schedulerset ns [new Simulator]set ns [new Simulator]
# Turn on Tracing# Turn on Tracingsetset fdfd [new “message.[new “message.trtr” w]” w]$ns trace$ns trace--all $all $fdfd
3/29/2007 NCKU 110
Agent/Message: Step 5
•Topologyfor {set i 0} {$i < 6} {for {set i 0} {$i < 6} {incrincr i} {i} {
set n($i) [$ns node]set n($i) [$ns node]}}$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n(0) $n(1) 128kb 50mslink $n(0) $n(1) 128kb 50ms DropTailDropTail$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n(1) $n(4) 10Mb 1mslink $n(1) $n(4) 10Mb 1ms DropTailDropTail$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n(1) $n(5) 10Mb 1mslink $n(1) $n(5) 10Mb 1ms DropTailDropTail$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n(0) $n(2) 10Mb 1mslink $n(0) $n(2) 10Mb 1ms DropTailDropTail$ns duplex$ns duplex--link $n(0) $n(3) 10Mb 1mslink $n(0) $n(3) 10Mb 1ms DropTailDropTail
$ns queue$ns queue--limit $n(0) $n(1) 5limit $n(0) $n(1) 5$ns queue$ns queue--limit $n(1) $n(0) 5limit $n(1) $n(0) 5
3/29/2007 NCKU 111
Agent/Message: Step 6
•Routing
# Packet loss produced by# Packet loss produced by queueingqueueing
# Routing protocol: let’s run distance vector# Routing protocol: let’s run distance vector$ns$ns rtprotortproto DVDV
3/29/2007 NCKU 112
Agent/Message: Step 7
•Cross trafficset udp0 [new Agent/UDP]set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]$ns attach$ns attach--agent $n(2) $udp0agent $n(2) $udp0set null0 [new Agent/NULL]set null0 [new Agent/NULL]$ns attach$ns attach--agent $n(4) $null0agent $n(4) $null0$ns connect $udp0 $null0$ns connect $udp0 $null0
set exp0 [new Application/Traffic/Exponential]set exp0 [new Application/Traffic/Exponential]$exp0 set rate_ 128k$exp0 set rate_ 128k$exp0 attach$exp0 attach--agent $udp0agent $udp0$ns at 1.0 “$exp0 start”$ns at 1.0 “$exp0 start”
3/29/2007 NCKU 113
Agent/Message: Step 8•Message agents
setset sdrsdr [new Sender][new Sender]$$sdrsdr setset seqseq_ 0_ 0$$sdrsdr setset packetSizepacketSize_ 1000_ 1000
setset rcvrrcvr [new Receiver][new Receiver]$$rcvrrcvr setset packetSizepacketSize_ 40_ 40
$ns attach$ns attach--agent $n(3) $agent $n(3) $sdrsdr$ns attach$ns attach--agent $n(5) $agent $n(5) $rcvrrcvr$ns connect $$ns connect $sdrsdr $$rcvrrcvr$ns at 1.1 “$$ns at 1.1 “$sdrsdr sendsend--next”next”
3/29/2007 NCKU 114
Agent/Message: Step 9
•End-of-simulation wrapper (as usual)
$ns at 2.0 finish$ns at 2.0 finishproc finish {} {proc finish {} {
global nsglobal ns fdfd$ns flush$ns flush--tracetraceclose $close $fdfdexit 0exit 0
}}$ns run$ns run
3/29/2007 NCKU 115
Agent/Message: Result
•Example output> ./ns msg.> ./ns msg.tcltclReceiver getsReceiver gets seqseq 0 from 30 from 3Sender getsSender gets ackack 0 from 50 from 5Receiver getsReceiver gets seqseq 1 from 31 from 3Sender getsSender gets ackack 1 from 51 from 5Receiver getsReceiver gets seqseq 2 from 32 from 3Sender getsSender gets ackack 2 from 52 from 5Receiver getsReceiver gets seqseq 3 from 33 from 3Sender getsSender gets ackack 3 from 53 from 5Receiver getsReceiver gets seqseq 4 from 34 from 3Sender getsSender gets ackack 4 from 54 from 5Receiver getsReceiver gets seqseq 5 from 35 from 3
3/29/2007 NCKU 116
Add Your Changes into ns
TK8.3 OTcl tclclTcl8.3 ns-2 nam-1
tcl
ex test lib
...
...
examples validation tests
C++ code
OTcl code
ns-allinone
mcastmysrc
msg.tcl
3/29/2007 NCKU 117
Add Your Change into ns
•tcl/lib/ns-lib.tclClass SimulatorClass Simulator……source ../source ../mysrcmysrc/msg./msg.tcltcl
•MakefileNS_TCL_LIB =NS_TCL_LIB = \\tcltcl//mysrcmysrc/msg./msg.tcltcl \\……•Or: change Makefile.in, makemake distcleandistclean, then./configure./configure ----enableenable--debug ,debug ,make dependmake depend andand makemake
3/29/2007 NCKU 118
Writing ns-2 codes
•Extending ns•In OTcl•In C++•New components
3/29/2007 NCKU 119
Extending ns in C++
•Modifying code•make depend•Recompile
•Adding code in new files•Change Makefile•make depend•recompile
3/29/2007 NCKU 120
Creating New Components
•Guidelines•Two styles•New agent based on existing packet headers•Add new packet header
3/29/2007 NCKU 121
Guidelines
•Decide position in class hierarchy•I.e., which class to derive from?
•Create new packet header (if necessary)•Create C++ class, fill in methods•Define OTcl linkage (if any)•Write OTcl code (if any)•Build (and debug)
3/29/2007 NCKU 122
New Agent, Old Header
•Exercise: TCP jump start•Wide-open transmission window at the
beginning•From cwndcwnd_ += 1_ += 1 To cwndcwnd_ = MAXWIN__ = MAXWIN_
3/29/2007 NCKU 123
TCP Jump Start –Step 1
TclObject
NsObject
Connector Classifier
Delay AddrClassifierAgent McastClasifierQueue Trace
DropTail RED TCP Enq Deq Drop
Reno SACK JS
Handler
3/29/2007 NCKU 124
TCP Jump Start –Step 2
•New file: tcp-js.h
classclass JSTCPAgentJSTCPAgent : public: public TcpAgentTcpAgent {{public:public:
virtual void set_initial_window() {virtual void set_initial_window() {cwndcwnd_ = MAXWIN_;_ = MAXWIN_;
}}private:private:
intint MAXWIN_;MAXWIN_;};};
3/29/2007 NCKU 125
TCP Jump Start –Step 3
•New file: tcp-js.ccstatic JSTcpClass : public TclClass {public:
JSTcpClass() : TclClass("Agent/TCP/JS") {}TclObject* create(int, const char*const*) {
return (new JSTcpAgent());}
};JSTcpAgent::JSTcpAgent() {
bind(“MAXWIN_”, MAXWIN_);}
3/29/2007 NCKU 126
TCP Jump Start –Step 4
•Create an instance of jump-start TCP inyour tcl script tcp-js.tcl•Set MAXWIN_ value in tcl•Add tcp-js.o in Makefile.in•Re-configure, make depend and recompile•Run yr tcl script tcp-js.tcl
3/29/2007 NCKU 127
Packet Format
header
dataip header
tcp header
rtp header
trace header
cmn header
...
ts_
ptype_
uid_
size_
iface_
3/29/2007 NCKU 128
New Packet Header
•Create new header structure•Create static class for OTcl linkage (packet.h)•Enable tracing support of new header(trace.cc)•Enable new header in OTcl (tcl/lib/ns-packet.tcl)•This does not apply when you add a new field
into an existing header!
3/29/2007 NCKU 129
How Packet Header WorksPacket
next_
hdrlen_
bits_ size determinedat compile time
size determinedat compile time
size determinedat compile time
……
hdr_cmn
hdr_ip
hdr_tcp
size determinedat simulatorstartup time
(PacketHeaderManager)
PacketHeader/Common
PacketHeader/IP
PacketHeader/TCP
3/29/2007 NCKU 130
Example: Agent/Message
•New packet header for 64-byte message•New transport agent to process this new
header
3/29/2007 NCKU 131
New Packet Header–Step 1
•Create header structurestructstruct hdrhdr__msgmsg {{
char msg_[64];char msg_[64];staticstatic intint offset_;offset_;inline staticinline static intint& offset() { return offset_; }& offset() { return offset_; }inline staticinline static hdrhdr__msgmsg* access(Packet* p) {* access(Packet* p) {return (return (hdrhdr__msgmsg*) p*) p-->access(offset_);>access(offset_);
}}/* per/* per--field member functions */field member functions */char*char* msgmsg() { return (() { return (msgmsg_); }_); }intint maxmsgmaxmsg() { return (() { return (sizeofsizeof((msgmsg_)); }_)); }
};};
3/29/2007 NCKU 132
New Packet Header–Step 2
•Otcl linkage: PacketHeader/Messagestatic classstatic class MessageHeaderClassMessageHeaderClass ::
publicpublic PacketHeaderClassPacketHeaderClass {{public:public:MessageHeaderClassMessageHeaderClass() :() :PacketHeaderClassPacketHeaderClass("("PacketHeaderPacketHeader/Message/Message",",
sizeofsizeof((hdrhdr__msgmsg)) {)) {bind_offset(&bind_offset(&hdrhdr__msgmsg::offset_);::offset_);
}}} class_} class_msghdrmsghdr;;
3/29/2007 NCKU 133
New Packet Header–Step 3
•Enable tracing (packet.h):enumenum packet_t {packet_t {
PT_TCP,PT_TCP,…,…,PT_MESSAGEPT_MESSAGE,,PT_NTYPE // This MUST be the LAST onePT_NTYPE // This MUST be the LAST one
};};class p_info {class p_info {…………name_[PT_MESSAGE] = “message”;name_[PT_MESSAGE] = “message”;name_[PT_NTYPE]= "undefined";name_[PT_NTYPE]= "undefined";…………
};};
3/29/2007 NCKU 134
New Packet Header–Step 4
•Register new header (tcl/lib/ns-packet.tcl)
foreachforeach protprot {{{ Common off_{ Common off_cmncmn_ }_ }……{{ Message off_Message off_msgmsg__ }}
}}addadd--packetpacket--header $header $protprot
3/29/2007 NCKU 135
Packet Header: Caution
•Some old code, e.g.:RtpAgentRtpAgent::::RtpAgentRtpAgent() {() {…… …… bind(“off_bind(“off_rtprtp_”, &off__”, &off_rtprtp););
}}…………hdrhdr__rtprtp** rhrh = (= (hdrhdr__rtprtp*)p*)p-->access(off_>access(off_rtprtp_);_);
•Don’t follow this example!
3/29/2007 NCKU 136
Agent/Message –Step 1
TclObject
NsObject
Connector Classifier
Delay AddrClassifierAgent McastClasifierQueue Trace
DropTail RED TCP Enq Deq Drop
Reno SACK
Message
3/29/2007 NCKU 137
Agent/Message –Step 2
•C++ class definition// Standard split object declaration// Standard split object declarationstatic …static …
classclass MessageAgentMessageAgent : public Agent {: public Agent {public:public:
MessageAgentMessageAgent() : Agent(() : Agent(PT_MESSAGEPT_MESSAGE) {}) {}virtualvirtual intint command(command(intint argcargc, const char*const*, const char*const*argvargv););virtual voidvirtual void recvrecv(Packet*, Handler*);(Packet*, Handler*);
};};
3/29/2007 NCKU 138
Agent/Message –Step 3
•Packet processing: $msgAgent send “data1”intint MessageAgentMessageAgent::command(::command(intint, const char*const*, const char*const* argvargv)){{
TclTcl&& tcltcl == TclTcl::instance();::instance();if (strcmp(argv[1], "send") == 0) {if (strcmp(argv[1], "send") == 0) {Packet*Packet* pktpkt == allocpktallocpkt();();hdrhdr__msgmsg** mhmh == hdrhdr__msgmsg::access(::access(pktpkt););// We ignore message size check...// We ignore message size check...strcpystrcpy((mhmh-->>msgmsg(), argv[2]);(), argv[2]);send(send(pktpkt, 0);, 0);return (TCL_OK);return (TCL_OK);
}}return (Agent::command(return (Agent::command(argcargc,, argvargv));));
}}
3/29/2007 NCKU 139
Agent/Message –Step 4
•Packet processing: receivevoidvoid MessageAgentMessageAgent::::recvrecv(Packet*(Packet* pktpkt, Handler*), Handler*){{
hdrhdr__msgmsg** mhmh == hdrhdr__msgmsg::access(::access(pktpkt););
//// OTclOTcl callbackcallbackchar wrk[128];char wrk[128];sprintfsprintf((wrkwrk, "%s, "%s recvrecv {%s}", name(),{%s}", name(), mhmh-->>msgmsg());());TclTcl&& tcltcl == TclTcl::instance();::instance();tcltcl..evaleval((wrkwrk););
Packet::free(Packet::free(pktpkt););}}
3/29/2007 NCKU 140
Writing ns-2 codes
•Extending ns•In OTcl•In C++•Debugging: OTcl/C++, memory•Pitfalls
3/29/2007 NCKU 141
Debugging C++ in ns
•C++/OTcl debugging
•Memory debugging•purify•dmalloc
3/29/2007 NCKU 142
C++/OTcl Debugging
•Usual technique•Break inside command()•Cannot examine states inside OTcl!
•Solution•Execute tcl-debug inside gdb
3/29/2007 NCKU 143
C++/OTcl Debugging
((gdbgdb)) callcall TclTcl::instance().::instance().evaleval(“debug 1”)(“debug 1”)15:15: lappendlappend auto_path $auto_path $dbgdbg_library_librarydbg15.3> wdbg15.3> w*0: application*0: application15:15: lappendlappend auto_path $auto_path $dbgdbg_library_librarydbg15.4> Simulator info instancesdbg15.4> Simulator info instances_o1_o1dbg15.5> _o1 nowdbg15.5> _o1 now00dbg15.6> # and other fun stuffdbg15.6> # and other fun stuffdbg15.7>dbg15.7> cc((gdbgdb) where) where#0 0x102218 in write()#0 0x102218 in write()............
3/29/2007 NCKU 144
Memory Debugging in ns
•Purify•Set PURIFY macro in ns Makefile•Usually, put -colloctor=<ld_path>
•Gray Watson’s dmalloc library•http://www.dmalloc.com•make distclean•./configure --with-dmalloc=<dmalloc_path>•Analyze results: dmalloc_summarize
3/29/2007 NCKU 145
dmalloc: Usage
•Turn on dmalloc•alias dmalloc ’eval ‘\dmalloc –C \!*̀’•dmalloc -l log low
•dmalloc_summarize ns < logfile•ns must be in current directory•Itemize how much memory is allocated in
each function
3/29/2007 NCKU 146
Pitfalls
•Scalability vs flexibility•Or, how to write scalable simulation?
•Memory conservation tips•Memory leaks
3/29/2007 NCKU 147
Scalability vs Flexibility
•It’s tempting to write all-OTcl simulation•Benefit: quick prototyping•Cost: memory + runtime
•Solution•Control the granularity of your split object by
migrating methods from OTcl to C++
3/29/2007 NCKU 148
THE Merit of OTcl
Program size, complexity
C/C++ OTcl
•Smoothly adjust the granularity of scripting tobalance extensibility and performance•With complete compatibility with existing
simulation scripts
high low
split objects
3/29/2007 NCKU 149
Object Granularity Tips
•Functionality•Per-packet processing C++•Hooks, frequently changing code OTcl
•Data management•Complex/large data structure C++•One-time configuration variables OTcl
3/29/2007 NCKU 150
Memory usage
Simulator 268KBUnicast node 2KBMulticast node 6KBDuplex link 9KBPacket 2KB
Memory Conservation Tips
•Remove unused packet headers•Avoid tracetrace--allall•Use arrays for a sequence of variables• Instead of n$in$i, say n($i)n($i)
•Avoid OTcl temporary variables• temp=A; B=temp
•Use dynamic binding••delay_bind()delay_bind() instead of bind()bind()•See object.{h,cc}
•Use different routing strategies•Computing routing tables dominate the simulation setup time
•Run on FreeBSD•use less memory for malloc()
3/29/2007 NCKU 152
Memory Leaks
•Purify or dmalloc, but be careful about splitobjects:••for {set i 0} {$i < 500} {for {set i 0} {$i < 500} {incrincr i} {i} {•• set a [newset a [new RandomVariableRandomVariable/Constant]/Constant]••}}
•It leaks memory, but can’t be detected!
•Solution•Explicitly delete EVERY split object that was new-ed
3/29/2007 NCKU 153
Final Word
•My extended ns dumps OTcl scripts!•Find the last 10-20 lines of the dump•Is the error related to “_o*** cmd …” ?•Check your command()
•Otherwise, check the otcl script pointed bythe error message
3/29/2007 NCKU 154
Questions?
3/29/2007 NCKU 155
Outline
•An introduction to ns-2•What is ns-2•Fundamentals•Writing ns-2 codes•Traces support and visualization•Wireless support•Emulation•Related work
3/29/2007 NCKU 156
nsnam Interface
•Color•Node manipulation•Link manipulation•Topology layout•Protocol state•Misc
3/29/2007 NCKU 157
nam Interface: Color
•Color mapping$ns color 40 red$ns color 40 red$ns color 41 blue$ns color 41 blue$ns color 42 chocolate$ns color 42 chocolate
•Color flow id association$tcp0 set fid_ 40$tcp0 set fid_ 40 ;# red packets;# red packets$tcp1 set fid_ 41$tcp1 set fid_ 41 ;# blue packets;# blue packets
3/29/2007 NCKU 158
nam Interface: Nodes
•Color$node color red$node color red
•Shape (can’t be changed after sim starts)$node shape box$node shape box ;# circle, box, hexagon;# circle, box, hexagon
•Marks (concentric “shapes”)$ns at 1.0 “$n0 add$ns at 1.0 “$n0 add--mark m0 blue box”mark m0 blue box”$ns at 2.0 “$n0 delete$ns at 2.0 “$n0 delete--mark m0”mark m0”
•Label (single string)$ns at 1.1 “$n0 label $ns at 1.1 “$n0 label \\”web cache 0”web cache 0\\””””$node label$node label--at upat up$node label$node label--color bluecolor blue
3/29/2007 NCKU 159
nam Interfaces: Links
•Color$ns duplex$ns duplex--linklink--op $n0 $n1 color "green"op $n0 $n1 color "green"
•Label$ns duplex$ns duplex--linklink--op $n0 $n1 label "op $n0 $n1 label "abcedabced““$ns duplex$ns duplex--linklink--op $n1 $n2 labelop $n1 $n2 label--color bluecolor blue$ns duplex$ns duplex--linklink--op $n1 $n2 labelop $n1 $n2 label--at downat down
•Queue position$ns duplex-link-op queuePos right
•Dynamics (automatically handled)$ns$ns rtmodelrtmodel Deterministic {2.0 0.9 0.1} $n0 $n1Deterministic {2.0 0.9 0.1} $n0 $n1
•Asymmetric links not allowed
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nam Interface: TopologyLayout
•“Manual” layout: specify everything
$ns duplex$ns duplex--linklink--op $n(0) $n(1) orient rightop $n(0) $n(1) orient right$ns duplex$ns duplex--linklink--op $n(1) $n(2) orient rightop $n(1) $n(2) orient right$ns duplex$ns duplex--linklink--op $n(2) $n(3) orient rightop $n(2) $n(3) orient right$ns duplex$ns duplex--linklink--op $n(3) $n(4) orient 60degop $n(3) $n(4) orient 60deg
•If anything missing automaticlayout
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nam Interface: Misc
• Packet color$ns color $n blue$ns color $n blue$agent set fid_ $n$agent set fid_ $n
• Annotation• Add textual explanation to your simulation$ns at 3.5 "$ns trace$ns at 3.5 "$ns trace--annotateannotate \\“packet drop“packet drop\\"“"“
• Control playback$ns at 0.0 "$ns set$ns at 0.0 "$ns set--animationanimation--rate 0.1ms"rate 0.1ms"
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The nam user interface
3/29/2007 NCKU 163
Summary of nam
•Turn on nam tracing in your Tcl script•As easy as turning on normal tracing•$ns namtrace $file
•Specify color/shape/label of node/link•$ns duplex-link-op $node1 $node2 orient left
•Execute nam•exec nam $filename
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A live demoCmd.exe
3/29/2007 NCKU 165
namgraph
•Display a graph showing when packetsare received/dropped.•Enabling namgraph•Run the namfilter script on your nam trace
file:exec tclsh /path/to/namfilter.tcl out.nam
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namgraph
3/29/2007 NCKU 167
The nam editor
•Create simple scenarios graphically•Good for those who don’t want to learn
Tcl, but only a limited subset of ns iscurrently available
3/29/2007 NCKU 168
The nam editor
3/29/2007 NCKU 169
Topology generator
•Inet•GT-ITM•TIERS•BRITE
3/29/2007 NCKU 170
Inet topology generator
•from University of Michigan•AS level Internet topology•Create topologies with accurate degree
distributions•Conversion of Inet output to ns-2 format•inet2ns < inet.topology > ns.topology
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GT-ITM
•Installation•Comes with ns-allinone•Require Knuth’s cweb and SGB
•Usage•itm <config_file>
•Three graph models•Flat random: Waxman•n-level hierarchy•Transit-stub
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GT-ITM: Transit-StubModel
stubdomains
transitdomains
transit-transit link
stub-stub link
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Converters for GT-ITM
•sgb2ns•Convert SGB format to ns config file••sgb2ns <SGB_file> <sgb2ns <SGB_file> <OTclOTcl_file>_file>••ts2nsts2ns: output lists of transit and stub nodes
•sgb2hier•Convert transit-stub information into
hierarchical addresses••sgb2hierns <SGB_file> <sgb2hierns <SGB_file> <OTclOTcl_file>_file>
3/29/2007 NCKU 174
Tiers topology generator
•3-level hierarchy•Conversion of Tiers output to ns-2 format•an awk script tiers2ns.awk is included in
~ns-2/bin to convert the output of tiers intons-2 scripts.
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BRITE
•From Boston University•Supports multiple generation models•flat AS•flat Router•hierarchical topologies
•Object-oriented design to allow the flexibility toadd new topology models•Can import from Inet, GT-ITM, Skitter,..•Can export to ns-2, JavaSim, SSFNET format•Written in Java and C++•GUI support
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Summary
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-topogen.html
Packages Graphs Edge Method
NTG n-level probabilistic
RTG Flat random Waxman
GT-ITM Flat random, n-level, Transit-stub
various
TIERS 3-level spanning tree
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A case study: class webtraf
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Outline
•An introduction to ns-2•What is ns-2•Fundamentals•Writing ns-2 codes•Traces support and visualization•Wireless support•Emulation•Related work
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Wireless support in ns-2
•Introduction•Wireless basics•Wireless internals
•Ad hoc routing•Mobile IP•Satellite networking•Directed diffusion
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Contributions to wirelessin ns
•Original wireless model in ns contributedby CMU’s Monarch group•Other major contributions from UCB, Sun
microsystems, univ of cincinnati, ISI etc•Other contributed models (not integrated)
in wireless ns includes Blueware, BlueHoc,Mobiwan, GPRS, CIMS etc
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Wireless model
•Mobilenode at core of mobility model•Mobilenodes can move in a given topology,
receive/transmit signals from/to wirelesschannels•Wireless network stack consists of LL, ARP,
MAC, IFQ etc•Allows simulations of multi-hop ad hoc
networks, wireless LANs, sensor networks etc
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Wireless Examplefor ad hoc routing
•Scenario•3 mobile nodes•moving within 670mX670m flat topology•using DSDV ad hoc routing protocol•Random Waypoint mobility model•TCP and CBR traffic
•ns-2/tcl/ex/wireless-demo-csci694.tcl
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An Example –Step 1
# Define Global Variables# create simulatorset ns [new Simulator]
# create a flat topology in a 670m x 670mareaset topo [new Topography]$topo load_flatgrid 670 670
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An Example –Step 2
# Define standard ns/nam trace
# ns trace
set tracefd [open demo.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefd
# nam trace
set namtrace [open demo.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace 670 670
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GOD(General Operations Director)
•An omniscient observer•Stores smallest number of hops from one
node to another•Optimal case to compare routing protocol
performance•Automatically generated by scenario file•set god [create-god <no of mnodes>]•$god set-dist <from> <to> <#hops>
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Example –Step 3
•Create Godset god [create-god 3]$ns at 900.00 “$god set-dist 2 3 1”
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An Example –Step 4
# Define how a mobile node is configured$ns node-config \
-adhocRouting DSDV \-llType LL \-macType Mac/802_11 \-ifqLen 50 \-ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \-antType Antenna/OmniAntenna \-propType Propagation/TwoRayGround \-phyType Phy/WirelessPhy \-channelType Channel/WirelessChannel \-topoInstance $topo-agentTrace ON \-routerTrace OFF \-macTrace OFF
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An Example –Step 5# Next create a mobile node, attach it to thechannelset node(0) [$ns node]# disable random motion$node(0) random-motion 0
# Use “for” loop to create 3 nodes:
for {set i < 0} {$i < 3} {incr i} {
set node($i) [$ns node]
$node($i) random-motion 0
}
3/29/2007 NCKU 189
Mobilenode Movement
•Node position defined in a 3-D model•However z axis not used
$node set X_ <x1>$node set Y_ <y1>$node set Z_ <z1>$node at $time setdest <x2> <y2><speed>
•Node movement may be logged
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Scenario Generator:Movement
•Mobile Movement Generatorsetdestsetdest --n <num_of_nodes>n <num_of_nodes> --pp pausetimepausetime --ss<<maxspeedmaxspeed>> --t <t <simtimesimtime>> --x <x <maxxmaxx>> --yy<<maxymaxy>>
Source: nsns--2/indep2/indep--utils/cmuutils/cmu--scenscen--gen/setdest/gen/setdest/
•Random movement•$node random-motion 1••$node start$node start
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A Movement File
$node_(2) set Z_ 0.000000000000$node_(2) set Y_ 199.373306816804$node_(2) set X_ 591.256560093833$node_(1) set Z_ 0.000000000000$node_(1) set Y_ 345.357731779204$node_(1) set X_ 257.046298323157$node_(0) set Z_ 0.000000000000$node_(0) set Y_ 239.438009831261$node_(0) set X_ 83.364418416244$ns_ at 50.000000000000 "$node_(2) setdest 369.463244915743
170.519203111152 3.371785899154"$ns_ at 51.000000000000 "$node_(1) setdest 221.826585497093
80.855495003839 14.909259208114"$ns_ at 33.000000000000 "$node_(0) setdest 89.663708107313
283.494644426442 19.153832288917"
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Scenario Generator: Traffic
•Generating traffic pattern files•CBR/TCP trafficnsns cbrgencbrgen..tcltcl [[--typetype cbrcbr||tcptcp] [] [--nnnn nodes] [nodes] [--seedseedseed] [seed] [--mc connections] [mc connections] [--rate rate]rate rate]
••CBR trafficCBR trafficnsns cbrgencbrgen..tcltcl ––typetype cbrcbr ––nnnn 2020 ––seed 1seed 1 ––mc 8mc 8 --rate 4rate 4
•TCP trafficnsns cbrgencbrgen..tcltcl ––typetype tcptcp --nnnn 1515 --seed 0seed 0 ––mc 6mc 6
•Source: nsns--2/indep2/indep--utils/cmuutils/cmu--scenscen--gen/gen/
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A Traffic Scenario
set udp_(0) [new Agent/UDP]$ns_ attach-agent $node_(0) $udp_(0)set null_(0) [new Agent/Null]$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $null_(0)set cbr_(0) [new Application/Traffic/CBR]$cbr_(0) set packetSize_ 512$cbr_(0) set interval_ 4.0$cbr_(0) set random_ 1$cbr_(0) set maxpkts_ 10000$cbr_(0) attach-agent $udp_(0)$ns_ connect $udp_(0) $null_(0)$ns_ at 127.93667922166023 "$cbr_(0) start"…….
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An Example –Step 6
# Define node movement modelsource <movement-scenario-files>
# Define traffic modelsource <traffic-scenario-files>
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An Example –Step 7
# Define node initial position in namfor {set i 0} {$i < 3 } { incr i} {
$ns initial_node_position $node($i) 20}
# Tell ns/nam the simulation stop time$ns at 200.0 “$ns nam-end-wireless 200.0”$ns at 200.0 “$ns halt”
# Start your simulation$ns run
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Energy Extension
•Node is energy-aware•Define node by adding new options:$ns_ node-config \–energyModel EnergyModel-initialEnergy 100.0-txPower 0.6-rxPower 0.2
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nam Visualization
•Use nam to visualize:•Mobile node position•Mobile node moving direction and speed•Energy consumption at nodes (color keyed)
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nam Visualization
•Replace$ns$ns namtracenamtrace--all $all $fdfd
with$ns$ns namtracenamtrace--allall--wireless $wireless $fdfd
At the end of simulation, do$ns$ns namnam--endend--wireless [$ns now]wireless [$ns now]
3/29/2007 NCKU 199
Wireless support in ns-2
•Introduction•Wireless basics•Wireless internals
•Ad hoc routing•Mobile IP•Satellite networking•Directed diffusion
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Wireless Internals
•Mobilenode•Basic node that has address and port de-
muxes, routing agent etc•Stack of network components consisting of
LL, MAC, NetIF radio-model etc
•Wireless channel
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Portrait of A Mobile Node
Node
ARP
Propagationand antennamodels
MobileNode
LL
MAC
PHY
LL
CHANNEL
LL
MAC
PHY
Classifier: Forwarding
Agent: Protocol Entity
Node Entry
LL: Link layer object
IFQ: Interface queue
MAC: Mac object
PHY: Net interface
protocolagent
routingagent
addrclassifier
portclassifier
255
IFQIFQ
defaulttarget_
Radio propagation/antenna models
Prop/ant
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Mobile Node : Components
•Classifiers•defaulttarget_ points to routing agent object•255 is the port id assigned for rtagent_
•Routing agent•May be ad hoc routing protocol like AODV,
DSDV or directed diffusion
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Mobile Node: Components
•Link Layer•Same as LAN, but with a separate ARP module•Sends queries to ARP
•ARP•Resolves IP address to hardware (MAC) address•Broadcasts ARP query
•Interface queue•Gives priority to routing protocol packets•Has packet filtering capacity
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Mobile Node: Components
•MAC•802.11•IEEE RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK for unicast•Sends DATA directly for broadcast
•SMAC (for sensor network)•Network interface (PHY)•Used by mobilenode to access channel•Stamps outgoing pkts with meta-data•Interface with radio/antenna models
3/29/2007 NCKU 205
Mobile Node: Components
•Radio Propagation Model•Friss-space model –attenuation at near
distance (1/r2)•Two-ray ground reflection model for far
distance (1/r4)•Shadowing model -probabilistic
•Antenna•Omni-directional, unity-gain
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Wireless Channel
•Duplicate packets to all mobile nodesattached to the channel except the sender•It is the receiver’s responsibility to decide
if it will accept the packet•Collision is handled at individual receiver•O(N2) messages grid keeper, reference-
copying etc
3/29/2007 NCKU 207
Grid-keeper: AnOptimization
3/29/2007 NCKU 208
Mobile Node: Misc.
•Energy consumption model for sensornetworks•Visualization of node movement,
reachability, and energy•Validation test suites
3/29/2007 NCKU 209
Wireless Trace Support
•Original cmu trace format•A separate wireless trace format
developed later at ISI•Current ongoing effort to have ONE
format to combine all wired and wirelessformats
3/29/2007 NCKU 210
Ad Hoc Routing
•Four routing protocols currently supported:•DSDV•Contributed by CMU
•DSR•Contributed by CMU
•AODV•Recently updated version from univ. of cincinnati;
•TORA•Contributed by CMU
•Examples under tcl/test/test-suite-wireless- { lan-newnode.tcl, lan-aodv.tcl,lan-tora.tcl }
A Brief on MobileIP Support
•Developed by Sun•Require a different Node structure than MobileNode•Originally implemented for wired nodes
•Wired-cmu-wireless extension•Originally CMU wireless model only supports ad-hoc
and wireless LAN•Base-stations, support hier-rtg
•Standard MobileIP•Home Agent, Foreign Agent, MobileHosts
•Example••UnderUnder tcltcl/test/test/test/test--suitesuite--wirelesswireless--lanlan--newnodenewnode..tcltcl (tests: DSDV(tests: DSDV--wiredwired--cumcum--wireless andwireless andDSDVDSDV--wirelesswireless--mipmip))
3/29/2007 NCKU 212
A Brief on SatelliteNetworking
•Developed by Tom Henderson (UCB)•Supported models•Geostationary satellites: bent-pipe and
processing-payload•Low-Earth-Orbit satellites
•Example: tcltcl/ex/sat/ex/sat--*.*.tcltcl andandtcltcl/test/test/test/test--suitesuite--satellite.satellite.tcltcl
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Simulate sensor networkwith ns-2
•Currently support•Routing•Direct diffusion
•MAC•SMAC
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Sensor network
•Wireless sensor network•Special ad hoc wireless network•Large number of nodes w/ sensors & actuators•Battery-powered nodes energy efficiency•Unplanned deployment self-organization•Node density & topology change robustness
•Sensor-net applications• Nodes cooperate for a common task• In-network data processing
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Introduction to DirectDiffusion
•Properties of Sensor Networks•Data centric, but not node centric•Have no notion of central authority•Are often resource constrained
•Nodes are tied to physical locations, but:•They may not know the topology•They may fail or move arbitrarily
•Problem: How can we get data from thesensors?
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Basic idea of DirectedDiffusion
•Data centric –nodes are unimportant•Request driven:•Sinks place requests as interests•Sources are eventually found and satisfy interests•Intermediate nodes route data toward sinks
•Localized repair and reinforcement•Multi-path delivery for multiple sources, sinks,
and queries
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A toy example
•Sensor nodes are monitoring a flat spacefor animals•We are interested in receiving data for all
4-legged creatures seen in a rectanglearea•We want to specify the data rate
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Interest and Event Naming
•Sink: Query/interest:• Type=four-legged animal• Interval=20ms (event data rate)• Duration=10 seconds (time to cache)• Rect=[-100, 100, 200, 400]
•Source: Reply:• Type=four-legged animal• Instance = elephant• Location = [125, 220]• Confidence = 0.85• Timestamp = 01:20:40
•Attribute-Value pairs, no advanced namingscheme
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Diffusion (High Level)
•Sinks broadcast interest to neighbors•Interests are cached by neighbors•Gradients are set up pointing back to
where interests came from at low datarate•Once a source receives an interest, it
routes measurements along gradients
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Gradients
•Gradients from Source (S) to Sink (N) areinitially small•Increased during reinforcement to find the
best path•How gradients are increased/decreased
based on only local rules•Application-specfic
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Interest Propagation
• Flooding• Constrained or Directional flooding based on location.• Directional Propagation based on previously cached data.
Source
Sink
Interest
Gradient
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Directed Diffusion (Data)
•The source matches signature waveforms fromcodebook against observations
•The source matches data against interest cache,compute highest event rate request from all gradients,and (re) sample events at this rate
• Intermediate node:•Finds matching entry in interest cache, no match –silent drop•Checks and updates data cache (loop prevention, aggregation)•Retrieve all gradients, and resend message, doing frequency
conversion if necessary
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Data Propagation
• Reinforcement to single path delivery.
• Multipath delivery with probabilistic forwarding.
• Multipath delivery with selective quality along different path.
Source
Sink
Gradient
Data
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Directed Diffusion(Reinforcement)
•Reinforcement:•Sink/intermediate nodes pick a neighbor based on
some local rules and increase the gradient (e.g.higher event rates)•This neighbor, in turn, reinforces upstream nodes•Passive reinforcement handling (timeout) or active
(weights)•Multiple sinks: Exploit prior setup (i.e., use cache)• Intermediate nodes use reinforcement for local repair
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Local rules
•Which neighbor ?•Neighbor(s) from whom new events received.•Neighbor who’s consistently performing better than others.•Neighbor from whom most events received.
Reinforce one of the neighbor after receiving initial data.
Source
Sink
Gradient
Data
Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
• Time out• Explicitly Degrade the path by re-sending interest with lower data
rate.
Source
Sink
Gradient
Data
Reinforcement
3/29/2007 NCKU 227
A Brief on DirectedDiffusion
•Developed by SCADDS group at USC/ISI•Diffusion model in ns consists of•A core diffusion layer•A library of APIs for diffusion applications•Add-on filters (for gradient routing, logging, tagging,
srcrtg, GEAR etc)
•Much in development•Source code in ~ns/diffusion3
•Examples under tcl/ex/diffusion3 and test/test-suite-diffusion3.tcl
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Medium Access Control inSensor Nets
• Important attributes of MAC protocols• Collision avoidance• Energy efficiency• Scalability in node density• Latency• Fairness• Throughput• Bandwidth utilization
Primary
Secondary
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•Major sources of energy waste•Idle listening•Energy consumption of typical 802.11 WLAN cards•idle:receive — 1:1.05 to 1:2 (Stemm 1997)
Energy Efficiency in MAC
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•Major sources of energy waste (cont.)•Idle listening•Long idle time when no sensing event happens
• Collisions• Control overhead• Overhearing
•We try to reduce energy consumption fromall above sources•Combine benefits of TDMA + contention
protocols
Energy Efficiency in MAC
Common to allwireless networks
Dominant in sensor nets
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Sensor-MAC (S-MAC)Design
•Tradeoffs
•Major components in S-MAC• Periodic listen and sleep• Collision avoidance• Overhearing avoidance•Massage passing
LatencyFairness
Energy
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Periodic Listen and Sleep
•Problem: Idle listening consumes significantenergy
•Solution: Periodic listen and sleep
• Turn off radio when sleeping• Reduce duty cycle to ~ 10% (200ms on/2s off)
sleeplisten listen sleep
Latency Energy
3/29/2007 NCKU 233
Periodic Listen and Sleep•Schedules can differ
• Prefer neighboring nodes have same schedule— easy broadcast & low control overhead
Border nodes:two schedulesbroadcast twice
Node 1
Node 2
sleeplisten listen sleep
sleeplisten listen sleep
Schedule 2
Schedule 1
3/29/2007 NCKU 234
Periodic Listen and Sleep
•Schedule Synchronization•Remember neighbors’ schedules • — to know when to send to them
•Each node broadcasts its schedule every fewperiods of sleeping and listening•Re-sync when receiving a schedule update•Schedule packets also serve as beacons for
new nodes to join a neighborhood
3/29/2007 NCKU 235
Collision Avoidance
•Problem: Multiple senders want to talk•Options: Contention vs. TDMA•Solution: Similar to IEEE 802.11 ad hoc
mode (DCF)•Physical and virtual carrier sense•Randomized backoff time•RTS/CTS for hidden terminal problem•RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK sequence
3/29/2007 NCKU 236
Overhearing Avoidance
•Problem: Receive packets destined toothers•Solution: Sleep when neighbors talk•use in-channel signaling
•Who should sleep?• All immediate neighbors of sender and receiver
•How long to sleep?• The duration field in each packet informs other
nodes the sleep interval
3/29/2007 NCKU 237
Message Passing
•Problem: Sensor net in-network processingrequires entire message
•Solution: Don’t interleave different messages•Long message is fragmented & sent in burst•RTS/CTS reserve medium for entire message•Fragment-level error recovery — ACK•— extend Tx time and re-transmit
immediately•Other nodes sleep for whole message time
Fairness EnergyMsg-level latency
3/29/2007 NCKU 238
Msg Passing vs. 802.11fragmentation
•S-MAC message passing
RTS 21 ......
Data 19ACK 18CTS 20
Data 17ACK 16
Data 1ACK 0
RTS 3 ......
Data 3ACK 2CTS 2
Data 3ACK 2
Data 1ACK 0
•Fragmentation in IEEE 802.11• No indication of entire time — other nodes keep listening• If ACK is not received, give up Tx — fairness
3/29/2007 NCKU 239
A brief on SMAC
•SMAC –MAC designed for sensornetworks•Similar RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK like 802.11•Additional sleep-wakeup cycles•Reduce energy consumptions during idle
phases•Examples under tcl/test/test-suite-
smac.tcl
3/29/2007 NCKU 240
Outline
•An introduction to ns-2•What is ns-2•Fundamentals•Writing ns-2 codes•Traces support and visualization•Wireless support•Emulation•Related work
3/29/2007 NCKU 241
What is Emulation ?
•Ability to introduce the simulator into alive network•Application:•Allows testing real-world implementations•Allows testing simulated protocols
•Requirements:•Scheduler support•Packet capture and generation capabilities
3/29/2007 NCKU 242
Emulation in ns-2
Read packets Write packets
ns
Network
3/29/2007 NCKU 243
Scheduler
•ns operates in virtual time using event-driven simulation•Real-time scheduler•Does not advance the virtual clock to next
event•Dispatches event at real-time
3/29/2007 NCKU 244
Emulation Objects
•Interface between nsand network traffic•Network Objects•Access to live network via•BPF and raw sockets
•Tap Objects•Conversion between ns
and•network packet formats
Capture: BPF
ns
Inject: Raw socket
network to ns
ns to network
3/29/2007 NCKU 245
Modes of Operation
•Packet conversion leads to two modes ofoperation
•Opaque Mode•Network packet fields are not interpreted
•Protocol Mode•Network packet is interpreted•TTL values reflect hop count in simulator
•Network packet fields are generated•Ping responder, TCP application
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Opaque Mode•Network packet is passed unmodified
through simulator
Network Packet
SourceDestination
Size
Data
Ns packet containsa pointer to thenetwork packet
SourceDestination
Size
Extern
Read packets Write packets
ns
Network
3/29/2007 NCKU 247
Protocol Mode
•Network packet fields are generated bythe simulator
Data
The ns packetheader is
mapped onto thenetwork packetheader and visa
versa .
Send/receivepackets fromapplication
ns
TCP Agent
Network
Host A
TCPApplication
Host B
Send/receivepackets from
ns
Network Packet
SourceDestination
Size
SourceDestination
Size
3/29/2007 NCKU 248
Applications
•Opaque Mode•Cross-traffic interaction leading to drop, delay
and re-ordering of packets•End to End application testing
•Protocol Mode•Protocol and conformance testing•Evaluate effect of DDoS attacks•Wireless networks
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Example: Setup
Goal: Make a ns TCP agent interact with a TCP server
TCP server
• Disable IP forwarding• sysctl –w
net.inet.ip.forwarding=0
• Assign 10.0.0.1 and 6000to TCP agent
• Add route to dummy IPaddress
• route add 10.0.0.1 192.168.1.1
• Disable IP redirects• sysctl –w net.inet.ip.redirect=0
A 192.168.1.1 B 192.168.1.2 port 8000
Switch
nse
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Example Scriptset ns [new Simulator]$ns use-scheduler RealTime
set entry_node [$ns node]set tcp_node [$ns node]
$ns duplex-link $entry_node \$tcp_node 10Mb 1ms DropTail
set tcp [new Agent/TCP/FullTcp]$ns attach-agent $tcp_node $tcp
Activate ns andChange to real-timescheduler
Create topology
Create TCP Agent
TCP Agent
tcp_node entry_node
RawSocket
BPFTCPTap
TCPTap
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Example Scriptset bpf [new Network/Pcap/Live]set dev [$bpf open readonly eth0]$bpf filter "src 192.168.1.2 and src port 8000 \
and dst 10.0.0.1 and dst port 6000“set capture_tap [new Agent/TCPTap]$capture_tap network $bpf$ns attach-agent $entry_node $capture_tap$ns simplex-connect $capture_tap $tcp
set rawsocket [new Network/IP]$rawsocket open writeonlyset inject_tap [new Agent/TCPTap]$inject_tap advertised-window 512$inject_tap extipaddr “192.168.1.2" $inject_tap extport 8000$inject_tap network $rawsocket$ns attach-agent $entry_node $inject_tap$ns simplex-connect $tcp $inject_tap
TCP Agent
tcp_node
entry_node
RawSocket
CaptureTap
BPF
InjectTap
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Example Script$ns at 0.01 "$tcp advance 1"$ns at 20.0 “exit 0"$ns run
start nse
TCP Server(8000)
Switch
TCP Agent
BPF Raw Socket
B 192.168.1.2A 192.168.1.1
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Further Information
• http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-emulation.html
•Scripts ~ns/emulate•Opaque Mode:•em.tcl
• Protocol Mode•thrutcp.tcl•pingdemo.tcl•tcpemu.tcl
•Kevin Fall, Network Emulation in the Vint/NS Simulator,ISCC July 1999
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Ns-2 related work
•Other simulators•Researching uses ns-2•Using ns-2 for education
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Other simulators
• GloMoSim• Developed by UCLA• Based on Parsec• Good support for wireless simulation
• SSFNET• Java-based (with some C++ components)• Use DML (Domain Modeling Language) for model configuration
• OPNET and QualNet• Commercial software• Good support for all layers
• PDNS (parallel/distributed ns)• Developed by Georgia Tech• Can distribute a simulation on several 8-16 workstations• Aim to support very large simulation (memory & CPU)
• JavaSim• Another Java-based simulator
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Research using ns-2
•Routing•MIT Click Router•Zone routing protocol
•Wireless•Mobility generator•MIPv6•Bluetooth•802.11 PSM•Cellular IP•Hierarchical Mobile IP•GPRS•UMTS
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Research using ns-2..
•Generator•Web traffic generators•MPEG•Several topology generators
•Others•MPLS•WFQ, CSFQ•RSVP•RIO•BLUE•TCP westwood•SCTP•Multistate error model
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Using ns-2 for education
•Ns-2 scripts/nam traces repository•http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/repository/index.
html•~ns-2/tcl/ex•~nam/ex ~nam/edu•Some ns scripts and nam animations
can be used in widely-used textbooks•http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/edu/index.html