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INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR SECURITY: HISTORY, THEORY, AND POLICY

SPRING 2021

Dr. Thomas P. Cavanna

Last updated Jan. 19 NOTE:

- Minor revisions may apply throughout the semester Course information:

- Spring 2021 - Wed., 3:00-5:00 p.m.

Course description

- This course offers a general introduction to nuclear security. It provides a comprehensive but concise overview of the topic’s main historical, theoretical, and policy dimensions. During the first part of the semester, we will discuss key concepts (fission, deterrence, vertical proliferation, etc.) associated with the post-World War II emergence of nuclear strategy, explore the superpowers’ Cold War competition, and study the emergence of new nuclear-weapon states (Britain, China, etc.). Once these conceptual and historical foundations in place, we will investigate the theoretical debates that have divided scholars on seminal questions such as the causes of proliferation, the effectiveness of the international non-proliferation regime (and of counter-proliferation), the impact of nuclear weapons on state behavior (war/peace, coercion, etc.), and the many constraints and forms of resistance that have emerged over time (norms, disarmament, etc.). During the third section of the course, we will examine the post-Cold War emergence of the “second nuclear age,” with a specific interest for nuclear terrorism, climate change, nuclear safety, and US primacy. Finally, we will probe the nuclear challenges that have (re)emerged in East Asia (China, North Korea), the Middle East (Israel, Iran), Europe (Russia’s nuclear resurgence, NATO’s extended deterrence), and South Asia (India, Pakistan). In each class meeting, we will cover these local nuclear powers’ historical emergence, their current status, and the US response. The conclusion of the course will survey the latest trends, including prospects for disarmament, the Trump Administration’s nuclear policy, and the impact of cyber on command-and-control systems.

Learning objectives:

- knowledge of the key concepts related to nuclear security - knowledge of the main scholarly debates on the most fundamental questions of the field of

nuclear security

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- in-depth knowledge of individual cases and how they fit larger developments in international history and international relations

- Ability to connect the historical, theoretical, and policy-relevant dimensions of today’s key nuclear challenges

- Optimization of analytical and writing skills Instructor

- I am an Assistant Research Professor at the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy. Among other things, I published in the Texas National Security Review (“Unlocking the Gates of Eurasia: China’s Belt and Road Initiative and its Implications for U.S. Grand Strategy”), the Journal of Strategic Studies (“Geopolitics over Proliferation: The Origins of US Grand Strategy and their Implications for the Spread of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia”), and the Oxford Research Encyclopedia (“U.S. Grand Strategy since 1776”). I also published two books, one on “U.S. Foreign Policy towards India and Pakistan in the 1970s,” with CNRS Editions (France), and one on America’s war in Afghanistan (Lexington, Rowman and Littlefield). I am currently writing a book on China’s rise and U.S. grand strategy.

Course structure:

- PREPARE: readings + asynchronous videos posted 1 week ahead of each class meeting (you must watch all of them before each corresponding class meeting)

- ATTEND and PARTICIPATE: synchronous online class meetings; attendance is mandatory and part of your evaluation, but those class meetings will most likely be recorded to compensate for possible technical challenges, time zone issues. If this raises any problem for you, please contact me asap

Diversity and inclusion:

- Diversity is one of the most precious assets of the Fletcher School and one of the key enablers of our learning process in this class and beyond. As such, one of my main objectives this semester is to create a truly inclusive learning environment that everyone can contribute to and benefit from regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, geographic origins, socioeconomic background, professional experience, or other criteria. Of course, each one of us will help nurture this sense of belonging and intellectual community during our meetings, based on mutual respect and kindness.

Office hours and appointments on demand (updates may apply):

- Mon: 3:00-3:20, 3:20-3:40, 3:40-4:00 p.m. (20-mn appointments) - Register on MyFletcher - If you are unable to make an appointment, please remove your name as soon as possible,

so that others may take your spot. - Appointments on demand: If you are unable to attend any of the time slots above, please

email me with several alternative days/times (please email at least 48h in advance)

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Disabilities and reasonable accommodations: In accordance with federal and state law, Tufts University provides reasonable accommodations to students with documented disabilities. If you believe you require an accommodation, e-mail accessiblity@tufts.edu or Catherine.Flynn@tufts.edu. Readings: The course will strive to present a (reasonably) comprehensive overview of the field of nuclear security. Although this field has characteristics that cannot be ignored (Western-centric, security-centric, etc.), you will also learn/read/discuss about alternative approaches, numerous case-studies, and diverse points of view. As you will see, scholars of nuclear security disagree on about everything and there is much that we don’t know. This is why many of our sessions will stress debates and uncertainties. From that perspective, one of the most exciting facets of your semester will be to constructively engage each of those readings (whether you fully agree with them, only partly, or not at all) and to chart your own path with academic rigor. Readings (book chapters, scholarly articles, reports, op-eds):

- All the readings will be posted on Canvas week after week (except indicated otherwise) Recommended books (but NOT required): General Introductions

- Andrew Futter, The Politics of Nuclear weapons (Palgrave MacMillan, 2020). US Nuclear Policy

- Francis J. Gavin, Nuclear Weapons and American Grand Strategy (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2020).

- Lawrence Freedman and Jeffrey H. Michaels, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). (available online via Tufts library

- Thomas M. Nichols, No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014). (available online via Tufts library)

- Francis J. Gavin, Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America’s Atomic Age (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012). (available online via Tufts library)

Strategy, Deterrence and Bargaining - Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).

(available online via Tufts library) Required readings mentioned in this syllabus:

- Students must read all the required readings ahead of class and be ready to discuss them - During each class, students will be required to share their thoughts on the required readings

Requirements and final grade for regular Fletcher students: (updates may apply, especially once I have a better idea of class enrollment)

- Participation (+ attend all class meetings, be on time, behavior, responsiveness): 20% - 1 mid-term paper: 15% - 1 presentation: 15%

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- 1 final paper (background policy paper): 20% - 2 “reading response” memos (between session 2 and session 12 only): 30%

Requirements for auditing students:

- Participation (+ attend all class meetings, be on time, behavior, responsiveness): 40% - 1 presentation: 30% - 2 “reading response” memos (between session 2 and session 12 only): 30%

Submissions:

- All the assignments should be submitted as Word documents (no PDF) - should be submitted to Thomas.cavanna@tufts.edu, (not Canvas)

Participation (+ attendance, delays, behavior, responsiveness, etc.): (updates may apply)

- Attendance and active participation during our class meetings will have a major impact on your final results

- Absences will be excused only if justified with documentation within a week “Reading response” memos on the required readings (between session 2 and 12 only): (updates may apply)

- Follow the specific requirements already posted on Canvas Presentation: (updates may apply)

- Each of you will be assigned (most likely by pairs) a presentation (10-12 minutes) on a required reading (among a list of topics that I will share very shortly)

- Follow the specific requirements that will be posted on Canvas Mid-term and final papers: (updates may apply)

- Deadline: TBD - Word count: probably around 1,500 words - Follow the specific requirements that will be posted on Canvas

OUTLINE BELOW... Pay close attention to the page ranges that affect many of the readings below

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INTRODUCTION

CLASS 1: WORLD WAR II AND THE EMERGENCE OF NUCLEAR STATECRAFT

Questions:

- Course overview + Q&A - What fundamental questions do historians, IR scholars, and policy-makers debate in the

field of nuclear security? - Manhattan project: how did the nuclear era start? How did the use of nuclear weapons

impact WWII? What were the key ethical and strategic debates involved? If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings:

The Field of Nuclear Security: Key Debates among Theorists, Historians, and Policy-Makers

- Francis J. Gavin, “History, Theory and Statecraft in the Nuclear Age,” in Francis J. Gavin, Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America’s Atomic Age (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012), pp. 12-29.

Beginnings of the “First Nuclear Age” - Andrew Futter, The Politics of Nuclear Weapons (London: Sage, 2015), ONLY pp. 13-22.

WWII and America’s Use of the Bomb against Japan - J. Samuel Walker, “Recent Literature on Truman’s Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for

Middle Ground,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 29, Issue 2 (2005), pp. 311-334. - Ward Wilson, “The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of

Hiroshima,” International Security, Vol. 31, No. 4 (2007), pp. 162-179. Suggested readings

- Francis J. Gavin, “History and America's Atomic Future: Four Questions on Nuclear Statecraft,” War on the Rocks, April 15, 2015.

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PART I: NUCLEAR STRATEGY DURING THE COLD WAR

CLASS 2: SUPERPOWERS’ ARMS RACE AND EMERGENCE OF NUCLEAR STRATEGY

Questions:

- How did the onset of the Cold War and nuclear weapons interact? - How did the field of nuclear strategy emerge? - How did the concept of deterrence inform US and Soviet nuclear doctrines in the early

decades of the Cold war? If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings: Onset of the Superpowers’ Nuclear Competition

- David Holloway, “Nuclear Weapons and the Escalation of the Cold War, 1945–1962,” in eds. Melvyn P. Leffler & Odd Arne Westad, The Cambridge History of the Cold War (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), Vol. 1: Origins, ONLY pp. 376-393.

Nuclear Strategy in the 1950s and early 1960s - Thomas M. Nichols, “Nuclear Strategy, 1950–1990: The Search for Meaning,” in Thomas

M. Nichols, No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), ONLY pp. 16-26.

Cuban Missile Crisis - James G., Hershberg, “The Cuban Missile Crisis,” in eds. Melvyn P. Leffler & Odd Arne

Westad, The Cambridge History of the Cold War (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), Vol. 2: Crises and Détente, pp. 65-87.

- Sophie Vanhoonacker & Patrice Wangen, “Graham T. Allison: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis,” in ed. Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, Steven J. Balla, The Oxford Handbook of Classics in Public Policy and Administration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), ONLY pp. 1-11.

- Réachbha FitzGerald, “Review Article,” Irish Studies in International Affairs, Vol. 18 (2007), pp. 191-203.

Suggested readings: Onset of the Superpowers’ Nuclear Competition

- Campbell Craig & Sergey Radchenko, “The Baruch Plan and the Onset of the American Cold War,” in Campbell Craig & Sergey Radchenko, The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 111-134.

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Nuclear Deterrence and the Balance of Terror - David Alan Rosenberg, “The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American

Strategy, 1945-1960,” International Security, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1983), pp. 3–71. Berlin Crisis

- Gavin, “Nuclear Weapons, Statecraft, and the Berlin Crisis, 1958–1962,” in Francis J. Gavin, Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America’s Atomic Age (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012), pp. 57-74.

CLASS 3: HORIZONTAL PROLIFERATION AND US-SOVIET NUCLEAR PARITY

Questions:

- How did the first cases of horizontal nuclear proliferation (Britain, France, China, Israel) emerge?

- How did the superpowers aim for nuclear war victory in Europe and beyond? - How did they come to try to minimize the risk of war and engage in arms control?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings: Nuclear Competition and Arms Control in the 1960s and 1970s

- William Burr & David Alan Rosenberg, “Nuclear Competition in an Era of Stalemate, 1963–1975,” in eds. Melvyn P. Leffler & Odd Arne Westad, The Cambridge History of the Cold War (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), Vol. 2: Crises and Détente, pp. 88-111.

Nuclear Strategy in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s - Thomas M. Nichols, “Nuclear Strategy, 1950–1990: The Search for Meaning,” in Thomas

M. Nichols, No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), pp. 27-43.

Feminism and the Language of Nuclear Strategists - Carol Cohn, “Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals,” Signs: Journal

of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 12, Issue 4 (1987), ONLY pp. 687-690, 692-697, and 699-701.

Horizontal Proliferation - _, “British Nuclear program,” Atomic Heritage Foundation, March 2017, pp. 1-6. - _, “French Nuclear Program,” Atomic Heritage Foundation, pp. 1-8. - _, “Chinese Nuclear Program,” Atomic Heritage Foundation, pp. 1-5.

Suggested readings: US Nuclear Strategy in Europe

- Francis J. Gavin, “The Myth of Flexible Response: United States Strategy in Europe during the 1960s,” International History Review, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2001), pp. 847-875.

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- Colin S. Gray, “Nuclear Strategy: The Case for a Theory of Victory,” International Security, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Summer 1979), pp. 54-87.

- Bernard Brodie, “The Development of Nuclear Strategy,” International Security, Vol. 2, No. 4 (1978), pp. 65–83.

France’s Nuclear Ambitions - Philip H. Gordon, “Charles de Gaulle and the Nuclear Revolution,” in eds. John Lewis

Gaddis, Phillip H. Gordon, Ernest R. May, & Jonathan Rosenberg, Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 216-235.

US-Soviet Arms Control - Hal Brands, “Progress Unseen: U.S. Arms Control Policy and the Origins of Détente,

1963–1968,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2006), pp. 253–85.

PART II: KEY THEORETICAL QUESTIONS

CLASS 4: DYNAMICS OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

Questions:

- What are the main causes of nuclear proliferation? - How do states go about developing nuclear weapons (or not)?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings: Why States Build the Bomb? Demand Side VS Supply Side

- Scott D. Sagan, “The Causes of Nuclear Weapons Proliferation,” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 14 (2011), ONLY pp. 225-236.

Identity - Manjari Chatterjee Miller, “PII (Post-Imperial Ideology), Victimhood and ‘Nuclear

Apartheid,’” in Wronged by Empire: Post-imperial Ideology and Foreign Policy in India and China (Princeton University Press, 2014), ONLY pp. 92-100.

- Matthew Moran & Heather W. Williams, “Keeping Up Appearances: National Narratives and Nuclear Policy in France and Russia,” Defence Studies, Vol. 13, Issue 2 (2013), ONLY pp. 195-202.

Strategic Logic - Alexandre Debs & Nuno P. Monteiro, “The Strategic Logic of Nuclear Proliferation.”

International Security, vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2014), ONLY pp. 7-29. Regime-Type

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- Christopher Way & Jessica Weeks, “Making it Personal: Regime Type and Nuclear Proliferation,” American Journal of Political Science, Vol 58, No. 3 (2014), ONLY pp. 705-710.

Gender and Nuclear Weapons - Carol Cohn with Felicity Hill and Sara Ruddick, “The Relevance of Gender for Eliminating

Weapons of Mass Destruction,” The Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission, Report no. 38, 2005 ONLY pp. 1-8.

How States Pursue the Bomb - Vipin Narang, “Strategies of Nuclear Proliferation: How States Pursue the Bomb,”

International Security, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Jan. 2017), ONLY pp. 116-132. Nuclear Reversals and Nuclear Hedging

- Ariel Levite, “Never Say Never Again: Nuclear Reversal Revisited,” International Security, Vol 27, No. 3 (Winter 2002/2003), ONLY pp. 67-75.

- Rachel Elizabeth Whitlark & Rupal N. Mehta, “Hedging Our Bets: Why Does Nuclear Latency Matter”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 42, Issue 1 (2019), ONLY PP. 41-45.

Suggested readings: Demand side

- Etel Solingen, “The Political Economy of Nuclear Restraint,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1994), pp. 126-169.

- Jacques E.C. Hymans, “Leaders’ National Identity Conceptions and Nuclear Conceptions,” in Jacques E.C. Hymans, The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions and Foreign Policy (London: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 16-46.

Supply Side - Matthew Kroenig (2009), “Importing the Bomb: Security Threats, Sensitive Nuclear

Assistance, and Nuclear Proliferation,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 53, Issue 2 (April 2009), pp. 161–180.

General Analytical insights - Alexander H. Montgomery & Scott D. Sagan, “The Perils of Predicting Proliferation,”

Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 53, Issue 2 (2009), pp. 302-328.

CLASS 5: THE IMPACT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS ON POWER DYNAMICS AND INTERNATIONAL STABILITY

Questions:

- Do nuclear weapons cause war or peace? - Do nuclear weapons increase a state’s bargaining leverage? - How do nuclear weapons affect states’ foreign policies?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter.

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Required readings: Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy Changes

- Mark S. Bell, “Beyond Emboldenment: How Acquiring Nuclear Weapons Can Change Foreign Policy,” International Security, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Summer 2015), ONLY pp. 87-88, skip “existing literature,” pp. 91-103, skip “aggression,” and pp. 105-118.

Nuclear Superiority and Winning Nuclear Crises - Matthew Kroenig, “Nuclear Superiority and the Balance of Resolve: Explaining Nuclear

Crisis Outcomes,” International Organization, Vol. 67, Issue 1 (2013), ONLY pp. 141-152.

Do Nuclear Weapons Lead to War or Peace? - Scott Sagan, “The Perils of Proliferation: Organization Theory, Deterrence Theory, and the

Spread of Nuclear Weapons,” International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (1994), pp. 66-107. Domestic politics and nuclear weapons

- Elizabeth N. Saunders, “The Domestic Politics of Nuclear Choices – A Review Essay,” International Security, posted online Oct. 28, 2019, Saunders, ONLY pp. 6-16.

Suggested readings: Nuclear weapons and force posture diversification (pros and cons)

- Eric Gartzke, Jeffrey Kaplow, Rupal N. Mehta, “The Determinants of Nuclear Force Structure”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 58, Issue 3 (2014), ONLY pp. 484-486.

Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy Change - Matthew Fuhrmann & Todd Sechser, “Nuclear Strategy, Nonproliferation, and the Causes

of Foreign Nuclear Deployments,” Journal of conflict Resolution, Vol. 58, No. 3 (April 2014), pp. 455-480.

Nuclear weapons and the Risk of War - Mark Bell & Nicholas Miller, “Questioning the Effect of Nuclear Weapons on Conflict,”

Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Feb. 2015), pp. 74-92. - John Mueller, “The Essential Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons: Stability in the Postwar

World,” International Security, Vol. 13, No 2 (Fall 1988), pp. 55-79. Nuclear Weapons, Coercion, and Victory

- Todd S. Sechser & Matthew Fuhrmann, “Crisis Bargaining and Nuclear Blackmail,” International Organization, Vol. 67, Issue 1 (Jan. 2013), ONLY pp. 173-178 and 190-195.

- Robert Jervis, “Why Nuclear Superiority Doesn’t Matter,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Winter 1979/1980), pp. 617-633.

- Robert Jervis, Mark Atwood Lawrence, William Burr, & Jeffrey P. Kimball, “Nuclear Weapons, Coercive Diplomacy, and the Vietnam War: Perspectives on Nixon’s Nuclear Spector,” Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 19, Issue 4 (2017), pp. 192-210.

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CLASS 6: EMERGENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL NONPROLIFERATION REGIME: SUCCESS, AMBIGUITIES, AND FAILURES

Questions:

- How important is nonproliferation to the US? - How can we assess the degree of success of the international nonproliferation regime? - How effective is counter-proliferation? - How do nuclear hedging and nuclear reversals fit within nonproliferation debates?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings: Debate on US Grand Strategy and Nonproliferation (Optimists)

- Francis J. Gavin, “Strategies of Inhibition: US Grand Strategy, the Nuclear Revolution, and Nonproliferation,” International Security, Vol. 40, Issue 1 (2015), ONLY pp. 9-41.

- Or Rabinowitz & Jayita Sarkar, “'It Isn't Over Until the Fuel Cell Sings': A Reassessment of the US and French Pledges of Nuclear Assistance in the 1970s,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 41, Issue 1-2 (2018), ONLY pp. 275-286

Debates on US Grand Strategy and Nonproliferation (Pessimists) - Galen Jackson, “The United States, the Israeli Nuclear Program, and Nonproliferation,

1961-1969,” Security Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2 (April/June 2019), ONLY pp. 360-366. - Thomas P. Cavanna, “Geopolitics over Proliferation: The Origins of US Grand Strategy

and their Implications for the Spread of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 41, Issue 4 (2018), ONLY pp. 580-597.

Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) - Matthew Fuhrmann & Yonatan Lupu, “Do Arms Control Treaties Work? Assessing the

Effectiveness of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty,” International Studies Quarterly Vol. 60, Issue 3 (Sept. 2016), ONLY pp. 530-533 (stop at “research design”).

Counter-Proliferation - Sarah Kreps & Matthew Fuhrmann, “Attacking the Atom: Does Bombing Nuclear

Facilities Affect Proliferation?”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol 34, No. 2 (2010), ONLY pp. 161-175.

Suggested readings: “Atoms for Peace” program and US Nuclear Exports

- Leonard Weiss, “Atoms for Peace,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol. 59, Issue 6 (Nov. 1, 2003), pp. 34-44.

- Matthew Fuhrmann, “Spreading Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreements,” International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Summer 2009), ONLY ONLY pp. 7-19.

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- Matthew Kroenig, “Exporting the Bomb: Why States Provide Sensitive Nuclear Assistance,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 103, Issue 1 (2009), ONLY pp. 113-121.

Nonproliferation and US Grand Strategy (Optimists) - Jayita Sarkar, “US Policy to Curb Western European Nuclear Exports, 1974-1978,”

Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 21, Issue 2 (2019), pp. 110-149. - Rebecca Davis Gibbons, “Supply to Deny: The Benefits of Nuclear Assistance for Nuclear

Nonproliferation,” Journal of Global Security Studies, Vol. 5, Issue 2 (2020), pp. 282-298. - Francis J. Gavin, “Blasts from the Past: Proliferation Lessons from the 1960s,” in Francis

J. Gavin, Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America’s Atomic Age (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012), pp. 75-103.

- Hal Brands, “Rethinking Nonproliferation: LBJ, the Gilpatric Committee, and U.S. National Security Policy,” The Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2 (Spring 2006), pp. 83-113.

- Hal Brands, “Non-Proliferation and the Dynamics of the Middle Cold War: The Superpowers, the MLF, and the NPT,” Cold War History, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2007), pp. 389–423.

- Nicholas Miller, “The Secret Success of Nonproliferation Sanctions,” International Organization, Vol. 68, No. 4 (2014), ONLY pp. 913-921.

International Non-Proliferation Regime - Henry D. Sokolski, “What Does the History of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Tell

Us About its Future,” in ed. Henry D. Sokolski, Reviewing the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (Strategic Studies Institute, May 2010), pp. 27-63.

- Elisabeth Roehrlich, “The Cold War, the Developing World, and the Creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1953–1957,” Cold War History, Vol. 16, Issue 2 (2016), pp. 1-18.

- Alexandre Debs & Nuno P. Monteiro, “Conflict and Cooperation on Nuclear Non-Proliferation,” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 20 (May 2017), pp. 331-349.

Counter-Proliferation - Alexander H. Montgomery, “Ringing in Proliferation: How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb

Network,” International Security, Vol. 30, Issue 2 (Fall 2005), 153–187

CLASS 7: RESISTANCE TO NUCLEAR WEAPONS: CONSTRAINTS, NORMS, AND PROTESTS

Questions:

- What factors have constrained the development and the use of nuclear weapons? - What societal movements have emerged to counter nuclear proliferation? - Is nuclear disarmament a desirable and realistic goal?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter.

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Required readings: Is there a “Nuclear Taboo"?

- Nina Tannenwald, “Stigmatizing the Bomb: Origins of the Nuclear Taboo,” International Security, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Spring 2005), ONLY PP. 5-34.

- Scott D. Sagan & Benjamin A. Valentino, “Revisiting Hiroshima in Iran: What Americans Really Think About Using Nuclear Weapons and Killing Noncombattants,” International Security, Vol. 42, Issue 1 (Summer 2017), ONLY pp. 41-54.

Disarmament (and its Adversaries) - Ivo Daalder & Jan Lodal, “The Logic of Zero: Toward a World Without Nuclear

Weapons,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, Issue 6 (2008), ONLY pp. 82-94. - Charles L. Glaser, “The Flawed Case for Nuclear Disarmament,” Survival, Vol. 40, Issue

1 (1998), ONLY pp. 112-123. Obama, Trump, and the failure of “Global zero”

- Nina Tannenwald, “The Vanishing Nuclear Taboo? How Disarmament Fell Apart,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 97, Issue 6 (Nov.-Dec. 2018), pp. 16-24.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - Rebecca Davis Gibbons, “Addressing the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” The Washington

Quarterly, Vol. 42, Issue 1 (2019), pp. 27-38. Suggested readings: Global Zero (and its Adversaries)

- _ , “Nuclear Disarmament: Time for Abolition,” The Vatican, Dec. 8, 2014, pp. 1-11. - George Shultz, Sam Nunn, Henry Kissinger, & William Perry, “Toward a Nuclear Free

World,” Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2008. - Henry Kissinger & Sam Nunn, “Next Steps in Reducing Nuclear Risks: The Pace of

Nonproliferation Work Today Doesn’t Match the Urgency of the Threat,” Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2013.

- Melanie Kirkpatrick, “Why We Don’t Want a Nuclear-Free World: The Former Defense Secretary on the U.S. Deterrent and the Terrorist Threat,” Wall Street Journal, July 13, 2009.

- Brad Roberts, “On Creating the Conditions for Nuclear Disarmament: Past Lessons, Future Prospects,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 42, Issue 2 (2019), ONLY PP. 7-17.

Nuclear Taboo - Nina Tannenwald, “The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of

Nuclear Non-Use,” International Organization, Vol. 53, Issue 3 (Summer 1999), pp. 433–468.

Nuclear Test ban Treaty - Tom Sauer, “Whether You Like it or Not, the Nuclear Ban Treaty is Here to Stay,”

European Leadership Network, March 2018, pp. 1-6. - Beatrice Fihn, “The Time Is Right to Reconsider Nuclear Weapons. Entirely,” CATO

Unbound, Sept. 24, 2020, pp. 1-3. - Brad Roberts, “Ban the Bomb or Bomb the Ban? Next Steps on the Ban Treaty,” European

Leadership Network, March 2018, pp. 1-9.

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PART III: POST-COLD WAR ERA AND “SECOND NUCLEAR AGE”

CLASS 8: NUCLEAR TERRORISM, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND NUCLEAR SAFETY

Questions:

- What is the “second nuclear age”? - How is nuclear terrorism different from traditional nuclear threats?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings: The “Second Nuclear Age”, rogue states and “nuclear cascades”

- Francis J. Gavin, “Same as It Ever Was? Nuclear Weapons in the Twenty-First Century,” in Francis J. Gavin, Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America’s Atomic Age (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012), ONLY pp. 136-143.

Nuclear Terrorism (and the US Response) - Graham Allison, “How to Stop Nuclear Terror,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, Issue 1 (2004),

pp. 64-74. - William C. Potter, Charles D. Ferguson, & Leonard S. Spector, “The Four Faces of Nuclear

Terror and the Need for a Prioritized Response,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, Issue 3 (2004), pp. 130-132.

Can deterrence be Applied to Nuclear Terrorism? - Caitlin Talmadge, “Deterring a Nuclear 9/11”, Washington Quarterly, Vol. 30, Issue 2

(Spring 2007), pp. 21-32. Is Nuclear Terrorism Overrated? Optimists VS pessimists

- John Mueller, “The Atomic Terrorist: Assessing the Likelihood,” Paper prepared for the Program on International Security Policy, University of Chicago, Jan. 15, 2008, pp. 1-23.

- Matthew Bunn & Anthony Wier, “Seven Myths of Nuclear Terrorism,” Current History Vol. 104, No. 681 (2005), pp. 153-161.

Pakistan and the AQ Khan network - David Albright & Corey Hinderstein, “unraveling the A.Q. Khan and Future Proliferation

Networks,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 28, Issue 2 (2005), pp. 111-127. Suggested readings: US Nuclear Policy in the 1990s

- Brad Roberts, “Proliferation and Non-Proliferation in the 1990s: Looking for the Right Lessons,” Non-Proliferation Review, Vol. 6, Issue 4 (1999), pp. 70-82.

Nuclear Terrorism

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- Steve Coll, “The Unthinkable: Can the United States be Made Safe from Nuclear Terrorism?”, The New Yorker, March 5, 2007.

- Mark Fiztpatrick, “The Potential for Nuclear Terrorism”, in Overcoming Pakistan’s Nuclear Dangers (Abingdon: Routledge for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2014), pp. 105-134.

- Scott D. Sagan, “The Problem of Redundancy Problem: Why More Nuclear Security Forces May Produce Less Nuclear Security,” Risk Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 4 (2004), pp. 935-946.

Can Deterrence be Applied to Nuclear Terrorism? - Jeffrey Knopf, “The Fourth Wave in Deterrence Research,” Contemporary Security Policy,

Vol. 31, Issue 1 (April 2010), pp. 1-33. Nuclear Terrorism Is Overrated

- Keir Lieber & Daryl Press, “Why States Won’t Give Nuclear Weapons to Terrorists,” International Security, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2013), pp. 80-104.

- Sammy Salama & Lydia Hansell. “Does Intent Equal Capability? Al-Qaeda and Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2005), pp. 615-653. too detailed but ok in suggested

CLASS 9: US NUCLEAR PRIMACY: COUNTERFORCE, MISSILE DEFENSE, AND EXTENDED DETERRENCE

Questions:

- How has the US achieved primacy in the post-Cold War era? - What is counterforce and how does it affect nuclear balances? - What doctrinal and force posture changes have US leaders considered in the last two

decades? If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings: US Nuclear Primacy and (alleged) Counterforce since the early 2000s

- Keir A. Lieber & Daryl Press, “The Rise of US Nuclear Primacy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, Issue 2 (March/April 2006), pp. 42-54.

- Keir A. Lieber & Daryl G. Press, “The New Era of Counterforce: Technological Change and the Future of Nuclear Deterrence,” International Security, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Spring 2017), pp. 16-46.

Obama/Trump Modernization of the Nuclear Arsenal - Kingston Reif, “US Nuclear Modernization Programs,” Arms Control Association, 2018,

pp. 1-4. 2018 Nuclear Posture Review

- Heather Williams, “Strategic Stability, Uncertainty, and the Future of Arms Control,” Survival, Vol. 60, Issue 2 (2018), pp. 45-53.

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US Global Extended Deterrence (and Rising Challenges) - Evan Braden Montgomery, “Extended Deterrence in the Second Nuclear Age: Geopolitics

Proliferation, and the Future of U.S. Security Commitments,” Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, May 31, 2016, ONLY pp. 1-30.

Suggested readings: US Primacy

- Keir A. Lieber & Daryl G. Press, “The End of MAD? The Nuclear Dimension of U.S. Primacy,” International Security, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Spring 2006), pp. 7-31.

- Austin Long & Brendan Rittenhouse Green, “Stalking the Secure Second Strike: Intelligence, Counterforce, and Nuclear Strategy,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 38, Issue 1-2 (2015), pp. 38-73.

Post-2018 US Nuclear Policy - Michal Smetana, “A Nuclear Posture Review for the Third Nuclear Age,” The Washington

Quarterly, Issue 41, Issue 3 (2018), pp. pp. 137-151. - Francis J. Gavin et al., “Policy Roundtable 1-4 on U.S. Nuclear Policy,” H-Diplo, 2016. - Andrew Futter & Heather Williams. "Questioning the Holy Trinity: Why the US Nuclear

Triad Still Makes Sense,” Comparative Strategy, Vol. 35, Issue 4 (2016), pp. 246-259. - Elbridge Colby, “If You Want Peace, Prepare for Nuclear War: A Strategy for the New

Great-Power Rivalry,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 97, Issue 6 (Nov.-Dec. 2018), pp. 25-34 No First-Use Doctrine

- Scott D. Sagan, “The Case for No First Use,” Survival, Vol. 51, Issue 3 (2009), pp. 163-182.

Under Sea Competition - James R. Holmes, “Sea Changes: The Future of Nuclear Deterrence,” Bulletin of the

Atomic Scientist, Vol. 72, Issue 4 (2016), pp. 228-233. US Ballistic Missile Defense

- Stephen M. McCall, “Defense Primer: Ballistic Missile Defense”, Congressional Research Service, Dec. 29, 2020, pp. 1-2.

PART IV: NUCLEAR CHALLENGES: A REGION-BY-REGION APPROACH

CLASS 10: NUCLEAR CHALLENGES IN EAST ASIA

Questions:

- How does nuclear proliferation affect East Asia’s geopolitical dynamics? - How did North Korea become a nuclear-weapon state and what challenges does it pose to

the region and to the US? - What challenges does nuclear China pose to the region and the US? - Could Japan and South Korea decide to develop nuclear weapons?

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If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings: China’s Nuclear History

- Taylor M. Fravel, “China’s Nuclear Strategy since 1964,” in Taylor M. Fravel, Active Defense: China’s Military Strategy since 1949 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019), pp. 236-269.

Risk of US-China Nuclear War - Caitlin Talmadge, “Would China Go Nuclear? Assessing the Risk of Chinese Nuclear

Escalation in a Conventional War with the United States,” International Security, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Spring 2017), ONLY PP. 52-57.

China’s Latest Nuclear Policy Developments (and the US Response) - Austin Long, “Myths or Moving Targets? Continuity and change in China’s Nuclear

Forces”, War on the Rocks, Dec. 4, 2020, pp. 1-7. North Korea (and the US Response)

- Van Jackson, “The Inheritance of Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un in Korea,” in Van Jackson, On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), ONLY pp. 23-34.

- Van Jackson, “Introduction,” in Van Jackson, On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), ONLY pp. 1-11

- Van Jackson, “North Korean Strategic Thought,” in Van Jackson, On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), ONLY pp. 36-42.

China’s potential response to a North Korean crisis - Oriana Skylar Mastro, “Conflict and Chaos on the Korean Peninsula: Can China’s Military

Help Secure North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons,” International Security, Vol. 43, Issue 2 (2018), ONLY pp. 93-103.

North Korea and East Asia’s Nuclear Dynamics - Alexandre Debs & Nuno P. Monteiro, “Cascading Chaos in Nuclear Northeast Asia,” The

Washington Quarterly, Vol. 41, Issue 1 (2018), ONLY pp. 104-110.

Suggested readings: China (and the US Response)

- William Burr & Jeffrey T. Richelson, “Whether to ‘Strangle the Baby in the Cradle’: The United States and the Chinese Nuclear Program, 1960-64,” International Security, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Winter 2000-2001), pp. 54-99.

- M. Taylor Fravel & Evan Medeiros, “China’s Search for Assured Retaliation: The Evolution of Chinese Nuclear Strategy and Force Structure,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2010), ONLY pp. 48-82.

- Fiona S. Cunningham & M. Taylor Fravel, “Assuring Assured Retaliation: China’s Nuclear Posture & U.S.-China Strategic Stability,” International Security, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Fall 2015), ONLY PP. 8-31.

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- Fiona S. Cunningham & Taylor Fravel, “Dangerous Confidence? Chinese Views on Nuclear Escalation,” International Security, Vol. 44, Issue 2 (2019), pp. 61-109.

China’s Latest Nuclear Policy Developments (and the US Response) - Oriana Skylar Mastro, “The United States Must Avoid a Nuclear Arms Race with China,”

CATO Unbound, Sept. 21, 2020, pp. 1-3. - David Logan “The Dangerous Myths about China’s Nuclear Weapons”, War on the Rocks,

Sept. 18, 2020, pp. 1-7. North Korea (and the US Response)

- Christopher R. Hill, “The Elusive Vision of a Non-Nuclear North Korea,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 36, Issue 2 (2013), pp. 7-19.

- Vipin Narang, “Nuclear Strategies of Emerging Nuclear Powers: North Korea and Iran,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 38, Issue 1 (2015), ONLY pp. 81- 85.

CLASS 11: NUCLEAR CHALLENGES IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Questions:

- What are the history and the main dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East? - What are the prospects for “nuclear dominoes” in the region? - How has the US approach vis-à-vis Iran’s program evolved over time? - How can we assess the Iran nuclear deal and its near-demise?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings: Israel’s Nuclear Opacity

- _, “Israeli Nuclear Program”, Atomic Heritage Foundation, pp. 1-7. Iraq and the US Response

- Joseph Cirincione, Jon B. Wolfsthal, Miriam Rajkumar, Deadly Arsenals: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Threats (Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005), ONLY pp. 329-342.

Libya’s Nuclear reversal - Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “Libya’s Nuclear Turnaround: Perspectives from Tripoli,”

Middle East Institute, Vol. 62, No. 1 (Winter 2008), ONLY pp. 55-57 and 59-72. Iran’s Nuclear Program (and the US Response)

- Matthew Kroenig, “Time to attack Iran,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, Issue 1 (2012), pp. 76-86.

- Colin Kahl, “Not Time to Attack Iran,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, Issue 2 (2012), pp. 166-173.

- W. Bowen & M. Loran, “Living with Nuclear Hedging: The Implications of Iran’s Nuclear Strategy,” International Affairs, Vol. 91, Issue 4 (2015), pp. 687-707.

- Mohammed Nuruzzaman, “President Trump’s ‘Maximum Pressure’ Campaign and Iran’s Endgame,” Strategic Analysis, published online Nov. 23, 2020, pp. 1-11.

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Suggested readings: Iraq

- Hal Brands & David Palkki, “Saddam, Israel, and the Bomb: Nuclear Alarmism Justified?”, International Security, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2011), pp. 133-166.

- Målfrid, Braut-Hegghammer, “Revisiting Osirak: Preventive Attacks and Nuclear Proliferation Risks,” International Security, Vol. 36, No.1 (2011), pp. 101-132.

Libya - Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “Giving Up on the Bomb: Revisiting Libya’s Decision to

Dismantle its Nuclear program,” Wilson Center, Oct. 23, 2017, pp. 1-3. - Flynt L. Leverett, “Why Libya Gave Up on the Bomb,” Brookings Institution, Jan. 23,

2004. pp. 1-3. - Bruce W. Jentleson & Christopher A. Whytock, “Who ‘Won’ Libya? The Force-

Diplomacy Debate and its Implications for Theory and Policy,” International Security, Vol. 3, Number 3 (Winter 2005-2006), pp. 47-86.

Syria’s Nuclear ambitions (and Israel’s Preventive Strike) - Bruce Riedel, “Lessons of the Syrian Reactor,” The National Interest, No. 125 (May-June

2013), pp. 1-9. US Response to Iran’s Nuclear Program

- William Burr, “A Brief History of US-Iranian Nuclear Negotiations,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol. 65, Issue 5 (2009), pp. 21-34.

- Kenneth Waltz, “Why Iran Should Get the Bomb,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 4 (July/Aug. 2012), pp. 2-5.

Iran Nuclear Deal - Gary Samore, “The Iran Nuclear Deal: A Definitive Guide,” Executive Summary,

Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Nov. 2017, pp. 1-6.

- George Perkovich, Mark Hibbs, James M. Acton, & Toby Dalton, “Parsing the Iran Deal: An Analysis of the Iran Deal from a Nonproliferation Perspective,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Aug. 6, 2015.

CLASS 12: NUCLEAR CHALLENGES IN EUROPE

Questions:

- How did the Soviet Union’s nuclear program evolve during the Cold War? - What is Russia’s current nuclear strategy? - How does Moscow’s assertiveness affect NATO and regional nuclear stability? - How has the US responded and what are the prospects for continued arms control?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter.

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Required readings: US-NATO-Russia Nuclear Tensions

- Matthew Kroenig, “Facing Reality: Getting NATO Ready for a New Cold War,” Survival, Vol. 57, Issue 1 (2015), pp. 49-66.

Soviet/Russian (VS American) Approaches to Deterrence - Alexey Arbatov, “Understanding the U.S.-Russia Nuclear Schism,” Survival, Vol. 59,

Issue 2 (2017), pp. 33-62. Russia’s Nuclear Strategy

- Anya Loukianova & Olga Oliker, “Russia’s Nuclear Weapons in a Multipolar World: Guarantors of Sovereignty, Great Power Status, and More,” Daedalus, Vol. 49, Issue 2 (Spring 2020), pp. 37-50.

- Elias Götz, “Strategic Imperatives, Status Aspirations, or Domestic Interests? Explaining Russia’s Nuclear weapons Policy,” International Politics, Vol. 56 (2019), ONLY pp. 812-824.

Franco-German Nuclear Cooperation (Abandoning the US Nuclear Umbrella?) - Barbara Kunz, “Switching Umbrellas in Berlin? The Implications of Franco-German

Nuclear Cooperation,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 43, Issue 3 (2020), ONLY pp. 63-73.

Suggested readings: Soviet Union

- David Holloway, “The Atomic Bomb,” in David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 196-223.

- Beatrice Heuser, “Victory in a Nuclear War? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies,” Contemporary European History, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Nov. 1998), pp. 311-328.

Russia’s Nuclear Strategy - K. Zysk, “Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons in Russia’s Evolving Military Doctrine,”

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 73, Issue 5 (2017), pp. 322-326. - Olga Oliker, “Russia’s Nuclear Doctrine: What We Know, What We Don’t, and What That

Means,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2016. - Alexey Arbatov, Valdimir Dvorkin, & Petr Topychkanov, “Entanglement as a New

Security Threat: A Russian Perspective,” In ed. James M. Acton, “Entanglement: Chinese and Russian Perspectives on Non-Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Risks,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Nov. 8, 2017.

- Bruno Tertrais, “Russia’s Nuclear Policy: Worrying for the Wrong Reasons,” Survival, Vol. 60, Issue 2 (2018), pp. 33-44.

US-NATO-Russia Nuclear Tensions - Alexey Arbatov, “An Unnoticed Crisis: The End of History of Nuclear Arms Control?”,

Carnegie Moscow Center, March 16, 2015. - Strobe Talbott, “U.S.-Russia Arms Control Was Possible Once—Is It Possible Still?”,

Brookings Institution, Dec. 12, 2017. Prospects for arms control

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- Steven Pifer, “As U.S.-Russian Arms Control Faces Expiration, Sides Face Tough Choices,” Brookings Institution, March 23, 2020, pp. 1-6.

CONCLUSION

CLASS 13: NUCLEAR PRESENT AND FUTURE

Questions:

- What are the latest trends in the field of nuclear security? - How has Donald Trump’s election impacted US nuclear strategy and the risk of war? - What are the prospects for the US/China/Russia nuclear competition?

If any difference between the reading lists below and the list posted on Canvas, please follow the latter. Required readings (revisions are highly likely to apply based on policy developments): State of the Field of Nuclear Security

- Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “Proliferating Bias? American Political Science, Nuclear Weapons, and Global Security,” Journal of Global Security Studies, Vol. 4, Issue 3 (July 2019), pp. 384-391.

Nuclear futures - Francesca Giovanini, “At the Nuclear Brink or towards a Nuclear Renaissance?” The

Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 42, Issue 2 (Summer 2018). ONLY pp. 91-98. Growing Prospects of India-Pakistan Nuclear War

- Evan Braden Montgomery & Eric S. Edelman, “Rethinking Stability in South Asia: India, Pakistan, and the Competition for Escalation Dominance,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 38, Issue 1-2 (Jan. 2015), pp. 159-178.

- Sannia Abdullah, “Nuclear Ethics? Why Pakistan Has Not Used Nuclear Weapons... Yet,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 41, issue 4 (Winter 2019), pp. 157-169.

- Jayita Sarkar, “Managing Nuclear Risk in South Asia: an Indian Response,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist, Vol. 73, Issue1 (2017), pp. 59-60.

President Trump, Nuclear Weapons, and the Nuclear Lobby - Max Boot, “Trump’s Nuclear Brinkmanship Keeps Backfiring, But He Keeps Doubling

Down,” The Washington Post, May 26, 2020, pp. 1-2. - William D. Hartung, “Who’s Really Driving Nuclear-Weapons Production?” The Nation,

Nov. 14, 2017, pp. 1-6. The Fukushima disaster climate change (and the nuclear lobby)

- Bruno Tertrais, “Black Swan over Fukushima,” Survival, Vol. 53, Issue 3 (2011), pp. 91-99.

- Hans Blix, “Want to Stop Climate Change? Then It’s Time to Fall Back in Love with Nuclear Energy,” Time, March 11, 2019, pp. 1-3.

- Gregory Jaczko, “I Oversaw the U.S. Nuclear Power Industry: Now I Think It Should Be Banned,” Washington Post, May 17, 2019, pp. 1-4.

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Nuclear Weapons and the Rise of Cyber - Andrew Futter, “Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons: New Questions for Command and

Control, Security and Strategy,” RUSI, Occasional Paper, July 15, 2016, ONLY pp. 5-15. Suggested readings: President Trump and the Risk of Nuclear war

- James D. Boys, “The Unpredictability Factor: Nixon, Trump and the Application of the Madman Theory in US Grand Strategy,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, published online Dec. 4, 2020.

- Jeffrey Michaels & Heather Williams, “The Nuclear Education of Donald J. Trump,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 38, Issue 1 (2017), pp. 54-77.

- Ankit Panda & Vipin Narang, “Deadly Overconfidence: Trump Thinks Missile Defenses Work Against North Korea, and that Should Scare You,” War on the Rocks, Oct. 16, 2017 good

- Paul Avey, “What’s New About Trump’s Finger on the Nuclear Button,” War on the Rocks, April 4, 2016. good but splinters; remove it

Nuclear Weapons and the Return of Great Power Competition - John Mueller, “Nuclear Weapons Don’t Matter but Nuclear Hysteria Does,” Foreign

Affairs, Vol. 97, Issue 6 (Nov.-Dec. 2018), pp. 10-15. - Trevor McCrisken & Maxwell Downman, “’Peace through Strength’: Europe and NATO

Deterrence beyond the U.S. Nuclear Posture Review,” International Affairs, Vol. 95, Issue 2 (March 2019), pp. 277-295.

Nuclear Weapons and 3-D Printing - Matthew Kroenig & Tristan Volpe, “3-D Printing the Bomb? The Nuclear Nonproliferation

Challenge,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 38, Issue 3 (2015), pp. 7-19. Nuclear Safety

- _, “A brief History of Nuclear Accidents Worldwide,” Union of Concerned Scientists, Oct. 1, 2013.

- M.V. Ramana, “Nuclear Policy Responses to Fukushima: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol. 69, Issue 2 (2013), pp. 66-76.