introduction to oceanography a. suryachandra rao indian institute of tropical meteorology
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INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHYINTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY
A. Suryachandra RaoA. Suryachandra RaoIndian Institute of Tropical MeteorologyIndian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
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Reading MaterialReading Material
Only 4 lectures, hence complete book will not be coveredOnly 4 lectures, hence complete book will not be coveredPower point presentations will be self explanatory with Power point presentations will be self explanatory with notes included notes included
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to Oceanography
What is Oceanography?What is Oceanography?
Oceanus Oceanus = ocean= oceangraphosgraphos = the description of = the description of
Oceanography = the description of the Oceanography = the description of the oceanocean
Oceanus Oceanus = ocean= oceanlogoslogos = the study of = the study of
Oceanology = the science of the Oceanology = the science of the oceanocean
Originally accurate, but now much more…Originally accurate, but now much more…
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to Oceanography
Some additional confusion of terms:Some additional confusion of terms:
Oceans vs. ocean?Oceans vs. ocean?
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to Oceanography
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Mid-Atlantic Mid-Atlantic RidgeRidge
Ocean’s deepest spotOcean’s deepest spot
Earth’s highest mountainEarth’s highest mountain
Pacific Ocean Basin, Earth’s Pacific Ocean Basin, Earth’s largest featurelargest feature
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to Oceanography
Some ocean factoids:Some ocean factoids:Oceans cover 70.8% of earth’ surfaceOceans cover 70.8% of earth’ surface
SizeSizeAtlantic -Atlantic - 33,429,000 mi33,429,000 mi22 (29.4% of ocean) (29.4% of ocean)Pacific - 64,186,300 miPacific - 64,186,300 mi22 (50%) (50%)Indian - 28,350,500 miIndian - 28,350,500 mi22 (20.6%) (20.6%)Arctic - 5,105,700 miArctic - 5,105,700 mi22
Average DepthAverage DepthAtlantic – 12,612 ftAtlantic – 12,612 ftPacific - 12,927 ftPacific - 12,927 ftIndian - 12,598 ftIndian - 12,598 ftArctic - 3,665 ftArctic - 3,665 ft
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to Oceanography
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Summary of the relative amount of water in various locations on Summary of the relative amount of water in various locations on or near Earth’s surface. More than 97% of the water lies in the or near Earth’s surface. More than 97% of the water lies in the ocean. Of all water at Earth’s surface, ice on land contains about ocean. Of all water at Earth’s surface, ice on land contains about 1.7%, groundwater 0.8%, rivers and lakes 0.007%, and the 1.7%, groundwater 0.8%, rivers and lakes 0.007%, and the atmosphere 0.001%.atmosphere 0.001%. NONE, as small as they may be, are NONE, as small as they may be, are unimportant!unimportant!
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to Oceanography
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to Oceanography
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to Oceanography
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Introduction to OceanographyIntroduction to OceanographyOceanography (marine science) is truly anOceanography (marine science) is truly an
interdisciplinary scienceinterdisciplinary science
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OceanographyOceanography
The Science or Study of the OceansThe Science or Study of the Oceans
• Geological OceanographyGeological Oceanography
• Physical OceanographyPhysical Oceanography
• Chemical OceanographyChemical Oceanography
• Biological OceanographyBiological Oceanography
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Geological OceanographyGeological Oceanography
• Study of earth at edge of oceanStudy of earth at edge of ocean
• Formation processes (seafloor)Formation processes (seafloor)
• SedimentsSediments
• Rocks & mineralsRocks & minerals
• Geothermal ventsGeothermal vents
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Physical OceanographyPhysical Oceanography
• How & why oceans moveHow & why oceans move
• WeatherWeather
• Heat transferHeat transfer
• Water cyclesWater cycles
• Waves, tides, currentsWaves, tides, currents
• TemperatureTemperature
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Chemical OceanographyChemical Oceanography
• Composition & history of seawaterComposition & history of seawater
• Seawater processes & interactionsSeawater processes & interactions
• SalinitySalinity
• Dissolved gasesDissolved gases
• NutrientsNutrients
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Biological OceanographyBiological Oceanography
• Living organismsLiving organisms
• Organisms relationships with each other Organisms relationships with each other and their environmentand their environment
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Marine Sediments (geological)Marine Sediments (geological)
created by created by
Living Organisms (biological)Living Organisms (biological)
That are influenced byThat are influenced by
Nutrients (chemical) Nutrients (chemical)
and and
Currents & Temperature (physical)Currents & Temperature (physical)
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Why is Oceanography important?
• The importance of the oceans to physical climate, food supplies and biological stability
• An extra dimension to human activity
And……….
• Long-term habitability of Earth
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A Young Science
• Although oceanography is a relatively young science
• It is the natural setting to ask fundamental questions about the development of life, and the behavior (or misbehavior) of global climate
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Ocean Surface Circulation
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The global “conveyor belt”The global “conveyor belt”
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What role do the oceans play in the climate What role do the oceans play in the climate system?system?
•The oceans are important for our current climateThe oceans are important for our current climate
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What role do the oceans play in the climate What role do the oceans play in the climate system?system?
•The oceans are important for our current climateThe oceans are important for our current climate