introduction to oil & gas - an eso perspective

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Introduction to Oil & Gas - an ESO perspective

Contents

• Overview of Oil & Gas Industry• Introduction to Turbo Machines• Introduction to Gas Turbine Engines• Introduction to Steam TurbinesIntroduction to Steam Turbines• Introduction to Compressors• Accessories

QuEST Global Confidential 22

WHAT IS AN OIL & GAS INDUSTRY

The oil & Gas Industry includes different organizations that contribute for the supply of Refined Oil and Natural gas products

The Industry composes of : – Fully integrated Oil & Gas Companies– Independent Oil & Gas producersIndependent Oil & Gas producers– Refiners & marketers– Pipeline operators– Service companies– Trade associations & govt. agencies

Entire Oil & Gas products spread over 3 domainsUpstream– Upstream

– Midstream– Downstream


WHAT IS AN OIL & GAS INDUSTRY

What Oil & Gas Industry does ?

• Offshore Production Platform

What We do?

• Oil/Gas Field • Reinjection Plant • Oil/Gas Treatment Plant • Refinery Plant

• 3D Modeling• Engineering Analysis FEA & CFD• Detailed Design & Drafting

• Petrochemical Plant • Gas-to-Liquids • Oil Sands • LNG Production Plant

Detailed Design & Drafting• Plant Design Engineering • Instrumentation & Control Systems• Electrical

• Pipeline Inspection & Integrity • Gas Boosting Station • Oil Boosting Station • LNG Receiving Terminal

• Embedded Systems Development• Design Automation • Technical PublicationsLNG Receiving Terminal

• Power Generation • Gas Storage Plant • Land Drilling & Production • Subsea Production


• Subsea Production • Offshore Drilling & Production

OIL & GAS DOMAIN ENGG CONTENT

CompressorsGas TurbinesCentrifugal Pumps

CompressorsGas Turbines

Compressors ( C/R/A)Expanders, ReactorsGas / Steam Turbines


Centrifugal PumpsHeat exchangers Valves, Piping

Gas / Steam TurbinesHeat exchangers

UPSTREAM - OFF SHORE APPLICATIONS

Oil & Gas extraction

Upstream (Where hydrocarbons are extracted)O h d ff h d illi• Onshore and offshore drilling

• Natural gas reinjection• Natural gas gathering• Natural gas liquefaction (LNG – refrigeration process)

N t l li f ti (GTL h i l )


• Natural gas liquefaction (GTL – chemical process)

SUB-SEA DRILLING SYSTEMS

Subsea is a term usually referred to equipment, technology and methods employed to explore drill and develop oil & gas fields that exist below the ocean floor. This may be “shallow or deep water “

Floating Production

y pDeep water is a term used for projects greater than 1000 feet. Shallow is used for shallower depths include standing jack-up rigs which can be installed on its legs Floating Production

Storage Offloadinglegs


Capital drilling equipmentsFloating production Systems

SUB-SEA DRILLING SYSTEMS

Surface Drilling & Completions Onshore

Surface Drilling & Completions Offshorep

Floating production Systems

Capital Drilling Equipment

Subsea Production Trees Subsea Drilling Systems

• Drilling & production systems • Subsea drilling Systems• Subsea production systems• Capital Drilling Equipment • Surface Drilling & Completion Systems


Surface Drilling & Completion Systems• Floating Production Systems • Power systems

MID STREAM - APPLICATIONS

Natural gas transportation & Storage

Hydro-carbon Transportation to consumers

Few examples of Indian pipe lines


Few examples. of Indian pipe lines- 1,800 km HBJ Gas - 618 km Hazira-Dabhol - 2,090kms Goa-Hyd-Kakinada

DOWNSTREAM - APPLICATIONS

Where Hydro-carbon are consumed / converted

Refineries ( FCC, Hydro-cracking etc.)Fertiliser plants (Ammonia and Urea plants)Ethylene plants


Power plants

WHAT IS A TURBO MACHINE ?

A Turbo machine is defined as an equipment that extracts energy or imparts

energy to a continuously flowing stream of fluid by the dynamic action of one

or more rotating elements.

They are Two types

• Prime movers: Machines that consume thermal / potential / electrical energy

and convert it to mechanical energy from fluid. A decrease in pressure takes

place in turbines

e.g : Steam & Gas Turbines, Hydro turbines and Electric Motors

• Driven equipments: Machines that use the mechanical energy and produce

an increase in pressure energy or electrical as in case of generators


e.g. : Pumps, Fans, Compressors and Alternators

PRIME MOVERS & DRIVEN EQUIPMENTS

• Power Generating Equipments– Steam turbine Uses Thermal energy of Steam– Gas Turbine Uses Calorific Value of Gas burnt– Hydro Turbine Uses Static Head from Water– Wind Turbine Uses Wind energy– Solar Uses Heat from Sun– Geo thermal Uses Heat from depth of earth

• Power Consuming Equipments– Pumps – Compressors– Motors

• Prime movers– Steam turbine– Gas Turbine– Electric Motor– Reciprocating Engine


PRIME MOVERS

Prime Movers / Drivers

Prime mover is a machine that transforms energy from one form intoPrime mover is a machine that transforms energy from one form into Mechanical torque and makes it available at a shaft:Gas Turbine:

– It transforms thermo-dynamic energy contained in hot pressurised air through rotating blades.g

– Heat is obtained in the machine through combustion.

Steam Turbine:– Transforms thermodynamic energy contained in high pressure steam through moving y gy g p g g

blades. Steam is supplied from external source called boiler.

Electric motor: – Transforms electric energy supplied from an A/c power grid.gy pp p g

Reciprocating Engine: – Works in a similar way as Gas turbines but through Pistons


Energy

QuEST Global Confidential 14QuEST Confidential GE Confidential

POWER GENERATION DOMAINS

Power Generation equipments

Captive power Utility Power Industrial Drives

Thermal, Gas based Thermal, Gas, Hydro & Nuclear Thermal, gas Based

For Industry needs Community & public distribution Drives for Mech.Equipments

Captive power Utility Power Industrial Drives

Thermal, Gas based Thermal, Gas, Hydro & Nuclear Thermal, gas Based

Power Generation equipments

Sector Equipment Fuels / MediumThermal Steam Turbine Generators Superheated SteamOil &Gas Gas Turbine Generators Natural Gas, Naphtha, HSD

Hydro Hydro Turbine Generators WaterNuclear Steam Turbine Generators ( Close to ) Sat. Steam

Industrial Steam Turbine Generators Superheated Steam


Industrial Gas Turbine Generators HSD, Fuel oilUn- Conventional Generators Wind, Solar, Tidal

MAJOR PLAYERS - POWER SECTOR

Gas TurbineKey Market

Steam Turbine

Key Players Market Share PositionGE 41% 1

Siemens 13% 2

Key Players

Market Share Position

GE 15% 3Siemens 25% 1

Alstom 10% 3MHI 10% 4Solar 10% 5

Alstom 18% 2MHI 10% 5

Toshiba 10% 4Ansaldo 3%

Hitachi 4%DR 2%

Ansaldo 3%

Hitachi 6% 6DR 4%DR 2%

MAN 2%RR 3%KHI 2%

DR 4%MAN 3%

Skoda 2%Elliott 4%


• This information is indicative only

WHAT IS A GAS TURBINE ?

Gas turbines

A gas turbine is a rotating machine transforming the thermodynamic energy stored in a pressurized hot gas into mechanical energy made available at the shaft end.

QuEST Global Confidential 17QuEST Confidential GE Confidential

GAS TURBINES

From Duty 1. Generator drive 2. Mechanical driveFrom their construction1. Advanced class Heavy duty 2.Heavy Duty 3. Medium Heavy Duty 4 S ll D A d i i 6 IGCC4. Small Duty 5. Aero-derivatives 6. IGCC From Applications1.Propulsion 2.Power Plants (50Hz,60Hz )

I th l i i th i t t f th t bi i t th Th• In the propulsion engines, the main target of the turbine is to run the compressor. The Flue gas while getting out of the turbine gives a reaction force which gives the propulsion. (Jet engine)

• In power plants, the turbine generates power to drive the axial compressor and the connected load like a generator.


GAS TURBINES STANDARD FRAME SIZE AND RATINGS*

ADVANCED CLASS HEAVY DUTYH SERIESMS9001H : Net Plant Output 520.0 MW

MEDIUM SIZE MS 9001E Net Plant Output 126 MW MS 7001EA Net Plant Output 85.4 MW

F SERIESMS9001FA : Net Plant Output 390.8 MWMS7001FA : Net Plant Output 262.6 MWMS9001FB : Net Plant Output 412.9 MW

MS 6001FA Net Plant Output 77.0 MW MS 6001B Net Plant Output 42.1 MW MS 6001C Net Plant Output 45.4 MW

MS7001FB : Net Plant Output 280.3 MW SMALL HEAVY DUTYMS5001, MS5002C, MS5002D & MS5002E GE 10-1 and GE10-2

INDUSTRIAL AERO-DERIVATIVESLMS 100 OUTPUT POWER 100 MW

PGT 16, PGT25 and PGT 25+

IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined CycleIGCC Technology** produces low-cost electricity from low cost feed stocks such as coal

LMS 100 OUTPUT POWER 100 MWLM 6000 OUTPUT POWER 50 MWLM 2500 OUTPUT POWER 22 MWLM 2000 OUTPUT POWER 17.6 MWLM 1600 OUTPUT POWER 13.7MW from low cost feed stocks such as coal

**Solid fuels, like Coal or Bio Masses are transformed into a gas (called Synthesis Gas) that can be burnt in a Gas Turbine in a Combined Cycle.


y* The information in this slide is taken Courtesy GE Energy web site

INDUSTRIAL AERO DERIVATIVE ENGINES

LM1600 14.2 MW

G

Other models

LM2000 18.0 MW

LM2500 22.8MW

PGT 16 is a twin spool LM1600 aero derivative gas generator with Ind.

LM2500+ 30.7MW

LM2500+ HSPT 30.2MWpower turbine.

PGT 25 is LM2500 aero derivative gas

LM2500+G4 34 MW

LM6000 45 MW

generator with ind. power turbine.

PGT 25+ is LM6000 45 MW

LMS100 100 MWdeveloped for 30 MW ISO shaft power


The information in this slide is taken Courtesy GE Energy web site

GAS TURBINE OPERATING CYCLE

I t i P A bi t i i d i tIsentropic Process - Ambient air is drawn into the compressor, where it is compressed. Isobaric Process - The compressed air then runs through a combustion chamber, where fuel is burned, heating that air, a constant-pressure, g , pprocess, Isentropic process - The heated, pressurized air then gives up its energy, expanding through a turbine (or series of turbines). Some of the work extracted by the turbine is used to drive the


extracted by the turbine is used to drive the compressor. Isobaric process - Heat rejection (To the atmosphere).

MODERN GAS TURBINE WORKING PRINCIPLE

1. Air is taken in by the axial compressor from atmosphere, pressure & temperatures are increased in an adiabatic compression process.– Around 3 kg/s of air are taken in for every MW of generated Power.

– Discharge Pressure of Compressor for Gas Turbines is between 20 - 50 bar.

Di h T t ft C i i b t 200 500 °C– Discharge Temperature after Compression is between 200 - 500 °C

2. Heat is added to the compressed air, by burning fuel in one or more combustors depending on the design. Part of the air (PRIMARY AIR) is used for combustion of the fuel and part of the air (SECONDARY AIR) is used to dilute the heat generated by thefuel, and part of the air (SECONDARY AIR) is used to dilute the heat generated by the combustion keeping the hot gas within material resistance safe limits.

– Almost up to a quarter of Air is used for COMBUSTION.

In a modern Gas Turbine Hot Gas Temperature is of the order of 1000 °C– In a modern Gas Turbine Hot Gas Temperature is of the order of 1000 C.

3. The hot gas is expanded in one or more turbine wheels that provide mechanical power to drive the compressor as well as to drive the external Load.

Th k i d f th COMPRESSION i h d 60% f th t t l


– The work required for the COMPRESSION is as much as around 60% of the total produced.

4. Hot gas is then exhausted back into atmosphere.

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR A SIMPLE CYCLE GT – SINGLE SHAFT

Inlet Air Fuel

Legend:Combustor

Hot Gas2

Legend:1. Axial compressor2. Combustion Chamber3. Turbine wheel4. Exhaust

Load1 3Generator

GAS

Compressor Turbine

Exhaust GasTURBINE Exhaust Gas4

Simple cycle GT


( Single shaft )p y

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR A SIMPLE CYCLE GT-2 SHAFT

1.Axial compressor2.Combustion

ChamberChamber3.Turbine wheel4.Exhaust

Compressor


COMBINED CYCLE 1

In a combined cycle, the waste heat from Exhaust gases is utilized to increase the cycle efficiency. The waste heat is used to raise steam which will be used to expand in a separate steam turbine generator to get additional powersteam turbine generator to get additional power


COMBINED CYCLE 2

In combined cycle, the waste heat from Exhaust gases is utilized to increase the cycle efficiency. The waste heat is used to raise steam which will be used to expand in a separate steam turbine to get additional power


COGENERATION CYCLE GT

In cogeneration cycle, the waste heat from Exhaust gases is utilized to raise steam which in turn will be used for special industrial applications like Desaliation, hot water production, steam generation and drying processes


REGENERATION CYCLE GT


IMPORTANT GAS TURBINE PARTS

Inlet PlenumAxial compressor- Fuel systemAxial compressor Fuel systemCombustion Chamber- Nozzles - BucketsCooling & Sealing Systemg g yExhaust Plenum Starting system- Bearings-Load gear


SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT GAS TURBINES

• Axial Compressors generally used in large Power Gas Turbines. Why ? – In a Gas Turbines the Pressure Ratio required is relatively small and Flow Rates are relatively very

large …see next slide

– A centrifugal compressor of large size is required to handle this which is not practicable.

• ISO RATING :ISO 3977-2: Gas Turbines Std. reference conditions and ratings.– Ambient Temperature 59 °F (15 °C)– Barometric Pressure 14.696 psi (a) [101.4 kPa (a)]– Relative Humidity 60%– Altitude Sea Level

Heat Rate = Kcal/hr kw

The higher is the heat rate the less efficient is the turbine and vice versa

GT FuelsLiquid Fuel Type

Liquid Petroleum Gas

Gasoline

Gaseous Fuel Type

Pipeline Natural Gas

Medium BTU Natural Gas


Naphtha , Kerosene

Diesel, Fuel Oil

LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Refinery Gases

RANGE OF APPLICATION AXIAL VS CENTRIFUGAL

Positive displacement machines are generally below 3000 M³ / Hr.

Flow regions between 3000 -12,000 M³ / Hr. can be considered over-lapping between positive displacement and centrifugal compressors

Centrifugal compressors are generally below 100 000 M³ / HrCentrifugal compressors are generally below 100,000 M³ / Hr.

Flow regions between 1000 - 12,000 M³ / Hr. can be considered over-lapping between positive displacement and centrifugal compressors

Axial compressors generally above 1,20,000 M³ / Hr.

Flow regions between 80,000 - 1,20,000 M³ / Hr. can be consideredover lapping between centrifugal and axial compressorsover-lapping between centrifugal and axial compressors.

AXIAL COMPRESSORS


Axial compressors are designed for high volume and relatively low pressure applications.

Effect of Ambient conditions on Gas Turbine Performance



Effect of ambient on GT performance - SITE ALTITUDE

100

QuEST Global Confidential 33GE Confidential

0


Effect of ambient on GT performance AMBIENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY



Effect of ambient on GT performance AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Winter summer


SOME INTERESTING FEATURES OF MODERN GAS TURBINES

A) Following Exhaust Emission Control measures are taken in Gas Turbines

• NOx , SOx and Solid particle Control is achieved by:, p y

• Excess air drawn by axial compressor than required for combustion

• Application of Dry Low Nox combustor designs

• By Water or steam injection in to combustion chamber

• Solid particles emission is reduced by a high degree of filtration air and fuel

• Acoustic emissions control

B) Gas Turbine power enhancement is achieved by the following

• Evaporative cooling / Chiller located in compressor inlet

• Steam injection in to combustion chamber

• Inter cooling in between LP and HP air compressors


Inter cooling in between LP and HP air compressors

• Combined cycle and cogeneration cycles utilising waste heat of exhaust gases.

CROSS SECTION OF A GAS TURBINE

Inlet Plenum

Stator Vanes Compressor Rotor Combustor

Inlet Plenum

Exhaust Diffuser

Turbine RotorNozzle

Inlet Casing

Inlet guide Vanes

Turbine Casing

Thrust Bearing

Base Frame

g

Compressor Casing Compressor Discharge Casing


This information is taken Courtesy J R Johnston Paper on ‘Performance and reliability analysis’

Steam Turbines

QuEST Global Confidential 38QuEST Confidential

INTRODUCTION

• Steam Turbines are rotating equipments used to produce Mechanical

WHAT IS A STEAM TURBINE !!

Steam Turbines are rotating equipments used to produce Mechanical Power from Thermal Energy of steam

• Steam turbines are mostly 'axial flow' types. (Steam flows over the blades in a direction parallel to the axis of the wheel.)

The steam is expanded in nozzles, resulting in the formation of a high velocity jet. This impinges on the moving blades, mounted on a shaft.

HOW DOES IT WORK !!

s p ges o t e o g b ades, ou ted o a s a tHere it undergoes a change of direction of motion which gives rise to a change in momentumThe shaft power in a turbine is obtained by the rate of change in momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved blade which is free to rotatehigh velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved blade which is free to rotate.

Power plants involving Steam Turbines employ Rankine cycle. The Rankine cycle is modified many a time to improve the cycle efficiency by incorporating Reheat


and Regenerative loops.

CLASSIFICATION

Turbine Type Feature

Application Utility Captive & Mechanical drivesApplication Utility , Captive & Mechanical drives

Size Small < 15 MW Medium > 15 MW Large > 300 MW

Turbine Type Feature

gPrinciple Impulse & Reaction

yp

Condensing The exhaust steam is expanded down to condenser Pressure (Vacuum)

Back Pressure The exhaust steam is sent for a process needing low pressure steam

Extraction Condensing

Part of steam is extracted at intermediate pressure and rest expands to condenser pressure) (Vacuum)

E t ti B k P t f t i t t d t i t di t d t


Extraction Back Pressure

Part of steam is extracted at an intermediate pressure and rest is sent for a down stream process

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF STEAM TURBINES

ST Nomenclature

ST Industrial Product Line

• Single Casing

• Megawatt Ratings from 20 MW to 100 MW

• TG Sets, Boiler Feed pumps, Mech Drives

ST Combined Cycle & Fossil Product Line

• Megawatt Ratings from 100 MW to 1100 MW

• Non-Reheat, Single Reheat,& Double Reheat

• Single Casing to Five Casing Machines

ST Nuclear Product Line

f• MW Ratings from 500 to 1500

Ex: TC1F : Tandem compound 1 LP flow

Works in a similar way as Gas turbines but through Pistons


y g

ABOUT THE FLUID

Fluid - Superheated SteamInlet pressure - 2400 – 4500 PSIGInlet Temp - 1000 – 1100 Deg FInlet Temp 1000 1100 Deg F

Suggestive parameters

Sub Critical >= 2400 Psig -1000 F (165 bar / 538 C) Super Critical >= 3500 Psig -1050 F (240 bar / 565 C)Ultra Supercritical >= 4500 Psig -1112 F (310 bar / 600 C)* Nuclear applications ~ 1100 Psig - 570 F ( 78 bar / 300 C)

Improvements in power plant performance are achieved by raising inlet steam conditions to Supercritical and Ultra supercritical levels.

* Illustrative and typical parameters


STEAM TURBINE OPERATING CYCLE

Critical pointpoint

Water line

Wet steam zone

Steam line ( saturated )

Simple Rankine Cycle4 to 1: Isobaric heat supply (Boiler) 1 to 2: Isentropic expansion (Steam turbine),


2 to 3: Isobaric heat rejection (Condenser), 3 to 4: Isentropic compression (Pump),

STEAM CYCLE WITH BOILER -- RANKINE CYCLE

2. STEAM TURBINE

1. BOILER

ELECTRICALMain Steam TURBINE

Evaporator

Super heaterELECTRICAL GENERATOR

Main Steam

CONDENSATE

EconomizerExhaust Steam

Fossil FuelW out

3. CONDENSERCONDENSATE

EXTRAN PUMP

4. BOILER

Cooling Water

Boiler Feed water

Q in

4. BOILER FEEDWATER PUMP

Condenser Hot Well

Elements of a power plant1.Boiler Q in 2.Steam Turbine W out

Q out


3.Condenser Q out4.Feed Pump W in

W in

STEAM CYCLE WITH BOILER -- MODIFIED RANKINE CYCLE

BOILER

Hot Reheat

Superheater

ColdReheat

Main Steam

ELECTRICALGENERATOR

LP STEAM Economizer

Evaporator

HP STEAM TURBINE ExhaustTURBINE

CONDENSER

Exhaust Steam

Fuel

CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMP

BOILER FEEDWATER PUMP

Cooling Water


PUMPPUMPCondenser Hot Well

STEAM CYCLE: REGENERATION

STEAM

BOILER

STEAM TURBINE

Evaporator

SuperheaterELECTRICGENERATOR

Main Steam

Economizer

Exhaust Steam

Extraction Steam

CONDENSERBOILER FEEDWATER

Steam

Boiler Feedwater

LP HEATER

Fuel

CONDENSATE EXTRACTION

PUMP

Cooling Water


PUMP

Condenser Hot Well

TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF STEAM TURBINES

1 impulse + reactions All reaction stages

QuEST Global Confidential 47All impulse stages

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Basically Steam Turbines are 2 types

Impulse : Most of the pressure drop for the stage takes place in nozzle

R ti P d i tReaction : Pressure drop in a stage takes place aprox. 50% in Nozzle and 50% in Buckets

R ti δH b k t / δH StReaction = δH bucket / δH Stage

δH bucket : Isentropic heat drop in bucket

δH St T t l t I t iδH Stage : Total stage Isentropic heat drop


WORKING PRINCIPLE CONTD.

ImpulseImpulse stages can takeImpulse stages can take a higher enthalpy drop across the stage

This makes the ST compactcompact

ReactionReaction stages are more efficient and takesefficient and takes relatively less enthalpy drop across stage


STEAM TURBINE CRITICAL PARTS

Outer ShellMain Steam

InletCross Over

Pipe HP

Packing Nozzle,

Diaphragm

HP Inner Shell IP Inner Shell

CasingDiaphragm

Buckets

N2 Packing Head

N3 Packing HeadBuckets


N1 Packing Head

Head Head

Nozzle BoxHP Rotor

DOUBLE EXTRACTION AND CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE


Some ST Basics


SOME BASICS

Units:Pressure abs Gauge Pressure + 1.01325 Temperature Deg K ( Deg C + 273 )E th l kJ /k ( C b d f M lli h t )Enthalpy kJ /kg ( Can be read from Mollier chart )Entropy kJ/ Deg K / kg ( Can be read from Mollier chart )Dryness As percentage Heat Rate kJ/ kW or Kcal/Kg / kW

Liquid enthalpy (Sensible heat kJ/kg) is the amount of heat required

to raise the water to boiling point (hf ) from 0 deg C temperature

Enthalpy of evaporation ( latent heat kJ/kg ) is the amount of heat

required to change the state of water from boiling temperature into steam

Enthalpy of saturated steam = Sensible heat + latent heatEnthalpy of saturated steam = Sensible heat + latent heat

Entropy in a steam turbine is defined as the change of heat from the inlet

temperature to the exhaust temperature, Divided by the inlet temperature.


Entropy S = dQ/T

PROPERTIES OF STEAM

When water is boiling , though more heat is added, the temperature of the water remains

Saturation

constant, till entire water is converted into steam. This temperature is known as the saturation temperature.

When the steam temperature drops below its saturation point the steam will condense

Superheat

When the steam temperature drops below its saturation point, the steam will condense into water In an ideal situation, turbines are built such that the respective pressure and temperature do not drop below the saturation temperature until it reaches the condenser.

If the saturated steam produced in a boiler is exposed to a surface with highertemperature, its temperature will increase above the evaporating / saturation

Superheat

temperature. The steam is then described as superheated.

The number of degrees through which it has been heated above saturation temperature is termed as Degree of superheat Only superheated steam is employed in multistage


is termed as Degree of superheat. Only superheated steam is employed in multistagesteam Turbines

PROPERTIES OF STEAM

Pressure and temperatures are related at the saturation point of the steam

Pressure and Temperature

Dryness Fraction

S

and amount of heat contained

Steam at a temperature equal to the boiling point at that pressure is known as saturated steam. As 100% dry steam is rarely possible, and the steam will usually contain droplets of water. If the water content of the steam is 5% by mass, then the steam is said to be

Heat Rate = Kcal/hr

If the water content of the steam is 5% by mass, then the steam is said to be 95% dry and has a dryness fraction (x) of 0.95.

Heat Rate = Kcal/hr kw




Centrifugal Compressorsp


INTRODUCTION

What is a compressor?

A device used to pump compressible fluids ( mostly Gases ) from lowerpressures to higher pressures

A d i d i ibl fl id ( l li id ) f l

What is a Pump ?

A device used to pump incompressible fluids ( mostly liquids ) from lowerpressures to higher pressures

What is the difference between blower and a compressor?

According to API 617, pressure rise below 0.35 bar is a blower and abovethis is a compressor


this is a compressor

TYPES OF COMPRESSORS

COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT DYNAMIC TYPEPOSITIVE DISPLACEMENT(COMPRESSING FLUID BY REDUCINGVOLUME OF COPRESSION CHAMBER)

DYNAMIC TYPE(ACCELERATING AND

DECLERATING OF FLUID)

RECIPROCATING ROTARY TYPE CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSORS

AXIALCOMPRESSORS

HELICALSCREW

SPIRALAXIAL

STRAIGHTLOBE

SLIDEVANE


SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS : APPLICATION RANGE

Positive displacement machines are generally below 3000 M³ / Hr.Flow regions between 3000 -12,000 M³ / Hr. can be considered over-lapping between positivedisplacement and centrifugal compressorsCentrifugal compressors are generally below 100 000 M³ / HrCentrifugal compressors are generally below 100,000 M / Hr.Flow regions between 1000 - 12,000 M³ / Hr. can be considered over-lapping between positivedisplacement and centrifugal compressorsAxial compressors above 1,20,000 M³ / Hr.


Flow regions between 80,000 - 1,20,000 M³ / Hr. can be considered over-lapping betweencentrifugal and axial compressors.

COMPRESSORS TYPES

Reciprocating CompressorsPositive displacement compressors

Positive displacement compressors achieve Increase in pressure by Reducing

Reciprocating CompressorsReciprocating compressors are used in a very wide variety of refinery, petrochemical and natural gas services They have a veryachieve Increase in pressure by Reducing

volume ( changing entrapped volumes like in IC engines ) Examples: Reciprocating Rotary screw, vane, liquid

and natural gas services. They have a very good turn-down capability, while maintaining efficiency levels similar to the ones at full load. They are specially suited for high p g y q

and lobey p y g

pressures, high compression ratios and relatively lower volumes


COMPRESSORS TYPES

Dynamic compressorsDynamic or Turbo Compressors achieve Increase in

b i ti KE t th fl id t l tpressure by imparting KE to the fluid to accelerate and then decelerating it to convert into pressure ( example centrifugal pump)

Centrifugal CompressorsCentrifugal compressors cover a wide range of

applications, from the oil and gas production, gas transportation, LNG, refinery, petrochemical Typical Centrifugal Compressor p y p

industries, fuel gas boosting and other similar processes.

Axial CompressorsAxial compressors are designed for high volume and

relatively low pressure applications such as LNG, catalytic cracking plants (FCC), air separation plants,


ca a y c c ac g p a s ( CC), a sepa a o p a s,air services and nitric acid plants.

Axial Compressor

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPRESSORS

• Fertilisers (Ammonia Plant ) Syn. Gas, NH3, Air, N2, Nat.gas

F tili (U Pl t) CO• Fertilisers (Urea Plant) CO2

• Refineries Air, Wet Gas, Hydrogen

P t h i l Pl t P P l Eth l• Petrochemical Plants Propane, Propylene, Ethylene.• Metallurgical Plants O2, Air, Gas• Gas gathering stations Natural gas• Re-injection services Natural gas• Pipeline compressors Natural Gas Chemical Plants• Refrigeration System Ammonia, Ethylene, Propylene• Ind. Applications Instr. air• Gas Boosters Gas Turbines, CCCP


DRIVERS FOR CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

Steam - When there is abundant process steam is available

Turbine When several operating conditions are to be met

Driver Design Considerations

Turbine - When several operating conditions are to be met

- This eliminates need for a speed increasing gear

Gas - Where there is a good source of natural gas supply

T bi Wh l ti diti t b tTurbine - When several operating conditions are to be met

Electric Motor - In the absence of either of the two above

- When there is only a fixed speed operation

Compressors require the following sub-systems for their reliable, safe and reliable operation

Compressor sub systems

p q g y p• Lube oil system• Anti-surge and performance control system• Sealing system (Oil, DGS, Ejector)• Instrumentation and control system


Instrumentation and control system• Coolers and separators.• Filtration systems

COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE CURVEe Surge point What cause surge in a

?

Surge Point

Anti Surge Line

Compressor Surge LinePr

essu

r e

g pcompressor ? Very low suction flowHigh discharge resistance Or Choking of flow channels

P1

Pg

surge

Design Point

Choke point

P1

Quantity Bypassed


Q1Q Qsurgereq. Flow

THRUST BALANCING IN COMPRESSORS

Fig A. In line

Fig AGas thrust generated in a inline compressor is cummulative and acts on the thrust bearing g

Fig B. Back to backFig BGas thrust generated in a b k t b kback to back compressor gets compensated to a great extent


APPLICABLE STANDARDS

Compressors and turbines are used in process plants and work with no standby and are considered as critical equipments and hence “ *API “ dictatescertain stringent rules to design / manufacture them

API 610 Centrifugal PumpsAPI 611 Auxiliary Steam Turbines

* API - American Petroleum Institute

API 611 Auxiliary Steam TurbinesAPI 612 Drive Steam TurbinesAPI 613 GearboxAPI 614 Oil SystemsAPI 614 Oil SystemsAPI 616 Drive Gas turbinesAPI 617 Centrifugal CompressorsAPI 618 Reciprocating CompressorsAPI 618 Reciprocating Compressors

API 670 InstrumentationAPI 671 CouplingsAPI 672 Packaged, Integrally Geared Compressors


6 ac aged, eg a y Gea ed Co p esso sAPI 676 Positive Displacement Pumps

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPRESSORS

Centrifugal Compressors Common Models

Horizontally split compressorsy p pCast casing

Pressure up to 40 ata

Services : Air / Ammonia / Propylene / Wet gas/ethylene/ Co2 etcServices : Air / Ammonia / Propylene / Wet gas/ethylene/ Co2 etc

Vertically split compressorForged Casing (barrel type)Forged Casing (barrel type)

Pressure up to 700 ata

Services : Syn gas / Nat gas / H2 recycle / CO2


COMPRESSOR ASSEMBLY

1. Casing UH2. Casing LH3 Suc Diaphragm

14346 5 715 153. Suc. Diaphragm 4. Interstate Diaphragm5. Disc. Diaphragm6. End seals 147. Balance drum 8. Balance drum seal9. Impellers10. Shaft11. Journal bearing12. Thrust bearing13. End seals14 Coupling 13

12811

14. Coupling15. RTDs 2

9

10


Reciprocating Compressorp


RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Reciprocating machines are designed Manufactured as per API 618 & API 11PThe important consideration for a Reciprocating compressor is its Volumetric efficiency

The primary reasons for the fall of Volumetric efficiency :Cylinder clearanceCylinder clearanceHeating of inlet gasValve lossesGas leakage

The movement of gas into and out of cylinder are not uniform and cause a periodic pressure pulsations. To even out the pulsations a pulsation damper is provided at the discharge


RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

• Reciprocating compressors are classified into two Major types

– Single acting

D bl A i– Double Acting

• Based on cylinder arrangement they are classified as

– Horizontal,

– Vertical,

– Right angled suction suction– Horiz. opposed suction suction

QuEST Global Confidential 71Disch. Disch.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

41. Cut off Valve

2. Inlet Filter suction3. Separator

4. Cooler Optional

5. Volume bottles or

suction

Pulsation Damper

6. Cylinder

7. Volume bottles or Disch.Pulsation Damper

8. Cooler

9. Separator

10. Check Valve

11. Cut off valve


MATERIALS USED IN ROTATING EQUIPMENTS

Materials employed in a Turbo Machinery depends on • Higher Stresses demand Alloy steels and Precipitation hardening steels• Gas medium being highly Corrosive, high Humidity etc , needs High Chromium and

Stainless St.• Temperature of Gas like

– Low temperature applications in Refrigeration services employ high Nickel alloys– High temperature applications like steam turbines Creep resistant steels are used

( Chromium , Vanadium steels )– Very high temperatures applications like GT hot gas path employ High Ni alloys

like Inconelslike Inconels• Pressure Rating of the machine

– Low pressure applications employ castingsHigh pressure applications employ Forgings– High pressure applications employ Forgings

• Manufacturing Processes– Steels with low carbon are recommended for good Weld ability – Machinability and weld ability


Machinability and weld ability

Piping & Auxiliaries


PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram( P&ID ) is :A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram( P&ID ) is :

A Drawing showing the Piping parts, Process parts of a system and the Instrumentation parts required to operate and control the system itself This is theInstrumentation parts required to operate and control the system itself. This is the starting document for building any Process plant

Piping : The set of PARTS specifically engineered to convey FLUIDS from one point to another point according to some specific process requirements Pipingpoint to another point according to some specific process requirements. Piping parts :Pipes, pipe fittings, tubes, tube fittings, valves

Instrumentation: The set of instruments used to operate and control a systemProcess Parts : Pumps, Filters, Heat Exchangers…


STANDARDS RELEVANT TO PIPING

The American National Standards Institute’s standards used in the design of the PipingSystem are as listed. ASME B 31. Code for Pressure piping is at present a non-mandatory code in USA though they are adopted as legal requirementmandatory code in USA, though they are adopted as legal requirement.ASME B 31.1 - Power PipingASME B 31.2 - Fuel Gas PipingASME B 31.3 - Process PipingASME B 31.4 - Pipeline Transportation System for liquid hydrocarbon & other LiquidsASME B 31.5 - Refrigeration Piping

ANSI - American National Standard InstituteAPI - American Petroleum InstituteASCE - American Society of Civil EngineersASME - American Society of Mechanical EngineersASNT - American Society for Non destructive TestingASTM - American Society for Testing Materials AWS - American Welding SocietyCGA - Compressed Gas Association


EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufactures AssociationMSS - Manufacturers Standardization Society of Valve & fitting IndustryNACE - National Association of Corrosion Engineers

PIPE FITTINGS

DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS

1. ASME B 16.1 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings2. ASME B 16.3 - Malleable-Iron Threaded Fittings3. ASME B 16.4 - Grey Iron Threaded fittings4. ASME B 16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings5. ASME B 16.9 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Butt welding Fittings6. ASME B 16.11 - Forged Fittings, Socket welding and Threaded7. ASME B 16.28 - Wrought Steel Butt welding Short Radius & Elbows 8. ASME B 16.42 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings9. MSS- SP- 43 - Stainless Steel Fittings


PIPE SIZING FOR OIL & GAS

• For a given flow rate– Small diameter means higher velocity of the fluid handled– Higher diameter means low velocity of the medium handled

• Velocity of fluid in pipeline affects P d i h i li– Pressure drops in the pipeline

(pressure drops are proportional to the square of velocity v2

– Vibrations of the pipe line

• Usual velocity of fluids inside pipelines are :

– Gas : 20 m/sec max 40-50 m/sec– Liquids : 2 to 4 m/sec max 10 m/sec– Fluids in drain line : <1 m/sec


PIPE SIZING FOR OIL & GAS


PIPING FOR OIL & GAS


PIPE FITTTINGS & FLANGES

Flanges to ANSI B16 5Butt welded fittings to ANSI B16.9

Flanges to ANSI B16.5


TYPES OF FLANGE JOINTS

1 2 3 4 5

*

1. WN: Used for all sizes They allow full penetration weld between Pipe &Flange. For this reason they are used for severe applications such as high pressure and high temperature ratings, where failure of weld can not be accepted.

2 Slip On: Used for all sizes They are very much economical because their shape. They do not allow full2 Slip On: Used for all sizes They are very much economical because their shape. They do not allow full penetration welds so they are used for lower ratings and less severe applications

3 Threaded: : Used for smaller sizes They are very used limited for threaded lines and hence for less severe applications

4. Lap joint : A stub end is welded on the pipe after the flange inserted on . This solution is generally used for SS lines for low pressures

5. Socket Weld : Used for small sizes < 2 inch also for less severe joints on SW lines


* NPT : National Pipe taper threads

TYPES OF FLANGE JOINTS

• Selection of gasket depends upon following factors.– Compatibility of the gasket material with the fluid.

Abilit t ith t d th t t f th t– Ability to withstand the pressure-temperature of the system.• Based on the type of construction, gaskets are classified as:

–· Full Face Flat asbestos Fibre –· Inside bolt circle

Gaskets


–· Spiral wound metallic–· Ring Joint type–· Metal jacketed

MOST COMMONLY USED VALVES

GLOBE

Good behavior when partial opening for regulation of flow is required.

GATE

Used as On/ Off valves for isolation of pipe lines

CHECKor

NON

These valves are designed to allow flow only in one direction.

NON RETURN

BALL

A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications for high pressuresBALL for high pressures

A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. A butterfly valve is from a


BUTTERFLYg g g y

family of valves called quarter-turn valves. “Quarter Turn” only required to fully open or close the valve.

MOST COMMONLY USED VALVES

OTHER VALVES ( LIKE INSTRUMENTS)

• PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE

– A valve that discharge fluid to the atmosphere when the pressure in the system is too high. The valve must be closed manually by the Maintenance Staff after

verification of what caused the event.

RELIEF VALVE• RELIEF VALVE

– Often used as a synonym of Safety Valve.Indeed the difference is that a RELIEF VALVE will close automatically when the pressure in the system lowers to normal.

• CONTROL VALVE

– A Valve that in conjunction with some SENSOR will open or close to maintain a set VALUE of a specific PHYSICAL PARAMETER in a part of the SYSTEM.

– Main Fluids Parameters are Pressure, Temperature and Flow Rate, so main kind of Control Valves will be:

• PCV: Pressure Control Valves

• TCV: Temperature Control Valves


• TCV: Temperature Control Valves

• FCV: Flow Control Valves

AUXILIARIES

Centrifugal Compressors

Reciprocating Compressors

Steam Turbine Gas Turbines

Inlet filtration Inlet filters and Surge Vessels

Governing system Inlet system,

Anti surge control Anti surge control Condensing system Exhaust system

Sealing system Sealing system Sealing system Starting system

Gas coolers separators


Fuel system

Gear box Gear box Barring gear& Gear box

Accessory & Load gear box

Lube oil system Lube oil system Lube oil system Lube oil system

Process Gas Piping Process Gas Piping Steam & Drain Piping Process Gas Piping

Base plates Base plates Base plates Base plates

Instruments & Instruments & Instruments & control Instruments & control


Instruments & control System




AUXILIARIES - CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

Centrifugal Compressors

Purpose

Inlet filtration This is applicable for only air compressors to prevent entry of foreign bodies and dust which can eventually damage compressor internals. Level of filtration 20 Microns

Anti surge control This is applicable for all types of compressors to prevent surging and protect the compressors.

Sealing system Compressors handling hazardous and flammable gases needs a reliable sealing to g y p g g gprevent leakage to atmosphere.


To provide efficient compression in multi stage compressors, gas is cooled after every phase either by water or air cooled exchangers

Gear box Where driver and driven equipments are required to run at different speed such asGear box Where driver and driven equipments are required to run at different speed such as Motor +compressor or GT + compressor

Lube oil system The Lube oil console takes care of the lubrication requirements of compressor and its driver

P G Th ti i i hi h i d t t i i t i l t dProcess Gas Piping

The entire piping which is used to connect various equipmentsin a plant comes under this category.

Base plates The fabricated supporting structure for the equipment which gives rigidity and fixing of the rotating equipments.



Measurement control and monitoring of rotating equipments for vibrations , bearings temperatures, flow and surge control

AUXILIARIES - RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Reciprocating Compressors

Purpose

Inlet filtrationSurge Vessels

This is applicable for only air compressors to prevent entry of foreign bodies and dust which can eventually damage compressor internals. Level of filtration 20 Microns

Anti surge This is applicable for all types of compressors to prevent surging and protect the control compressors.


To provide efficient compression in multi stage compressors, gas is cooled after every phase either by water or air cooled exchangers

Gear box Where driver and driven equipments are required to run at different speed such asGear box Where driver and driven equipments are required to run at different speed such as Motor +compressor or GT + compressor

Lube oil system The Lube oil console takes care of the lubrication requirements of compressor and its driver.

G Th ti i i hi h i d t t i i t i l tProcess Gas Piping

The entire piping which is used to connect various equipmentsin a plant comes under this category.




The measurement control and monitoring of rotating equipments such as vibrations , bearings temperatures, flow control etc.

AUXILIARIES - STEAM TURBINE

Steam Turbine Purpose

Governing Steam turbine control system is designed to contol certain critical gsystem

y gparameters like turbine speed, Live steam pressure, / quantity, exhaust pressure and driven equipment parameters like compressor suction pressure.

Condensing By creating a vacuum it helps the exhaust steam to condense at subCondensing system

By creating a vacuum, it helps the exhaust steam to condense at sub atmospheric pressure

Sealing system To provide gland steam leakage and inter-stage steam leakage

Barring gear To help the steam turbine to coast down after trip and keep it running atBarring gear To help the steam turbine to coast down after trip and keep it running at very low speeds to prevent thermal distortions

Lube oil system The Lube oil console takes care of the lubrication requirements of compressor and its driven equipment in case of a generator.



The measurement control and monitoring of rotating equipments such as vibrations bearings temperatures flow control etc


control System vibrations , bearings temperatures, flow control etc.

AUXILIARIES - GAS TURBINES

Gas Turbines Purpose

Inlet system, The inlet system is meant for drawl of air for combustion and ventilation air, ffiltration, minimize pressure drop, noise reduction, inlet cooling, anti-icing.

Exhaust systems Ducts discharging exhaust air from the enclosure, expansion joint and exhaust silencer

Starting system To accelerate the gas turbine to self sustaining speedg y g g p

Fuel system The Main Fuel System provided on the GAS TURBINE has the task of delivering the correct flow rate of fuel demanded by GT

Accessory Gearbox To connect starting means with the GT shaft, and also to drive a number of user l t lik MOP H d li li id f l d t i i ielements like MOP, Hydraulic pump, liquid fuel pump and atomizing air

compressor.

Lube oil system To supply oil to the GT bearings, integrated auxiliaries, and control oil to the hydraulic oil systems.

Base plates In addition to supporting the GT , the base plate holds number of auxiliary equipments like Lo tank, accessory gear, starting systems, fuel control systems, pumps and filters

Instruments & control Control regulation and protection system performs number of functions to


System ensure correct operation of the GT and protect the machine

GT AIR INLET SYSTEM

• Air is taken in by the GT Air Inlet system for two main systems:Combustion air : It is the air taken in by the Axial Compressor and it is mainly used as medium fluid for the Thermodynamic Cycleused as medium fluid for the Thermodynamic Cycle. ( Only about 25% of this air is used for the Combustion of the Fuel.) Ventilation air : It is air flowing through the Gas Turbine Enclosure with the help of a Fan It cools the Enclosure area and dilutes possible gas leakagesof a Fan. It cools the Enclosure area and dilutes possible gas leakages.

• Basic design criteria:

C f f– Correct degree of filtration.– Compliance with noise regulations.

Low friction losses to meet guaranteed power– Low friction losses to meet guaranteed power.– Structural design in compliance with building codes

• Inlet cooling: To cool the Air at Intake to increase the Gas Turbine Power.


g• Anti-icing : To avoid formation of Ice in the Ducts or at Compressor bell-mouth

AIR INLET SYSTEM - COMPONENTS

• FILTER HOUSE– Steel box housing the filtering elements and accessories like Pulse Jet Cleaning System,

Heating / Cooling Coils and Evaporative CoolerFILTER HOUSE STRUCTURE• FILTER HOUSE STRUCTURE

– Steel Structure to support the Filter House.• INLET DUCT

– Ducting work connecting the Filter House to the Inlet Plenum. Includes Transition Pieces,Ducting work connecting the Filter House to the Inlet Plenum. Includes Transition Pieces, Elbows, Straight Empty Ducts, Silencer and Expansion Joints

• INLET DUCT STRUCTURE– Steel Structure to support the Inlet Ducting. It usually supports also the Ventilation Inlet Ducts

INLET PLENUM• INLET PLENUM– It distributes the Air Flow on the Circular Section of the Axial Compressor inlet.

• VENTILATION INLET DUCTS.– Connects the Filter House to the GT Enclosure. Dampers are provided to seal the Enclosure inConnects the Filter House to the GT Enclosure. Dampers are provided to seal the Enclosure in

case of Fire.• FANS

– Driven by Electric Motors. They provide the required Head for the Ventilation air Provided with Silencers


Silencers.• VENTILATION EXHAUST DUCTS

– Ducts discharging hot ventilation air from the enclosure. Dampers are provided to seal the Enclosure in case of fire.

FILTER HOUSE

Filter House

Weather protection :protection from rain fall or snow fall. Hoods.

Inlet screen :a wire mesh to avoid ingestion of large flying objects, birds, insects.Filter House

Is the First component of the Inlet System,

insects.

Pre-filter :(Optional) Media filter used to remove larger solid particles before the high efficiency filter.

Inertial filter: Optional pre-filter separating high inertia solids from lowWhere the filtered air will be sucked by Gas Turbine.

Based on

Inertial filter: Optional pre filter separating high inertia solids from low inertia air by impressing a sudden change in direction of the air stream.

Demister: Always supplied with cooling systems to eliminate moisture designed to drain out liquid drops larger than 20 µm.

Based on application, Static and Pulse Jet Filter house will be selected

Coalescer: A media filter designed to gather liquid droplets smaller than 20 µm until the liquid drop is big enough to be drained out by gravity.

High efficiency filter: Also called barrier filter the main and only filter always present It is a media filter specially designed to remove 99 9 %be selected. always present. It is a media filter specially designed to remove 99.9 % of solid particles larger than 5 µm.

Pulsed jet filter: A pressure differential transmitters monitor inlet pressure and activates the pulse filters at 3 inch WG (76 mm) increasing i l Ab t 10% f t t l C t id l d th h i


signal. About 10% of total Cartridges are cleaned through reverse air pulse at a time. The pulse filters remain active until a 2.5 inch WG (51 mm) decreasing signal is reached.

INLET DUCT ASSY

Inlet System Consists of Expansion joint, - connected to Filter house on one end and takes care of axial variationsvariations.

Empty Duct - straight duct which will be fitted with other accessories like Internal Bleed heater, Cooler Flange based on site conditions.

Silencer Duct fitted in the row of the empty duct which is internally insulated and fittedSilencer Duct, - fitted in the row of the empty duct, which is internally insulated and fitted with panels - reduces the noise of Inlet air.

Elbow Duct, Internally insulated duct, Which guides the air to plenum of the Gas turbine.

Inlet Ventilation System connecting the filter house and Enclosure of the gas turbine, which will supply the cleaned air to the Gas turbine enclosure, by means of fans.pp y , y

The ventilation system consists of the Expansion joints and the ventilation ducts, which are supported on Inlet empty duct or on support structure of the Inlet/Exhaust accessories.


EXHAUST STACK ASSY

Exhaust System Consists of

Expansion joint, which will be connected to Exhaust Plenum to Exhaust Duct, The Expansion joints are internally insulated to with stand the exhaust temperature ofExpansion joints are internally insulated to with stand the exhaust temperature of 500Deg C.

Exhaust Duct, are Uninsulated / internally / Externally insulated ducts and supported on the support structurethe support structure

Exhaust Silencer Duct, will be fitted in the row of the Exhaust duct, which is internally insulated and fitted with panels which reduced the noise of the Exhaust air.

Exhaust Ventilation System connecting to the Enclosure and other end opened to atmosphere, so that air from enclosure go

The ventilation system consists of the Expansion joints and the ventilation ducts, the end of the duct covered with bird screen, so that foreign component shall not enter the duct. All the ducts are supported on support structure of the Inlet/Exhaust accessories.

Support Structure, which supports the filter house and Inlet exhaust ducts, and


Support Structure, which supports the filter house and Inlet exhaust ducts, and provided with the platforms/ladders to access the doors of the filter house and different elevation of Inlet/Exhaust system during installation and maintenance

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