introduction to synthetic aperture radar(sar) imaging jeong-hee choi, ph.d. assistant professor...
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Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) Imaging
Jeong-Hee Choi, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer and Communication
Taegu University
Tel : 053-850-6632, Fax : 053-850-6619
Email : [email protected]
Web: http://risl.taegu.ac.kr
OVERVIEW SAR System 개요
• SAR Imaging System 특징• SAR 기술구성• SAR/ISAR System Classification
• SAR System 구성도• Frequency Bands
• SAR System Applications
Range/Cross range Imaging Raw-data Processing 원리 Existing SAR Systems
SAR Images
Imaging Geometry of a Radar Imaging System
Synthetic Aperture Radar 의 특징
장점• 기존의 레이다와 비교하여 Cross Range 의 해상도를 얻음으로써
영상정보추출 가능 : (Range • 파장 ) / Aperture size• 카메라 영상이 단면 사진인데 반해 Topographic Image 합성 가능• Active Instrument : 카메라 영상이 태양빛에 의존하는 반면
밤에도 촬영가능 ((Day or Night Imaging Capability)• Microwave 는 구름이나 , 안개등에 무관하여 흐린 날이나
화산폭발장면도 촬영가능 (All weather Imaging Capability)• 따라서 연속적인 환경 Monitoring 가능함
단점• 단면 카메라 영상에 비해 해상도가 떨어짐 . Eg) 나무 , 차 , 건물
등이 한 두개의 pixel 로 나타남• 정확한 Coherent Measurement 가 필수 Suffer from Speckle
Synthetic Aperture Radar 기술 구성
Hardware• Radar Antenna
Phased Array • Local Oscillator • Pulse Generator• Analogue-to-Digital
Converter, etc.
Multi-dimensional Signal Processing
• Raw-data processing Radiometric Calibration Geometric Calibration Modeling & Inversion
• Image Enhancement Sharpen Image for
better Recognition• Image Transformation
Graphics/ Mapping• Image Interpretation
SAR Imaging System Classification
Relative Motion of Radar and Target area
• SAR• ISAR
Mounting Vehicle• Spaceborne SAR• Airborne SAR
Radar Flight Motion• Linear SAR• Circular SAR
Beam Illumination • Spotlight Mode SAR• Stripmap Mode SAR
Transmitter/Receiver Status • Monostatic SAR• Bistatic SAR• Multistatic SAR
Advancement • Interferometric SAR• Polarimetric SAR
System Geometry for SAR Imaging
System Geometry for ISAR Imaging
System Geometry in Circular SAR Imaging
Top View
Side View
System Geometry in Stripmap SAR Imaging
Spotlight SAR : Electronic Beam Steering
Data Acquisition System for Quasi-Monostatic SAR/ISAR Imaging
Frequency Bands
Band Frequency range
Wavelength Range
사용예
P-Band 0.4 – 1 GHz 30 – 75 cm JPL AirSAR
L-Band 1 - 2 GHz 15 – 30 cm JERS-1, JPL AirSAR SEASAT, SIR-A
S-Band 2 – 4 GHz 7.5 – 15 cm
C-Band 4 – 8 GHz 3.7 – 7.5 cm Convair-580, RADARSAT JPL AirSAR, ERS-1, ERS-2
SIR-B, SIR-C
X-Band 8 – 12 GHz 2.5 – 3.7 cm Convair-580, Star-1, Star-2 SIR-B, SIR-C
• Note : 파장 (meter) = C/ 주파수 (Hz=Cycles/sec), C = 광속
Applications of Synthetic Aperture maging
상용 시스템• 지표면 , 해표면 ,
해저면의 Topographic Image
• 농작물 분포 및 생태계 변화 , Sea Ice, Oil Spill 등 환경 Monitoring
• 지하자원 /유적 탐사• 비행기 자동착륙 및 항공 Traffic Control
• 행성의 입체영상
군용 Radar 시스템• 비행 정찰• 미사일 탐지 및 추적 (ISAR)
• FOPEN SAR
(Foliage Penetration SAR)
기타• Diagnostic medicine• 기계 내부의 Non-destructive
testing
Range Imaging 원리
n
nn
ct p t sx) ( ) (2
• System Model
◦ Measured Echoed Signal
• Frequency Domain Representation
)exp( )()( 2 n
nn c
jPS x
: Transmitted Radar Signal
: Target’s Reflectivity
: Target’s Range
: Propagation Speedc
tp
xnn
)(
System Geometry for Range Imaging
Point Spread Function
] )( [ )( psf 2Pt -1
(w)F
• Target Reconstruction
)()( tsxf M n
nn cc
xx)( psf 22
where range mapping is defined by
c
tc
x k x2
,2
• Reconstruction Via Matched Filtering
)]()([)( * PStsM-1
(w)F )( psf 2c
t xnn
n
◦ Frequency Domain Support Band of Radar signal
• Signal Processing
),(p ] , [ 00 cc
Dictates Time Domain Sampling
0
t
02c : Carrier Frequency
: Baseband Bandwidth
Range Resolution
)max(2
tx
c ,4
0fc
)2
( 0
0 f
Range Resolution 을 좋게 하기위해서 송신신호의 대역폭이 넓을수록 유리함따라서 레이다의 송신신호로 Chirp pulse 신호를 사용함 .
Dictates Time Domain Measurement Interval
] T)X X(2
,)X X(2
[]T,T[ p00
fs
c
c
c
ct
: Radar Swath’s Mean Range
: Target Area’s Size
: Radar Signal Pulse Durationp
0
c
T
X2
X
◦ Spatial Domain Support Band of Target Function
),(xf ],[00 XXXX cc
x
Measuring Time Interval
p0
sf Tc
X4TT
◦ Radar Distance from a Target at
22 )( uyx n : ),( yx n
◦ Measured Echoed Signal
nnn
n
nn
uyxkjtj
c
uyxtput
])(2exp[)exp(
])(2
[),(s
22
22
◦ After Baseband Conversion
nnn
nnn
us
uyxkj
tjutus
),(
])(2exp[
)exp(),(s),(
22
Cross-Range Imaging 의 원리 (Spotlight SAR 예 )
◦ Consider Single Sinusoidal Source Signal, )exp()( tjtp
• Frequency Domain Representation of Measured Echoed Signal
)exp() 4exp(
) 4exp(
),(),(
22
22
nunu
nuun
unnu
yjkxkkj
yjkxkkj
kSkS
),( 0 ukS FunctionTarget : )( ukF
Signature of Unit Reflector Target at )0 ,() ,( xyx nn
) 2 exp( ) , (2 2
0u x k j u s
and its Fourier Transform
)4exp(),( 220 xkkjkS uu
uuuy kkkSkSkF y0 Function,Target :),( ),()(
만일 Synthesized Aperture 크기가 무한대라면 (L = )
The support band of echoed data, in Doppler frequency domain
따라서 로 Band-limit 된 신호의 Alias-free Sampling 간격 임 . 실제로 Synthesized Aperture 는 유한하므로 n-th target 에서 echo 된신호의 Doppler support 대역은
• Finite Aperture Effect
)( , , , ])(
2 ,)(
2[
])(
)(2 ,
)(
)(2[
)](sin2 ),(sin2[
2222
n
uyuyxx
Lyk
x
Lyk
uyx
Lyk
uyx
Lyk
LkLk
nnnn
nn
n
nn
n
nn
]2 ,2[ kkku ),( ukS
k2 ku 4
2
Note :
origin wrt theangleaspect target
1 ,
range
1 ),( ,2 freqradarLn
◦ Total Doppler Support Band of ),( ukS
]2,2[
]2,2[
00
0
x
LYk
x
LYk
y x
Lyk
x
Lyk
Y
nn
nn
n
◦ Cross-range Resolution
,4)(
2
L
x
size nyn
cf)
04Y
xny
For Stripmap SAR
◦ Synthetic Aperture Domain Sampling
,)(4)(
2
0 LY
x
sizeu
k
2 : Wavelength
◦ Pulse Repetition Interval =
Pulse Repetition Frequency(PRF)=1/PRI(Pulse Repetition Interval) =
vehicle)mountedradar of Speed(R
u
v
u
Rv
Imaging System Geometry for Cross-range Imaging (Broadside Target Area)
Imaging System Geometry for Cross-range Imaging (Off-Broadside(Squint) Target Area)
Aspect Angle of a Target
Spotlight SAR Signal Spectrum Support
Slow-time Doppler Signature of a Target
Waveform approximation 에 따른 SAR Image Reconstruction 기법들
Fresnel Approximation-based Reconstruction
: Range-Doppler Imaging Plain Wave Approximation-based Reconstruct
ion : Polar Format Processing Wavefront (Spherical wave) reconstruction
* References :
J. Curlander and R. McDonough, Synthetic Aperture Radar, Wiley, 1991
M. Soumekh, Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with Matlab Algorithms, Wiley, 1999
SAR Imaging : Wavefront Reconstruction
SAR Imaging : Range-Doppler Processing
(Fresnel Approximation-Based)
SAR Imaging : Polar Format Processing
Existed/Existing/Planned SAR Systems
군용 시스템• E-3 AWACS(Airborne Warning & Control System) :
걸프지역에서 공 / 해상의 Target Surveillance• E-8C joint STARS(Surveillance Target Attack Radar System):
걸프전에서 육상의 움직이는 Target Detection & Location
(NASA 의 우주선에 탑재한 것과 유사기종 ) SEASAT
• 1978 년 발사된 최초의 SAR 탑재 민간용 원격 탐사위성• L-band, HH polarized, 25m Az. Resolution, Incidence Angle :9-
15 도 SIR-A (Shuttle Imaging Radar):National Space Science Data Cente
r/NASA • 1981 Columbia 우주선 탑재 , L-band, HH polarized• URL : http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/earth/earthfaq.html
Existed/Existing/Planned SAR Systems (Cont.)
SIR-B, SIR-C (Radar Data Center, JPL)• 1984 Challenger 호 탑재 , 1993 년 이후 여러 우주선에 탑재 , • L, C, and X-band, HH Polarized• URL : http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/
JERS-1 : National Space Development Agency of Japan(NASDA)• 1992 년 위성탑재 SAR, L-band HH polarization, 18m Az. Resolution• Incidence Angle : 35 도 , URL : http://www.nasda.go.jp/
ERS-1, ERS-2 : European Space Agency in Italy• 1991, 1995 년에 발사된 SAR 탑재위성 , C-band, VV polarized, • 30m Az. Resolution, Incidence Angle: 20-26 도• URL : http://www.esoc.esa.de
Radarsat : Canada Center for Remote Sensing/Canadian Space Agency• 1995 년 위성탑재 SAR, C-band, HH Polarization, 10 - 100m 해상도• Variable Incidence Angles : 20 - 60 도• URL : http://radarsat.space.gc.ca/
Existed/Existing/Planned SAR Systems (Cont.)
NASA/JPL AIRSAR • DC-8 비행기에 탑재된 레이다• C, L, and P-band Inteferometric, Polarimetric SAR 시스템• 0-70 도의 큰 입사각 범위 , 12m Az. Resolution• URL : http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/
ENVISAT• 2001 년 6 월 European Space Agency 에 의해 발사 / 운용 예정인
위성탑재 레이다 • URL : http://www.esoc.esa.de
ALOS(Advanced Land Observation System)• 2002 년 일본의 NASDA 에 의해 발사 운용예정• L-band Full Polarimetric SAR 장착• URL : http://www.nasda.go.jp/
Radar Image Distortion
Slant-range scale distortion Foreshortening
Radar shadow Layover